Kugadzira Kunoitirwa Bumbiro Romutemo uye Raja Sabha

Raje Sabra, seDare reUnited States, rinomirira vara rehurumende reParamende yeIndia. Basa rayo mukugadza kutonga nokuchinja pamutemo rakatangira mudzikamo yemasimba anofungidzirwa neBumbiro remitemo. Kusafanana neLok Sabhaha, iyo inoratidzira zvakananga kuda kwakakurumbira, Rajiya Sabba anopa foni nokuda kwemanzwi eruwa, nyanzvi, uye vagadziri veparamende vane ruzivo kuti vakurudzire chirongwa chejudicari nemitemo. Uku kuongorora kuviri kwechikaro kunovimbisa kuti mutemo negadziriro hazvisi kudzoserwa nokupfuudzira kupfurikidza nezvikuru zvikuru zvezvamatongerwe enyika asi zvinonzverwa nomunhambo refu, maredhiregi.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakapa Raje Sabha urefu hwakaenzana noune neLok Sabhaha munhau zhinjisa dzemitemo, kunze kwemitemo yemari. Uku kuganhurirwa kunotambanukira kumitemo inotapura dare rinotonga – kubva pakuumbwa nokudzorwa kwematare makuru kumitemo nemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokuda kutenderwa kwedzimba dzose dziri mbiri, Bumbiro reMitemo rinovaka machekedzo pamusoro pechinjo dzemitemo.

Basa Mukugadza Kutonga

Nhoroondo: Kuongorora KweCollegium uye Kuongorora Kweparemende

Kugadza kwokutonga kweIndia kwakatanga kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chenhau negadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kutozosvikira pakuvamba kwama1990, mukuru mukuru akaita basa guru mukugadza Dare Rapamusorosoro navatongi veDare Rapamusoro. Chechipiri, Third, uye Fourth Vatongi vaSitas (1998, 1993, 1998) akatanga gadziriro yecollegegium, uko Dare guru reIndia neboka ravatongi vakuru vanodzora. Iyi tsika yakabvisa basa rakananga – asi Rajiya Sabraha yakachengeta pesvedzero isina kunanga kupfurikidza nenharo, nhambo, uye matare.

Panguva dzecollegium, Raje Sabha nhengo dzemapoka akasiyana - siyana dzaigara dzichimutsa zvinetso pamusoro pokuona zviri nani, kumirira kwenharaunda, uye kunonoka kuzadza nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, Dare reParamende rimire paVashandi, Grievances, Law ne Justice – mutumbi unobatanidza Rajiya Sabha MPs – wabudisa mishumo inoverengeka inonzvera muitiro wecollegium. Mishumo iyi inowanzorumbidza chinjo kuti iite kurondwa kwakawanda kwokutsvaka nokukwirira.

Gadziriro yeNhengo yeNhengo yeChiperengo neNational Judications Commission (NJAC)

Kupindira kwakananga zvikurusa kwakaitika muna 2014 neGavhuramisiti reNhenha-pfuvure reNhenha, rakaita National Judicial Judicial Studiations Commission ( PRS Legistative Research). Mupasi peNJAC, Mutongi mukuru wedare guru weIndia, vatongi vaviri, Musangano weSango weMutemo neMutongi, uye vanhu vaviri vakakurumbira vaizoita marangariro. VaRajaya Sabba yaitsoropodza: kutenderwa nedzimba dzose nevoruzhinji. Rajya Sabbaha yakapfuudza chiteko cheMitemo (121 Amendemukoro), Bill, 2014, uye NjaC Bill pashure pekurukurirano huru. Mitengo yedare yakataurirwa nokuda kwokuzvitonga paidzoro.

Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa rakatonga NJAC muna 2015 ( Dare reSango] Vatsigiri-on-Record Association vs. Union yeIndia), richiizivisa kuti haina kubvumirana nokuda kwokuputsa gadziriro huru yokuzvitonga kwedare. Pasinei zvapo neizvi, muitiro weparamende wakaratidza simba raRaja Sabba revhu panyaya dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Muenzaniso Wazvino: Kuongorora Musangano Pasina Kunanga

Nhasi, Raje Sabha haabvumikisi zvakananga vatongi vamwe navamwe – kusafanana neDare reUS.

  • Dare rapaParamende rinogara paMutemo neRuramisiro: Dare iri, rinoumbwa namaMP kubva kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, rinohwirudzura kushanda kwoUshumiri hwoMutemo nejaji. Rinogona kudana vasande veMitemo, kunzvera miitiro yokuranga, uye kurumbidza vandudziko. Somuenzaniso, mushumo waro 2017 pamusoro pe “Marangariro echiJustician” wakadana kujeka zvikuru nokuda kwokusarukira mupimo wecollegium uye nokuda kwokubudisa mipimo mipfupi.
  • Anotaura pamusoro peNhanho Yokuonga kuDzidzo yaPurezidhendi: Mukati mokuzarurwa kweParamende, kero yaPurezidhendi inowanzosimbisa chinjo dzedare. Mitezo Raje Sabha inopindura, kumutsa funganyo pamusoro penzvimbo, kunonoka kwedare, uye kunaka kwezviito zvokugadza. Iyi kurukurirano yechiito chechiremera nenzira isina kunanga, sezvo hurumende ichifanira kupindura kutsoropotedza.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Nhengo dzeMitezo yeMitezo neZvisarudzo: Mitezo imwe neimwe Rajiya Sabba yakasuma zvikwereti kuti itange Chibvumirano cheRecouncils Commission kana kuti kuchinja gadziriro yecollegium. Nepo yapamberi pechinetso chikurusa, vanochengeta nhau yacho iri mhenyu ndokutanga hurukuro yavose.
  • Bheti reNhanho neawa yeZero: maMP anobvunza nguva dzose pamusoro pechiverengero chenzvimbo dzinomirira, mutoo wokukwirira, uye kumirirwa kwavakadzi nenzanga dzakaderedzwa mudare rakakwirira. Mhinduro dzoMutemo dzinova rutivi rwechinyorwa cheparamende ndokuisa dzvinyiriro pacollegium.

Nharo dzaRaje Sabra pamusoro pokugadzwa kwokutonga dzinobetserawo basa redzidzo nemhaka yokuti Imba inobatanidza vatongi, vaichimbova vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vatungamiriri vagara kwenguva refu, kurukurirano dzayo dzinowanzorangarirwa zvikuru kupfuura idzo dziri muLok Sabhaha.

Basa Romutemo Mukuchinja Kwepamutemo

Mitemo Yakaoma uye Inopfuudzira Yakakanganisa Muzinda Wamambo

Simba romutemo reRaje Sabra nderepakati kugadziridzo dzapamutemo. Mutemo upi noupi unochinja mutemo wePropatiti kana kuti wetsika unofanira kupfuura dzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Ikoku kunobatanidza mirau mikuru yakafanana neChirevo cheCrpediture (CrPC), Penal Code yeIndia (IPC), Excence Act, uye mitemo inodzora gakava rezvokutengeserana, kugadziridza, uye kunyungudutsa. Basa reHouse harisiwo zvaro romutemo - [[FLT:]] inoisa mitero inoshamisa [[FLT:]]

Muenzaniso: Act, 2022

Uyu Mutemo, uyo wakatsiva Act inorwisana neVasungwa vagara mujeri ya1920, wakanongedzerwa kuDare Risingachinji reParamende paMakurukota. Raja Sabha wedare racho akasunda nokuda kwegadziriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzedziviriro yemashandisiro ezvinhu zvipenyu kuganhurirwa kuvanhu bedzi vane mhaka, kwete vaitongwa. Chiratidzo chokupedzisira chakabatanidza zvimwe zvezvikarakadzo izvi, chakaratidzira mano eImba okupesvedzera chinjo.

Muenzaniso: Dare rezvekutengeserana 2018

Kupedza gadziro yenharo dzezvokutengeserana, Paramende yakagadziridza chiito chacho kuderedza udzori hwedare rezvokutengeserana. Raje Sabha akakakavadzana kuti kugadziridzwa kwekusvika kururamisiro munharaunda dzomumaruwa. Pakupedzisira, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakachengeta mukana wakadzikama nokuwana mashoko. Kupindira kwaRajiya Sabha kwakadzivisa kusvika kumativi ose angave akaita kuti zvipfekedze maduku.

Sarudza Matare Nemishumo Yemutemo

Kuchinja kukuru kwemitemo kunotangira nemirau yeSaw Commission. Raje Sabha anowanzokurukura mishumo iyi muzvirongwa zvedare. Somuenzaniso, Commission of Law Report on “Kuva Norusando Muroorano neDavhition". uye Mushumo we285 we “Kuchinja kuTsarudzwa kweMutemo weResumotion Act yeHindu". Zvakaongororwa naRaja Sabba MPs. Kubvuma kwavo kwakaumba zvikwereti zvokupedzisira.

Rajiya Sabra inoshandisawo Tsamba yakanyoreswa-nyorwa Dare Rinomira kuti ive nekurukurirano. Matare aya anokumbira vatongi, magweta, dzidzo, uye vamiriri venzanga. Mishumo inovapo ine udzame, hurefu, uye kazhinji kazhinji ine zvikarakadzo zvakajeka zvokunyora. Somuenzaniso, Dare pamusoro poMutemo neRuramisiro 2021 pamusoro pe “Inconficiation and Bankrupt Code (Amend) Bill yakarumbidza chinjo yenguva kuchisarudzo chebhizimisi mupendice, icho hurumende yakabvumira.

Kuchinja kweBumbiro reMitemo Kunotapura Dare

Kuchinja kweBumbiro reMitemo kunoda kuti pave nevakawanda muImba imwe neimwe – danda rinokurudzira kubvumirana.

  • Hurumende yechi 97 (2011) [[FLT: 1] ine chokuita namasangano anobatira pamwe yakakurukurwa zvikuru muUpper House pamberi pokutora chikamu.
  • Hurumende ye 101st Amendment (2016) ichisuma Mitero yeZvibereko neMipinduro (GST) - inotapura nenzira isina kunanga matare emitero neappellate forums – akaona Rajiya Sabha achimanikidza mitezo nokuda kwedziviriro dzedare.
  • Hurumende ye 103 (2029) inogovera ruvara rwe 10% rwezvikamu zvisina kusimba mune zvemari zvakatarisana nokunzverwa muRajiya Sabra pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo uye tapuro pakuita kubvumwa kuripo. Imba yakarutendera pashure pekamurano.

Zvinetso Zvinotadzisa Kutarisira Pamasangano Zvinobudirira

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nenyongano

Raje Sabra, kufanana nomubiyayo wakaderera, yakaona kudzongonyedzwa kunowedzera. Pakati pa2014 na 2024, Imba yakarasikirwa neavhareji ye25% yenguva yayo yokugara kuti itsutsunge uye itsive. Ikoku kunodzivisa kunzvera kwakakwana kwezvikwereti zvedare nekurukurirano dzinobatanidza kurangana. Somuenzaniso, Bill kutsiva mabhii matatu etsotsi ehurumende yehotera (Bharaya Nyaya Sanhita, zvichingodaro) akapfuudzwa muRajiya Sahaha nekurukurirano yakaganhurirwa muna 2023 nemhaka yokushora kufamba kwonzendo. Vatsoropotedzo dzakaresa rondedzero dzakadaro dzinosekesa rudzi rwekuchinja pamutemo.

Basa Rakaganhurirwa Mukusimbiswa Kwegadziriro

Kusafanana nedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu umo imba yapamusoro inosimbisa kugadzwa kwokutonga (muchib., Dare reUS), Raje Sabhaha yeIndia haina simba renyuko. Kunyange kana voruzhinji veRajiya Sabba vasagutsikana nokugadzwa kwakati, havagoni kukudzivisa. Kutsamira pachisarudzo checollegium kunoparira kuderera kwehurumende. Nhamburiko dzokudzorera kubatanidzwa kweparamende kupfurikidza neKomishoni itsva yeRecubulica Ression Specions dzinopfuurira kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzemitemo.

Kungwarira Zvisina Kukwana Pakati Pemitezo

Nepo Rajiya Sabba ine mwero wakakwirira wamagweta nenyanzvi dzapamutemo kupfuura Lok Sabha, mitezo mizhinji inyanzvi dzamatongerwe enyika. Kuchinja kwakakomba kwapamutemo – zvakadai sechinjo kuInconteranytic Code kana kuti Arbitation Act – anoda zivo chaiyo. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anotsamira pazvapupu zvine unyanzvi, asi nharo dzapauriri dzinogona kuderedza kuva mashoko ezviratidzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pokunzvera kwapamutemo kwapaduku. Zvirongwa zvokurovedza maMPs pakurongwa kwomutemo womutemo womutemo nemitemo yemitemo zvakakarakadzwa zvakakarakadzwa asi hazvina kuitwa nenzira yakarongwa.

Kudzorwa Nenguva Nechibvumirano Chomutemo

Raje Sabra anosangana kwaanenge mazuva 100 - 20 pagore. Nezvirongwa zvemitemo zvezvikwereti zvemari, zvibvumirano zvokunze, uye nhau dzokutarisira, kuchinja kwemitemo kunowanzova kusingachinji. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvine chokuita nokuchinja kwedare zvinopera muImba. Somuenzaniso, “Kugadzwa kwaVatongi kuMusoro weJeudiary Bill” kwakatangwa asi hakuna kumboitwa kuti kuitwe nokuda kwekurukurirano. Uku kuchinja kwemitemo kunowanzovhiringidza kuchinja uye kunononotsa kuchinja kunodikanwa zvikuru.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi: Kusimbisa Basa Raja Sabha

Kuchinja Kwakavimbiswa Kuti Kuve Kunotongwa Neparamende Huru

Zvikarakadzo zvinoverengeka zvakabuda kubva kumasangano edzidzo neezvamatongerwe enyika kuti zvisimudzire kuvimbisana kwaRaje Sabha negadziriro dzokutonga:

  • Kusimbisa Dare rePreference: Yakaenzanisirwa pashure peUK’S Judications Commission, dare reparamende raigona kubvunzurudza vatongi veDare Gurusa ndokubudisa mirangariro isingabvumiki. Ikoku kungatanga kujeka apo kunenge kuchichengeta dare.
  • Maminicational Reports on Vacances: Rajiya Sabha yaigona kuraira kuti Ushumiri hwoMutemo upe mushumo wegore negore unodonongodza nzvimbo iri yose, zvikonzero zvokunonozeka, uye mugariro werumbidzo. Mishumo yakadaro ingagona kukurukurwa ndokushandiswa kudzvinyirira collegium.
  • Kubvumira Dare reParamende pamusoro poMutemo neRuramisiro: Iri dare ringagona kupiwa murairo wakananga wokuhwirudzura kugadzwa kwose kwokutonga (Dare Rapamusoro neDare Rapamusorosoro) uye kubudisa kunzvera kwokuita nokutapura.

Kuchinja Kwepamutemo Kunoda Raje Sabha

Ichitarira mberi, Raje Sabha aigona kutungamirira chinjo mairi:

  • Judicial Infrablication:[[FL:1] Kuisa matare akakwana, gadziriro dzemichina, uye vashandi vanotsigira. Kupiwa kwaRajiya Sabba bhajeti rokuwedzera kunogona kusungirirwa pamabhenji anooneka.
  • AlternIve Dispute Resolution (ADR): mitemo inosimbisa kuyananisa nokudzosa, ichideredza mutoro pamatare.
  • [ project-Chourts nokudimuka: Imba yapamusoro inogona kusunda mutemo kubatanidza AI negadziriro dzokutarisira mhaka mumitezo yose yedare.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Kugadzira mutoo wokunzvera pomero dzokusazvibata mukurwisana navatongi pasina kubvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira. Raji Sabha Sabha aigona kukurukura ndokupfuudza Mipimo yeMitemo yeChirango neKuzvidavirira Bill inodzikamisa kuzvimirira nokuzvidavirira.

Basa Risingachinjiki Romutemo

Pasinei zvapo neganhuriro dzayo, Raje Sabha inoramba iri shongwe inokosha mumhoteredzo yemitemo yeIndia. Inonzvera vatarisiri vehurumende vanonyengera, inogovera nzvimbo yenyika yokuitirana nharo pamusoro penheyo dzemitemo, uye inovimbisa kuti chinjo hadzina kudzorwa chose chose nezvinopfupiswa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Vagadziri veBumbiro remitemo vakafunga kuti Imba yeUpper Servetual seImba yokufunga nokuratidzira - mavara anokosha pakubata nechimiro chechigarire chejadhiary.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Rajiya Sabha yakaratidzira mano ayo okudzorera shure mukuchinja kwokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, mukati mekurukurirano pa Tribunal Reformes Bill, 2021, mitezo yakaisa nenzira inobudirira zvikamu zvinovimbisa kuti matare aizotungamirirwa nemitezo inotonga uye kuti mabhenji haasati aizosvibiswa nokugadza kwedare.

Nenzira yakafanana, chimiro chaRaje Sabha pa Mediation Bill, 2023 chakatanga gadziriro dzinotsoropodza nokuda kwezvirevedzo zvenzanga nechakavanzika, izvo zvakavandudzwa nenzira inooneka kubva mudanga rapakuvamba. Basa redare reHouse raUpper rakanatsa mutezo wakadzikama zvikuru.

Nzira iri mberi inoda zvose zviri zviviri kukura kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokutangwa kwesangano. Kana Raje Sabhaa ichigona kutorazve basa rayo senzvimbo inorerutsa maruramiro - kudzivisa miedzo yokumira kwakaisvonaka uye panzvimbo pezvo kunangidzira ngwariro pakuitwa kwemitemo yakavakirwa paufakazi – inogona kuva mutariri anobudirira zvikuru wezvirongwa zvedare namabasa emitemo. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Simba redare rehurumende rehurumende inotonga rinotsamira kwete bedzi pauchenjeri hwavatongi asiwo pavara remitemo inovadzora. Raja Sabbaha, seimba yavakuru, rinova nechinzvimbo chinoshamisa chokugovera varakanzveri.

Imba yacho inoita kuti pave nemitemo yehurumende inoita kuti pave nemitemo yehurumende inoita kuti pave nemitemo yehurumende inoita zvokuzvimiririra; dare rinoita kuti pave nemhedziso dzinozvimiririra.

[[[[FK:0] pfuma yezvekurava: