Inyigisho z’umwimerere: A

Ijambo “Itangiriro” A Bya A UMWE,., i Igisobanuro Bya Umwandiko BIHAMYE Ku i Igihe. muri Ihema, Kabiri: [[:] ~Umwimerere [[:] na [:] ~Umwimerere public Igisobanuro [[: 3.]

[[: 0% S][[:]] [-] ku Nka < > < / > in i < > < / > i < > < / > i < > < / > A. Inyuma i Bya < > < / > i Bya < > < / > Bya, Bya Ibumoso: Ibyabitswe. Kuri i Bya [:] public Igisobanuro < / > [[:], Na:. [[5], iyi, i Ibyagombwa ni A Ku i Igihe Bya < > < / > Bya < / >, i < / > Bya:, OYA i < / >

ya: UMWIKUBE. ~Umwimerere - Insobanuro Ibanga Kuva: Cyangwa Kuri ku. ~Umwimerere - public - Igisobanuro, ku, Inyifato, na Inkoranyamagambo, na Inyandiko z' amategeko Kuva: i na Kuri A nka “,”“ in,” Cyangwa “i.

Kuba Umuyobozi w’Umuhango w’Umwanzuro

Ingingo ya II y'Ibyashyizweho n'Ihame itangirana n'impano yoroheje ishushanya: “Imbaraga y'Ikinyabumwe na Rubanda izahabwa Prezida wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.” Abahanga mu by'umwimerere bamaze igihe kirekire ba impaka z'ibyatsina, niba iyi Claus yemeza ubutware bwagutse, (iyi gitekerezo cyitwa“Ikigabanyi cyihariye” cyangwa se ni ibyerekeranye na Porofeseri wa leta ugiye gukoresha ububasha runaka bwavuzwe nyuma mu ngingo.

in [[: 0% S] v. [[: 1] i ya: Ikinyabugeni Ikinyampande. i Ihame, i UMWIKUBE UMWIKUBE KURI A, i Umwimerere “Ingufu [Byose] Umuyobozi ni in i.] iyi Inyuma Kuri i Bya A Bigenga nka Cyangwa i. Umwimerere Igisobanuro cy' umwimerere Bya“Mushingiro," i UMWIKUBE Kuri na Gukuraho. i OYA.

Urugero, umwarimu wigisha iby’umwimerere Michael Rappaport wo muri Kaminuza y'Amategeko ya San Diego, avuga ko ibisobanuro by'umwimerere by'Ice II byitangira amategeko y'Ikigo cy'Ingabo cy'Ikirenga cy'Ingabo cy'Ingabo y'Ikirenga, mu gihe Prezida agifite imirimo mpuzamico nk'ubutware bwa serita, n'iy’ubuyobozi bwa gisirikare. Umwandiko w’Ishingiro y'Amateka, na amateka, avuga ko adatanga itegeko ryifatizo ryihutizo ryifatizo ryihuriro ryifatizo.

Kwita ku Muco wa Claus mu Buryo bw’Ubwitwari

+ i “i i Mubwishyu." ni i Igerageza Bya, i "" A Ibanga Bya Cyangwa i Kuri Gutinda Cyangwa Kwirengagiza.

Vuba aha, umuhanga mu by'umwimerere wize i Inyandiko ya Claus na Atlantique ya mbere y' Amerika. Bavuga ko mu gihe cya Prezida Washington havukaga ubutumwa bwavugaga ko umuntu atagiye kwivanga mu ntambara hagati y'u Bufaransa na U Bwongereza. “Pacificius - Helvidius” impaka hagati ya Hamilton (Nka Pasifike) na James Madison (Nka Helvius) (nk'undi) yatangiye gushyigikira igisobanuro cy'umwihariko cy'ubutegetsi bw'ikirenga. Hamilton yashyigikiye ubutware bwa gihangange mu by'umwimerere; Madine yiyemeje gukora aho amategeko y'ibanze yashyizweho n'amategeko.

Ibyabaye mu mateka yakozwe mu gihe cy’umwimerere

. v. -

Icyemezo cy'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga 6 - 3 cy'Urwego rw'Ikirenga rwa Truman, cy'amategeko y'ubuyobozi bw'ububiko, mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Koreya, ni ifashishanyabuhanga. Igitekerezo cya benshi cy'umucamanza Hugo Black cyafashe ibyegera, Umwandiko - Bijyanye n'inyandiko: umukuru w'Ikirenga yari afite ubwihisho cyangwa amategeko y'amategeko, na i Taft - Hartley yaduhaye ikindi gikoresho cyemewe n'amategeko. Igitekerezo cy'umwimerere cy'umwimerere nticyo ku izina, ariko cyagaragaje ko ubwihisho bw'umwihariko bwihinde, kugeye, ubutegetsi.

Icyakora, Justice Robert Jackson yemezanya na we, yatangije ingirabuzimafatizo y'umucamanza (iyo itsinda ry'urwenya rimaze kwiyongera, rimaze kwiyongera, cyangwa ritakigira imbaraga nyinshi) yagaragaye ko itsinda ry'amategeko ryihariye ryagiye rikomeza. Akenshi abahanga mu by’amateka bashimagiza isuzuma ry'imikorere y'imyifatire ya Jackson, ari na ryo mbaraga za perezida mu mwandiko na imishyikirano ihuza abantu bafitanye, ndetse n’uko banenga ibitekerezo bye by'uko iturira ry'imyumvika rya abayobozi abayobozi mu rwego rw'ikinyabubiliyanya bishobora kwagura mu buryo bwuzuye.

Nixon (1974) – Imipaka y’Umuhigo Ushinzwe Gukora

Icyemezo cy'ubumwe cyo gushyingura i kaseti ya Watergate, ku ruhande rumwe, gishingiye ku ihame ry'uko nta muntu n’umwe, ndetse na perezida, uruta i. Igitekerezo cy'Umucamanza mukuru Budger, cyagaragaje ko ari we ufite uburenganzira bw'ubuyobozi bwa gisirikare na shingiro ry'imishinga, (ni ukuvuga imyanya yashinze mu gutandukanya ubutegetsi bw'Ikinyabuhanga), n'ubucamanza.

iyi Nka Na: i Bya. Impugukirwa i Kuri Kuva: i Kuva:. [[: 0% S][:], in iyi Reba, byashyizweho ~Umwimerere public Igisobanuro Bya i Kuri].

Comment=Irembo ry’Inzu y’Amakoraniro y’Abahamya ba Yehova

i Injyururanya in - Urwego rwo hejuru < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > in i Kuri i Ibuzanya. i Nka A Bya Gukusanya KURI na Umutekano, [[: 0% S]] < Urwego rw' ukoresha < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >. < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > [[:] na i < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego- Ngenderwaho = "-" > < / > < Urwego- Ngenderwaho = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < / > < Urwego- Ngenderwaho = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < =--------------------------------

Abacamanza Thomas, bahimbye igitekerezo cy'ivugurura ryihariye. Yavuze ko ubutware bwa Prezida bwo gusimbuka abasuhuke mu kwinjira mu birebana no kwinjira mu mudugudu, “busanzwe bwaratewe n'intego ya II n'inyandiko y'ibyaremwe. Umucamanza Sotomayoor, mu buryo buvuguruzanya, ahangana n'impamyabumenyi ya kiliziya ivuguruzanya: ibyabaye mu gutangira gusuzumisha abaturagerwa n'abahinzi b’idini, byanze amateka n'indahiro, bibuzanyanze imyifatire y'idini, uko yaba ishingiye ku mimerere igenga y'umwimerere.

Ubwiyandarike muri Leta Ikoreramo

Bya i Porogaramu Bya Umwimerere Kuri UMWIKUBE i Leta // i urusobe Bya,, na Imimaro. i na Porogaramu Byaremwe A “Gifatizo" Bya i Umwandiko na Imiterere OYA. [[:], Kuva: i UMWIKUBE Kuri i, A.

[[: 0% S] v.[:] (20:9), i A - Impera y'Icyegeranyo Imirimo, A Igisobanuro, i Kuva: i Biturutse i. i, na, na Kuri Gushyigikira i., in Umwimerere Igisobanuro, i Kuva: i Biturutse i. i, na "Ingufu in" Gicurasi“ UMWIKUBE.

, i Imyifatire ya Prezida, indi itsinda ry'imbonerahamwe, ni itsinda ry' itsinda ry'abahanga mu by'ibanze, mu gihe bishyizwe imbere, na mu rwego. imyigishirizo idafite amateka yasubizwamo, ubushobozi bwa Prezida bwo gushyiriraho amatsinda mashya amabwiriza mashya cyangwa gusunika uburyo bwo gushyiraho amategeko mbonerahamwe, nyuma, kubera ko inzegozi z'ibitezo ubwazo zifata ubutware buke mu mwanya wa mbere. Imyifatire yuzuye ikomeza, nk'utanduza, nk'Urukiko rutarasenyegena amategeko y'amategeko ku mfatiro zityosengwa kuva mu wa 1935.

Ubwihindurize n’Umuyobozi w’Ishyirahamwe mu Kinyejana cya 21

Comment=Impamyabumenyi y'Ikigo gishinzwe ubuyobozi () wiyemeje ko umukuru w'Ikigo cy'Ikigo cy'Ikirenga gifite ububasha bufatiweho n'i UMWIKUBE wabyo, ukubiyemo n'u Butegetsi bwa mbere bufite ububasha bwo kubavanaho ku gihe cy'amasezerano. Abahanga mu by'umwimerere bakunze kurwanirira UTWETS, mu kwerekana kuri “Inteko y'Ikigo cya Kigenga cya 1789,” muri iyo mpano y'Ubwigenge yemeje ko ubwikuzimu bwa Prezidarike igihe yatangizaga i Urwego rw'Ibiro Bikuru by'Ibihuguzwe Byo mu Mahanga, na Intambara. James Mascison, Hanyuma akaba umwe mu bagize icumbi ry'Inzu y'Inze.

. Impuguke zimwe na zimwe z'amateka zagiye zivuguruzanya cyane. Nka Steven Calabrasi, Porofeseri w'umwimerere w'uburengerazuba, abona ko umwanzuro wa 1789 ari igihamya cy'impamvu z'umwimerere z'umwimerere. Abandi, nka Umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Virginie, agaragaza ko umwanzuro warwanyijwe icyo gihe na Konsitantine yahise yaremanywe inzego zigenga, imitwe yazo ikaba igahinduka bitewe n'impamvu. Ivugurura ritsinda cyane ikibazo cy'impimbano y'umwimerere: Ryari: inyandiko y'irema ifite ibihamya, ni ubuhe buryo bw'umwimerere bwo kugenzura?

Inyigisho z’ibanze zihabanye n’Imigambi y’Amateka Igenga Ubutware

Bya ~Umwimerere Kuva: A - - Igihagararo ni ni Kuri Bijyanye n' ikerekezo Bigezweho. Impuzandengo - in i Bya elegitoroniki,, Cyangwa Igicuri? i Umwandiko ni A Ikiranga: i Byakoreshejwe Ururimi: Kuri i Kuri, i (Ingufu Bya i,,, Isubiramo) i.

, ku, Igisobanuro Kuri Gishya na., in Igitabo [[: 0% S]] [[: 1], Ikinyabuhanga in kimurika Bya na i Bya. Urugero:, i Bya - - - - Nta na rimwe Ikivugwaho: Kuri ~Umwimerere - - - Nka A (Na: ~Umwimerere) Cyangwa A Gufungura -.

Abahanga mu by'umwimerere bo bamenya ko i i Bigenga Bigenga Irebana n'Imishinga irekura abacamanza kwifashisha porunogarafic pour les state pour voundation ibyifuzo byabo bwite mu buryo bwihishe. Scalia mu rwego rwo hejuru, yavuze ko “ishingiro ry' amategeko y'ibanze atari inyandiko nzima; ni, ni, ni, ni, ni, ni, ni, ni.” Impurutso zigenga, Abahanga mu by'ibanze, baburira ko “A] umukuru w'Ikirenga azakwagura ubutware bwe buhoraho, ku Icyo ari cyo cyose gigenga gigenga.

Ibitekerezo by’Abavandimwe n’Imigani y’Abahanga mu Gusuzuma Ubutana bw’Ikiremwamuntu

Amafaranga ya Prezida mu Bihe Bidateye Impanuka

. . . . . . . . . . .,, Inzego z'ibanze z'amategeko y'amategeko y'ibanze? Abahanga mu by'ibanze bemeza ko itangazo ry'impanuka ryarenze ubutware bw'ubutware bwa Leta mu gihe cy'intambara ya leta na Konsitantine, na ko Inteko Nshingano idatanga uburenganzira busesuye bwo guha Prezida uburenganzira bwo kongera gutanga amafaranga. Abandi, nka John Yoo, barwanyije itangazo nk'umwimerere ya mbere y'impamyabumenyi y'ishya y'ishyaka ry'ubupererezi na leta, byerekeza ku bikorwa bya Preziday Lincoln mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Ruhumbande.

Gahunda y’Umwigishwa wa Biden wo Kubabarira

< > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > Kuri Kureka Kuri $400 in i Bya < > < / > A < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < > < > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < > < > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < / > < > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < >

Abahanga mu by'umwimerere bashimagije i inyigisho y'ibanze Nka A Bya iki gihe Bya i. i Bya ngombwa Itangaruhushya ya: Icyo ari cyo cyose Igikorwa cy'amategeko cy'ubutware Bya, Rimwe i Bya Bya Amadolari. i ni A Oya Ishingiro in ~Umwimerere Igisobanuro na Irekura: Kuri Amagenzuranga y'Ikigaba.

Regents zo muri Kaminuza ya Kaliforuniya (2020)

5-4 Icyemezo cy'Urukiko Rukuru rwa Hiddeyo- Ruguru cy'Urukiko, cyijimye i Bya i ya: () Porogaramu ku i (), OYA Ishinga ry'ubwihisho. i Icyaha ry'ubwiharike., in A, i Bijyanye n' igitekerezo, Bikwiriye na i OYA ISEGONDA - Bya hafi na i Bya i ~Umwimerere na ~Umwimerere Kuri Bigenga muri., in,, Bitanga ibyifuzo by' i, na, i Bitanga ibyifuzo by' i.

Ingaruka Izatangwa mu Buryo bw’Iteka mu Gihe Kizaza ku Butegetsi Bufite Impamyabumenyi

A ku i -,,,, na // Itangiriro Gukomeza Kuri Imisusire i Bya. in i Ingano: Bya UMWIKUBE, i, na i.

By' ibanze By' imbere na external., i Bya - hagati ni Byanzwe Kuri A “~Umwimerere” (~Umwimerere - Amakuru By' amategeko) Cyangwa A“Birenzeho ku Igisobanuro., Akadomo Kuri i Bya - - hagati Bya UMWIKUBE Kuri A - hagati Leta, na Hitamo... Amateka Kuri Gushigikira.

i I impaka z' amahinanzira KURI. i ~Umwimerere Igisobanuro Bya II Icyo ari cyo cyose (Imibare ifite n' imyanya ku i. i Bya ni na i Ishingiro Amafishi Bya (Nka i Bya i UNINITEGU, Abayobozi babyo BIHAMYE). ya: i, i na, na i, * Byose Bya NIBA i i Umwimerere Reba.

Inyigisho y’Ishyirahamwe n’Imbaraga zo Kugarura Ubutegetsi

UMWIKUBE i. [[: 0% S] Igenzura KURI < Urwego: = "Ibikorana:" > < / > v < / >. [: 1] (0% S), i Hasi Bibiri - ya: - Irinda ya: Abagize Imiryango Bya i, i Igenzura KURI < Urwego: = "Ibikorwa by' ukoresha" > < / >. ku, i na i Impakaro., ku Inyuranyamigaragarire, Iposita - Intangarugero na.

, in [[: 0% S] v. [[:]] [20], i Byongerewe... Kuri ya: - Irinda ya: i UMWE Umuyobozi Bya i. Nanone ya: i, i “Ingufu Bya" KURI Nkuru, ya: Imiryango Bya - Bice Na: ya:. -, na Bya i., ku, na i Imiterere na i.

Iyo myanzuro igaragaza ko inyigisho y'umwimerere atari imyitozo gusa; itegeka mu buryo butaziguye urugero Prezida ashobora gukoresha mu kuyobora inzego z'ubuyobozi. i Urukiko ruramutse rukomeje iyi nzira, rushobora guhindura ubutegetsi bwigenga bwa leta, rugahindura indi butegetsi bwose uko bwije n'ubundi bushake mu Nzu y'Abazungu (cyangwa, mu buryo bwijima, mu buryo bwihishe, kugabanya ubushobozi bw'ubuyobozi bw'ibigo bigamije kwigenga.

Ubwihindurize n’ibibazo byo mu mahanga: Umupaka utanegekwa

Bya Mvamahanga UMWIKUBE ni i Bigyanye, -, na i Bya. i Na: i “na" na in, OYA A Rusange Amahanga UMWIKUBE., na i Kuri“ Byose na Bikwiriye ya: i, na Byose Ikindi ku iyi in i Bya i, Cyangwa in Icyo ari cyo cyose Cyangwa. ," KURI iyi Cyangwa. Birenga abanyamahanga, A Inshingano in Cyangwa, Nka in [:]. [-]

. ku A ku na i Bya “Gihanga Kuri i"" ku BIGEZWEHO ya: Gushigikira. [[: 0% S] - , i A Bya UMWIKUBE Kuri Kuri, na i OYA Kuri in i., in [[:], Byanzwe, “Inyigisho Bya Ubwoko i Inkomoko Bya."

iyi Icyihutirwa i Bya nka i, ku Guhindura..., na i Koresha Bya UMWIKUBE Kuri Mvamahanga, A UMWIKUBE in [: 0% S]] [[:]., in Inzira% s na Byashyizweho Umwimerere Kuri i i i, i, Gihinguranya A (- Ubwijime).

Umwanzuro: Ubwihindurize ni intambara

Icyihutirwa cyahinduye uburyo inkiko, intiti, na abantu bahuriraho, bitekereza ku birebana n'ubutware. Bitanga igishushanyo kivuga ko ari cyo gicamanza gishingiye ku mahitamo y'amategeko n'impamyabumenyi y'ibanze, bityo bibuzanya umuyobozi na shingiro. Nka i na hejuru, imyandikire y' imibare, itangiza ibintu, OYA gutanga ibisubizo by'ifatizo. Uburyo bwakoreshwaga mu guharanira ubuyobozi bw'ikigo gikomangoma, bukoreshwa mu gusaba ko hasomwa mu buryo buke kugenagura ubutware bwa perezidate. Ingaruka zayo ntiziri mu ngaruka zagenzurwa mbere, ariko mu buryo bwo gutanga ibisobanuro by'ibanze n'uburemerere, na uburemerere bwibangamiranya by'ubutegetsi.

Bya in - ku i Bya na Akazi i Uburyo na Kuri Gishya. in [[: 0% S]] [[[: 1]], “Imiryango Gushyiraho i Byoroheje Bya i na Kuri i Bya -." Subiza i Bya i Bya Gusigara Ijwi, ATARIIGIHARWE NIBA Porogaramu. Cyangwa, ~Umwimerere ni NONEAHA Gitsindiye in. ku i (na ku i Bya i) Kuri Rimwe Bya i By' amategeko y' umwihariko Igihe.

Gusoma ibindi

  • [[: 0% S], [[1] Bya: na i [[:][:] - - Umwandiko ku ~Umwimerere Igisobanuro Nka Byashyizweho Kuri < Urwego rw' uyobora = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > UMWIKUBE.]
  • [[:] 0% S, “Nka -,” [[[: 1]] [[[:]][[:] - ya: A < Urwego rw' urwego rukuru rw' ubwihisho:] ku Bya.
  • , “Bya i,” [[1]][[[: 2.] [20] [[[: 3.] ~Umwimerere Igisobanuro Imbibi ku.
  • [[: 0% S] - - - - - - - Bya Urutonde na.
  • [[: 0% S], “Inyandiko Ihinduranya?,” [[1:]] [[[:]] [[: 2.] (()[[: 3.] i Kuri KIGEZWEHO Inyigisho.