Gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inomira sechimwe chemativi anosianisa zvikurusa uye anogarisa egadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuisa simba rechisarudzo mumaoko avagariwo zvavo, vatongi vanoshandura nheyo dzemitemo dzisiri dzechokwadi kuva chinoitika chenzanga chavanhu. Ivo havasati vari zvavo vanowanwa muidiwo zvavo; vanomirira kutaura kwakananga kwemipimo yenzanga uye kunzvera kunobvira kuva vanyengeri vesimba rehurumende. Nyaya ino inonzvera basa redare mumuitiro wehurumende, vachisimbisa kuti vanotsigira sei kutonga kwomutemo, kusimudzira ruvimbo rwavo, uye kutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende mumibatanidzwa yeruramisiro.

Nhoroondo Yemajurie

Mavambo edare rinobetsera vatongi aidzokera shure makore anopfuura chiuru. zvimiro zvapakuvamba zvakaoneka muAtene yekare, umo vagari vemo vaisarudza gakava rapamutemo, uye mukutonga kweRoma uko pane dzimwe nguva kwaishandisa mapoka avatongiwo zvavo.

Magna Carta wa1215, nepo isati ichitanga zvakajeka majaji, nheyo dzorutongeso dzakatangwa nevezera rako idzo gare gare dzakaziviswa kutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 18, mutemo wavose weEngland wakanga wasimbisa vatongi vamatsotsi sekodzero huru. Nyika dzeAmerica dzakagamuchira iyi gamuchidzanwa, uye Masangano eMitemo Echitanhatu neSenth7 kuU.S. anovimbisa kutonga dare ramatare mumhaka dzoutsotsi nedzevagari vemo dzakawanda. Nhasi, masangano edare rinobetsera vatongi anoshanda munyika yose yeUnited Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, uye yaichimbova nyika dzeBritain, uye dzakawanda dzeBritain, dzakadai seJapan neSouth Korea, dzakagamuchira kutora rutivi rwedare redare mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya.

Kuumbwa Kwemagurosi

Kukura uye kuumbwa kwematare ematare edzitongi kunosiyana zvikuru nokudzora, zvichiratidza tsika dzakasiyana - siyana dzepamutemo uye zvisarudzo zvemitemo.

Varwi Vamatsotsi Vanorwisana Nematsotsi

Mumatare ehurumende eUnited States, matare edare eutsotsi anowanzoumbwa nemitezo 12, uye zvisarudzo zvinofanira kuva zvakafanana.Nyika dzakawanda dzinobvumidza rutongeso rusina kuganhurirwa mumhaka dzakati (zvichida zvikurukuru kuda dzinenge 10 dza 12), kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Dare Rechitanhatu ridikanwi kusaganhurirwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba dzeutsotsi muzvose zviri zviviri matare ehurumende nehurumende. Matare ehurumende anowanzoumbwa nemitezo 6 kana kuti 12; kusabatana hakudikanwi nguva dzose, kuchitsamira pamirairo yehurumende.

MuEngland neWales, vatongi vemhosva muDare reHurumende vanewo mitezo 12, nechisarudzo chikuru cheinenge 10-2 chinogamuchirwa pashure penhambo ine mufungo yerangano. Vatongi vevagari vemo vakabviswa zvikuru muEngland kunze kwezvimwe zvinotaura zvakadai sokuzvidza, kupomera mhaka, uye kuisa mutorongo kwenhema. Canada nenzira yakafanana inoshandisa majaji 12-perers nokuda kwokupa mhaka dzakakomba, nemhiko dzinoda kubvumirana. Australia inoda zvisarudzo zvose mumitongo youtsotsi kunze kweSouth Australia neTasmania, izvo zvinobvumira rutongeso rwakawanda rwe11.11.1 kana kuti 1010.1.1

Kusiyana - siyana uye Kumiririra

Nheyo huru ndeyokuti matare edare anofanira kumirira kutora chikamu chakarurama chenzanga. Zvisinei, kusvika kumimiririri idenho inopfuurira. Mirayiro inoshandisa mapepa okuvhota, zvinyorwa zveraibhurari, kana kuti mamwe manyuko kuronga kuunganidza vatongi vanobvira. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mapoka anosiiwa [kubatanidza vanhu vaduku], uye vanhu vaduku vanowana vanhu vakawanda (vasingawanzooneka, vanotungamirira kukunyora magadziro akarongwa. Kuvandudza mipimo yapamutemo yedare regiontionssss, maronge manyuko, marongerwo, marongedzero, uye kuderedza kusarura kumativi aya. [FLD:]U.]

Kusarudzwa Kwakaitwa Jury

Kuomesa Mvura

Muitiro wokusarudza, unozivikanwa se wakaipa (kubva kurefurefu yeFrench]), unobvumira magweta navatongi kubvunza mirangariro yavo inobvira pamusoro pemhosho dzavo, zivo yenhau, uye mano okusasarura. Nharidzano haisati iri yokusarudza vatongi vakanaka kurutivi rumwe asi kuziva avo vanogona kuyera zvakaenzana ufakazi. Muzvinoitika zvakakwirira kana kuti zvakaoma, voir yakakomba ingatambanukira kwamazuva.

Matambudziko: Kuda Kuwana Chinokonzera Uye Kuedzwa

Marudzi maviri edenho anobvisa matare anokarirwa. Zvinetso nokuda kwechisakiso hazvina kuganhurirwa; jaji ripi neripi rinoratidzira shanje yepedyo nebato kana kuti murangariro wakagadzwa pamusoro pekuva nemhaka. Zvinetso zvinobvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kubvisa nhamba yakaganhurirwa yehurungwe pasina chikonzero. Kunyange zvakadaro, denho dzinopazanwa hadzingagoni kushandiswa kutsaura zvakavakirwa parudzi kana kuti pamunhurume. Mhaka yedare reU... Nheyo yedare huru yedare [FLT] v. Kentucky[FLT]] [idzo] inorangarira kuti denho yomuchuchiuto yakavakirwa parudzi runopesana dziviriro Clausce. Kudzivirira muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo.

Mabasa eJuries

Juries anoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka anovasiyanisa navatongi voga.

Kuwana Chokwadi uye Kurerutsa

Basa guru redare rinobetsera vatongi nderokusarudza maidi enhau kupfurikidza nokunzvera ufakazi hwapamutemo hunopiwa mudare. Vachengeti vanoteerera uchapupu, vanonzvera zvipupuriro, uye vanoona kuva kwechokwadi. Ipapo vanoronga muimba yomunhu oga, vachikurukura ufakazi kusvikira vasvika muchisarudzo. Zvibvumirano zvinoda vatongi kuyera nhau dzinopesana, kushandisa mirayiridzo yapamutemo inopiwa nomutongi, uye pane dzimwe nguva kunangana nemirangariro yavo vamene. Uku kurangarira kwavose chimiro chokurangarira kwehurumende kuratidzira chisarudzo chehurumende.

Inzwi Renzanga

Juries anopinda mumipimo yenzanga nezvinokosha muzvisarudzo zvemitemo. Chinoumba “panikiro ine mufungo,”“ kurangarira ufakazi,” kana kuti “mufambiro une mufungo” unoumbwa pakupedzisira norutongeso rwavanhuwose. Mumiitiro yamatsotsi, matare anewo simba re [[ kuparadzwa [ (] mano okupa mukwidziridziridziro kunyange apo mutemo namaidi zvinoratidzira kuva nemhaka, kana vachifunga kuti mutemo umene hauna kururama kana kuti kushandiswa kwawo kwaizova kwakaipa. Nepo kusingawanzoraidzwa nesimba iri, jumiaidzo inoita senzve pamuroveri wemhosva kana kuti mutengi. Brobhaisi reAmerica rinokurukura mativi ose okukoshatsa mu [FFF][F]

Kururamisira uye Kuvimba Nevanhu Vose

Kubatanidza vagari vemo zvakananga, kutonga kwedare rinobetsera kusimbisa kuva pamutemo kunofungidzirwa kwechisarudzo. Nzvero inoratidza kuti vanhu vanobatira padare ramatare vanowanzova nechivimbo zvikuru mugadziriro yemitemo. Kunyange vakwirirwi navanhu vanowanzorangarira rutongeso rwedare redare serwapamutemo zvikuru kupfuura zvisarudzo zvakaitwa bedzi navatongi. Kujeka kwemitongo yedare rinobetsera dare rinobetsera vanhu vose.

Kukosha Kwokutsigira Ruramisiro

Juries anobatira sedziviriro mukurwisana nedzvinyiriro yehurumende neruramisiro inotonga nenzira yokusasarura. Munhau, vatongi vehurumende vairamba kupinza mhaka vaparidzi mumitemo yokumukira yeEngland, vachibetsera kutanga pepanhau rakasununguka. Munhambo yazvino uno, vatongi vakaramba kukwikwidza mhaka uye vaichengeta masangano ane simba achizvidavirira mumhaka dzehurumende. Kodzero kukutonga kwedare redare rinotonga inochengetwa muU.S. Constitution chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti vatangi vaizivikanwa kuti vagari vemowo zvavo vaizivikanwa kuti vaizova nekodzero yokuzvidavirira mumhakano yehurumende iri nani kupfuura vakuru vakuru vehurumende voga.

Juries anobatirawo basa redzidzo. Varwi vanowana ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakananga nemiitiro yapamutemo, vachidzidza pamusoro pechiono chokusava nemhaka, mutoro woufakazi, uye ukoshi hwoufakazi. Iyi dzidzo yavagari vemo inogona kubuda kunze sezvo vatongi vanogoverana zvinoitika zvavo nemhuri neshamwari. A 2018 neNational Center for State Courts yakawana kuti vatongi vanopfuura 80% vakanzverwa vakanzwa kuti basa ravo rakanga riri chinoitika chinokosha, uye vanodokuva vose vakashuma nzwisiso iri nani yetsika yokutonga. [[FLT: 0] National Center yeState Courts inogovera mibato yakakwirira pakugutsikana neendera mberi.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Negadziriro Yokuchengeta Vana Vasina Kutsarukana

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inonangana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha dzinogona kusekesa kubudirira kwayo neruramisiro.

Bias Muchisarudzo chaJury Nokuzvinyima

Tsika dzedzinza nedzemagariro ezvemari dzinogona kupinda muzvose zviri zviviri kusarudza nokurangarira. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti matare ose anobetsera varungu ane bvuru avanopomerwa mhaka, uye kuti kurangarira kwedare kungava kwakadzorwa navanhu vakakwirira. Sangano redare reBatson, nepo richikosha, harina kubvisa rusaruro. Mamwe magakava zvino anoda magweta kugovera zvikonzero zvedzinza zvisina donzo nokuda kwezvipopo zvose zvinopanwa, uye masangano akafanana naWashington akasundwa kubvisa chose chose chose.

Kuongorora

Zviitiko zvakaoma( kunyanya zvinosanganisira ufakazi hwesayenzi, kubiridzira mari, kana kuti magwaro ane simba rakawanda. Zvinganetsa kunzwisisa mirayiridzo yepamutemo, inowanzonyorwa mumutauro wakaoma. Nzvero dzakawanda dzinowana kuti vatongi vanowanzodudzira pfungwa dzakafanana nokusava nechokwadi kune mufungo, vavariro, kana kuti kurovha. Majeri akadai sokurerutsa mirayiridzo yedare, kubvumira vatongi kunyora mashoko, kubvunza zvapupu (mune dzimwe mativi ose), uye kugovera makopi akanyorwa emirayiridzo aratidza migumisiro yakanaka. U.S Dare repanyuro rinobudisa mirayiridzo yedare rinoita dare rinoedza kuvandudza mativi emhosva.

Pesvedzero Yezvinobudisa Nhau Namashoko Okuuraya

Munhambo yemitengo, kuratidzirwa kwamashoko akasiana - siana iitiro hanya huru. Nhau dzakakwirira dzinoparira kuparadzirwa kwenhau dzinobudisa nhau, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinogona kuparadzira udzame hwefungidziro kana kuti mashoko asina kururama. Madare anorairidza vatongi kusanzvera mhaka yacho kana kuti kuikurukura paIndaneti, asi kuputsa kunoitika. Kutsiva zvirango nebetsero yakakomba inodzoresa ngozi, asi chinetso chinopfuurira. Mamwe matare zvino anoshandisa mibvunzo kuti azive kufumurwa uye kutongwa kwapamhizha mumitongo inotapurwa.

Kunetseka Nenhamo

Miedzo mirefu, ufakazi hwakajeka, uye mutoro wokusarudza jambwa romumwe munhu zvinogona kuparira dzvinyiriro huru kuvatongi. Nhamo dzemari / yakarasika, kutarisira vana inodya bhasikoro zvinoparirawo mitoro yavanokarirwa kuva vatongi. Mitengo mizhinji yakakwidziridza muripo wedare, asi muripo unoramba uri pasi pomubhadharo mudukusa munzvimbo zhinjisa. Kuvandudza juor regarita zvakanaka uye kuderedza mutoro wemari ikurukurirano dzemiitiro inopfuurira.

Nguva Yemberi Yamajeri Mumuitiro Wokutonga

Sezvo nzanga inochinja, gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inofanira kuchinjira kuti irambe yakakodzera uye ichibudirira.

Kuwedzera Kwezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogona kuwedzera matare edare uye kuparirawo zvinetso zvitsva. Mamwe matare zvinopa vatongi mahwendefa kuti vaone zviratidzo, kushandisa maturusi okufunga nezvemagetsi, kana kuti mapepa enguva chaiyo. Zvokwadi chaiyo ingatevedzera zviitiko zvoutsotsi nokuda kwedare rinobetsera. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pezvinotsausa uye bviro yokunzvera kusina mvumo. Mitemo yakajeka netarisiro yedare zvinokosha.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kuti Vamiririri Vave Nezvavanoda

Masangano akawanda ari kuwedzera kuva anokura kubatanidza vanhu vasingaendi kutobatanidza, vanhu vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi (pashure penhambo dzakati), uye vakuru vaduku. Kukumbira kwokuzviitikira kubva mumahofisi akawanda, kuchengetwa kwamativi mazhinji, uye kuderedza kusunungurwa kwebasa vavariro yokuita madziva edare redare rakasiana---- siyana. Mamwe matare akaedza ne “zuva rimwe kana kuti dare rimwe” gadziriro dzokuderedza mutoro pavatongi.

Kuzvishandura

Kuti avandudze kunaka kwokurangarira, mamwe matare anobvumira vatongi kutumira mibvunzo yakanyorwa nokuda kwezvapupu, kukurukura ufakazi mukati mokutonga (panzvimbo pokumirira kusvikira kumugumo), uye kushandisa zvinyorwa zvokuronga. Ikoku kwakapararira zvikuru mukutonga kwavagari vemo asi kuri kugamuchirwa pashoma napashoma mumhaka dzoutsotsiwo.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa Nokugamuchirwa Kwamarudzi Ose

Fariro mukutora rutivi kuri kuwedzera munyika yose. Japan inovamba gadziriro yayo saiban-in muna 2009, ichivhenganisa vatongi vane unyanzvi navagari vatanhatu vawo vemo kuti vasarudze mhaka dzakakomba dzoutsotsi. South Korea yakagamuchira gadziriro yakafanana yedare redare redare rinotonga muna 2008. Iyi mienzaniso inobatanidza mutemo wavose namagamuchidzanwa ehurumende, ichipa nzwisiso dzinokosha mumasangano akasiyana - siyana etsika nemubatanidzwa wehurumende. [[FLT]] Oxford Jury Research Project yeProgist inopa kunzvera kwakaenzana kweidzi tsika.

Kuderedza Mitemo Nekutonga Kwakaoma

Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinokarakadza kuderedza ukuru hwedare rinobetsera vatongi (mutoo, kubvira pa 12 kusvikira ku 8 kana kuti 6) kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka nokuderedza ndyiko. Zvisinei, majaji maduku angava mumiriri muduku uye anobudisa zvisarudzo zvishoma zvakavimbika. Nenzira yakafanana, kubva pakusasarura(agara abvumirwa mumitezo yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi mhiri kwamakungwa./Mibvunzo yeUnited States, pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Ramos v. Louisiana[FL:] [FLT]] [2020]) inoda kusasarura mhaka dzakakomba dzehurumende dzakakomba, inotsamira pakuchengeta vatongi vegamuchidzanwa 12-vaviriki vemitezotezotezo sedziviriro.

mhedziso

Vatongi havasi chishandiso chemitengo yenzanga; isangano ripenyu rinobatanidza chinangwa chehurumende yehurumende yokutonga. Nokuronzesa vanhuwo zvavo vane simba rokusarudza nhau, muitiro wedare unowana pamutemo, kujeka, uye kudzika mipimo yenzanga. Vanamariro vanochengeta varovereri navapomerwi vose vari vaviri vanozvidavirira, vanodzivirira pakusarudzwa nevakuru vakuru, uye vanodzidzisa pamusoro pomutemo. Bva tsika haisati iri inochinji. Kupfuurira kunetsa (*, kudzorwa kwezvikamu, kudzorwa kwenhau, uye kuoma kwenhau kupfuurira kungwariro nenjo dzinopfuurira. Vatongi, vatongi, uye nyanzvi dzapamutemo vanofanira kupfuurira kuchenesa kusarudzwa navatongi, kuvandudza, uye kugamuchira izvo zvisina kururama pasina kuvandudza basa revoruzhinji. Sezvinoramba zviripo kubatira vanhu vane simba somutemo wedare, sezvakubatira somutemo wedare guru rinotonga vanhu.