Bazu guru rehurumende yeUnited States injini inoshandura donzo remitemo kuva chiito chinooneka. Nepo Congress gass nokupfuudza zvikwereti, uye vatongi vanodudzira mutemo, bazu guru rinovimbisa kushanda kwezuva nezuva kwehurumende. Iri basa guru, rinobatanidza mamirioni evashandi vasiri varwi, vashandi vehondo, uye mubatanidzwa mukuru wamasangano, zvinopomerwa mumutemo nebasa guru: kutora nhungamiro dzavose dzemitemo ndokudziita mitemo inotevedzerwa, mabasa, uye migumisiro. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kwemiitiro, vatambi, uye nheyo dzemitemo izvo zvinotungamirira bazu guru mukuita mutemo, kubva pamitemo yaPustresteria kumiteoro yemiteo yemitemo inoita basa rehurumende.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Purani yebazu guru inowanwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kusafanana namasimba akadudzwa, akaverengwa eDare muChikamu I, Chikamu II chakapfupikiswa zvikuru uye chakasimudzirwa. Chikamu I chinoisa simba gurusa muna Purezidhendi mumwe, chisarudzo chakaitwa navaFramers kuti vave nechokwadi chesimba, kuzvidavirira, uye kutsunga muhurumende. Uku kuiswa kwechiremera kwakanga kuri kuita kwakananga kuutera hweMitemo yeConfederation, iyo isina mutungamiriri akasimba wokuita kuti mitemo yenyika.

Chikamu III cheChikamu II chine nhungamiro yakakomba zvikurusa nokuda kwokuitwa kwomutemo: Purezidhendi "Achangwarira kuti Mitemo ipetwe nenzira yakatendeka. Iyi Nharo inodzorwa igwero rebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwechiito chose chomukuru mukuru. Inoisa basa risingarengwi paPurezidhendi kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare inopfuudzwa nenzira inobudirira uye mukutenda kwakanaka. Uku kuratidzika kuva kuri nyore kwakadudzirwa nenyanzvi nematare kupa Purezidhendi chiremera chinokosha pamusoro pehurumende yose inotonga. Zvinoreva simba rokutungamirira vaduku, kududzira mitemo inodzorwa nokusimbisa, uye kuvimbisa kushanda kwakafanana kwomuitiro wehurumende munyika yose.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopawo simba Purezidhendi kuti aise vakuru vakuru veUnited States, vakadai savanyori vakuru veKibitmat uye vatongi vehurumende, kunyange zvazvo iri simba riri pasi pe "basa nemvumo" yeDare. Kuwedzera, Purezidhendi angada murangariro, mukunyora, womukuru mukuru mukuru webato rimwe nerimwe pamusoro penhau ipi neipi ine chokuita mabasa avo. Iyi gadziriro iri nyore yakatendeukira mugadziriro yazvino uno yeKabhinitsi, apo Purezidhendi anoisa misoro yedhipatimendi makuru nokuda kwezano nebatira pamwe chete. Hofisi yaProfesidhesidhendi inowanazve simba kubva kuVes Clausce, iro rinopa "simba rechiremera chikuru" kuPrezidhente, chitsaru chinonzwisiswa kukuita masimba ose anogara muchadenga, nhau inogamuchirwa nesimba mubumbiro remitemo.

Nokuda kwenzwisiso yakadzama yorugwaro rwapakuvamba nedudziro yarwo, Nhevedzo yeNational Relard inogovera rugwaro rwakazara rweChikamu II.

Purezidhendi SoMutongi Mukuru

Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anoita basa rinopfuurira uye kazhinji kazhinji guru mumuitiro womutemo, achivawanira zita rokuremekedza risina kurongwa ra" Chitendero chinopesvedzera chinoitwa zvose zviri zviviri pamberi napashure pokunge Congress yapfuudza mutongo, uchiumba zviri mukati, ukuru, uye kugadzwa kwokupedzisira kwomutemo wehurumende.

Agenda Rongedzero Nehurumende Yemubatanidzwa

Muitiro wokushandisa kazhinji kazhinji unotanga nguva refu mutengi usati wasainwa. Purezidhendi anogadza purogiramu yemitemo kupfurikidza neHurumende yeUnion, chikarakadzo chemari chakapiwa kuCongress, uye zvikarakadzo zvemitemo zvakati zvakarongwa neWhite House. Mapepa aya anoratidza zvokutanga zvehurumende uye anopa purani yeCongress, kuronga kurukurirano yenyika uye kurondedzera chisiko chose chezvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinoshanda. Mari, zvikurukuru, chishandiso chine simba, sokukarakadza kwayo kutsigira mipimo yemibato yose yehurumende, inosarudza nenzira inobudirira miuyo inowanika nokuda kwemitemo mugore rinouya.

Simba Revhato Nebasa Raro Rakakodzera

Kana Congress yangopfuudza chibvumirano, Purezidhendi anogona kudzosa chibvumirano chesimba, kunzvera kunotyisa pabazu remitemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kusaina mutemo mumutemo, kana kuti kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina chisaini pashure pemazuva gumi. Aveto anotumira pepa racho kuChibvumirano, icho chinogona bedzi kuudzora netatu mbiri dzesimba gurusa mudzimba dzose. Chipiri ichi chinoita kuti chive chinhu chisingawanzoitiki. Chinoto hachisi chinhu chakashata hacho; chinenge chiri chishandiso chinowirirana. Chityisidzirongori chevharo chinogona kumanikidza kuti chikurumidze kusangana nemitemo yaPrezidhea kuti isvike nguva dzose. Ruoko rwechitoto, kana muhomwe chisati chaitwa musi unoto, kana chikashamba chisati chato chikavapo chitsamabhishopurwa pasina kuuraya zvakanaka, chibvumirano chinenge chagona kurovererwa dare.

Kusaina Kutaura Netsananguro Yavane Simba

Chishandiso chinomutsa nharo zvikuru muupurezidhendi wazvino uno kutaura kwokusaina. Pakusaina chibvumirano mumutemo, Purezidhendi angapa mashoko akanyorwa achitsanangura kududzira kwavo mutemo, kazhinji kazhinji achiratidzira kuti bazu guru rinoronga sei kushandisa gadziriro dzakananga. Mamwe mashoko okusaina anomutsa zvirambidzo zvebumbiro remitemo, achitungamirira masangano anotungamirira kusashandisa gadziriro dzinoda kudzorwa naPrezidhente pakududzira simba rehurumende. Nepo aya mashoko asingasungirwi pamatare, anobatira senhungamiro yakananga yehurumende. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti ikosha mutemo sewakanyorwa. Vatsi vanoaona sebasa rapamutemo rokududzira mutengo webumbiro remitemo uye "rokuchengeta" kuti mitemo itengwe nenzira yebumbiro remitemo.

Nhevedzo Dzine Varairidzi Nemirairidzo

Zvichida chishandiso chakananga zvikurusa chokushandisa kuumba inhevedzano yavakuru vakuru. Mirairo yechiremera imirairo yakapiwa naPresidenti kumasangano ehurumende ane simba romutemo. Anofanira kuiswa muchiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo pacharo. Mirairo yeGurukota inoshandiswa kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kutungamirira, kujekesa mitemo, uye kushandisa zvokutanga. Mienzaniso dzakafanana neGeneral Order 9981, idzo dzakabvisa masimba akashongedzwa nezvombo, uye Grodhipatiti re 9066, idzo dzakabvumira chiJapan kubatanidzwa kwechiAmerica mukati merwiyo yeHondo yeNyika II, dzinoratidzira simba guru nomuuyo wechishandiro ichi. Purezidhea projential Translada uye ziresationsssss inoshanda mabasa akafanana, kutungamirira chiito chesangano pasina kuverengwa kwakarongwa kwakarongwa kwegadziriro youkurukurukurukuru.

Michina yeHurumende: Dare Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Purezidhendi angava mukuru webazu guru, asi basa chairoiro rokushandisa mutemo rinoitwa nemubatanidzwa mukuru wemadhipatimendi, masangano, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende. Iyi hurumende igadziriro yechigarire yehurumende, ine mutoro wokuita mutemo pazuva rimwe. Kunzwisisa chirongwa chemichina iyi chinhu chinokosha kunzwisiswa kuti muitiro unoitwa sei.

Madhipatimendi Ane Vatungamiriri

Kune madhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira, rimwe nerimwe rinotungamirirwa noMunyori (kunze kweBato reRuramisiro, rinotungamirirwa neAttorney General) anobatira somutezo weKibinet yePurezidhendi. Aya madhipatimendi masangano makuru, anonangidzirwa mabasa ane mitoro inobatanidza nzanga yeAmerica. Somuenzaniso:

  • Kutsigira Kudzivirira: Kushandisa mitemo ine chokuita nemabasa echengeteko yenyika nehondo.
  • Nzvimbo yeUtano neMabasa avanhu (HHS): Mifundisi Medicare, Medicaid, Affordal Care Act, uye Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  • Nzvimbo yeHomeland Security (DHS):[[FLT] mitemo yokutama, inodzora chengeteko yomuganhu, uye inobatanidza mhinduro yengwavaira kupfurikidza neFEMA.
  • Kutora kweTreasurence: kunounganidza mitero kupfurikidza neIRS, kunotarisira mari yehurumende, uye kunoshandisa zvirango zvemari.

Bazi rimwe nerimwe isangano rehurumende rine vakagadzwa vezvamatongerwe enyika vapamusoro navashandi vebasa ravagari vemo vanoita mabasa makuru esangano racho.

Kuzvimirira Kwezvirongwa Nemasangano

Kupfuura madhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira, masangano akawanda akazvimirira anoita basa guru mukuitwa. Zviitiko zvakafanana neEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Reserve, neCentral Intelligence Agency (C) zvinogara mukati mebazi guru asi zvinoshanda nemwero mukuru wekuzvimirira pakudzora kwakananga kwapurezidhendi. Zvakawanda zvinotungamirirwa neboka kana kuti basa rine mitezo yakasundiswa uye inogona kubviswa bedzi naPrezidhente nokuda kwezvikonzero (zvakadai sokubudirira kana kuti kuoma). Chivako ichi chakagadzirirwa kuvadzivirira kubva padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, chinovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamashandiro oruzivo rwezvomuteodhakatapureji, izvo zvinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwemibato yemibato yemibato yezve yezve.

Masangano Ehurumende

Mamwe mabasa ehurumende anoitwa namasangano ehurumende, akadai seProstal Service yeU.S.Amtrak, neTennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Masangano aya anoshanda semabhizimisi emunhu oga asi ari ehurumende. Ane mwero wakakwirira wezvigadziko uye anobhadharwa kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemiripo yavashandisi panzvimbo pemitero yegore negore, kuvabvumira kupa mabasa akafanana zvikuru nebhizimisi apo vachiri kubatira basa ravose.

Basa Rehurumende Negadziriro Yokuwana Mhindu

Musimboti wokushandisa ibasa rehurumende rehurumende. Pendleton Act ya1883 yakatanga gadziriro yakavakirwa pamipimo yokurovha nokukwidziridzwa, kutsiva "isipo" uko mabasa ehurumende akapiwa somutezo wezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhasi, Office of Movement Management (OPM) inotarisira kubhadharwa nokurongwa kwamamirioni avashandi vehurumende vanoita basa rezuva nezuva rehurumende. Iri nyanzvi, risiri renyika inobatira rinoda kuchengeta kupfuurira uye unyanzvi mukudzosera kwehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti mitemo itengwe nguva dzose uye nenzira inokwane mufungo pasinei zvapo nepatiko neImba yePhine.

Kugadzira Injini Yokutonga: Kuumba Kwakaita Mitemo Inogombedzerwa

Nokuda kwamasangano makuru ehurumende, chishandiso chikuru chokushandisa mutemo wakafara kuumbwa kwemirau kupfurikidza nomuitiro unozivikanwa sokuita mitemo. Apo Congress inopfuudza mutemo, inowanzogadza nharidzano dzakafara nenheyo asi inosiya udzame hwakajeka kuunyanzvi hwesangano. Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ya 1946 inosimbisa gadziriro yeichi chirongwa, ichigovera muitiro wekugadzirwa kwechotofisi-legisi kuti masangano atange mitemo ine simba rakazara netapuro yemutemo.

Izvi zvinotanga munzira dzakawanda:

  1. Chiremera chevadzidzisi: Congress inopfuudza mutemo, wakadai seCease Air Act, inoraira EPA kutanga National Ambient Air Serity Service (NAAQS) kudzivirira utano hwevanhu.
  2. Mutemo wakarongwa: Sangano rinoita nzvero yenhau nokunyora mutemo unokarakadzwa. Rinobudisa ichi Chiziviso Chokuita Mutemo Kwakarongwa (NPRM) mu Register[. Chiziviso ichi chinofanira kubatanidza chiremera chesangano chapamutemo, rugwaro rwomutemo unokarakadzwa, uye tsananguro ine udzame yedonzo racho nezvinoritsanangura.
  3. Tsinhiro dzePublic: APA inoraira nhambo ye "nongedzero netsinhiro", inowanzogara mazuva 30 kusvikira ku 90. Mutezo upi noupi wavose, kubatanidza vanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, masangano ebhizimisi, uye mapoka ezviwanwa zvemhindu, zvinogona kutumira tsinhiro dzakanyorwa. Komishinari inodikanirwa pamutemo kurava, kurangarira, uye kupindura kutsinhiro dzinokosha.
  4. Kutonga kworuvara: Pashure pokuhwirudzura tsinhiro dzavose, sangano rinoita dzokororo ndokubudisa Mutemo wokupedzisira mu Faceral Register[ uye [[FLT]] [FLT] Code of Federal Regagement (CFR)[FLD]. Mutemo wokupedzisira unobatanidza kusuma kwesangano kumhinduro huru nehwaro hwapamutemo nokuda kwomuuyo wokupedzisira. Pakarekwangobudiswa, mutemo unogona kuparira maererano nezvirango kana kuti zvimwe zvirango. Kukundikana kuwirirana nemitemo.

Nhano yakakomba mugadziriro iyi idzokororwa neHofisi yeInformation and Regural Affairs (OIRA). iri mukati meWhite House Office of Management and Dramed, OIRA inohwirudzura miraudzo inokosha neyokupedzisira inopiwa namasangano makuru. OIRA inovimbisa mutemo wacho unowirirana nezvinokosha zvaPurezidhendi uye inoda mutengo wakakomba wekuongorora, kuongorora kana betsero dzemitemo dzichiruramisa ndyiko dzayo. [[FLT: 0]] IOIRARA inogovera humwe udzame pamuitiro wokuhwirudzura. Uku kudzorwazve kwapazve ndiko kumwe kwezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa kuna Purezidhendi nokuda kwokutarisira mugariro.

Kumanikidza, Ungwaru, uye Kurevererwa Kwehurumende

Kushandisa mitemo yacho kunodawo kuti pave nemitemo inoshanda uye, kakawanda, kururamisira kwomukati.

Ungwaru Hwokupomera

Masangano eFederal haagoni kunzvera kana kuti kuita kuti kutyora kuri kwose kungabvira kwomutemo. Anofanira kuronga zvokutanga. Ikoku kunozivikanwa sechisarudzo chomurovereri wemhaka. Somuenzaniso, Department of Justice (DOJ) ingasarudza kunangidzira ngwariro pautsotsi hwamasimba masimba pamusoro poutsotsi hwezuva rezuva remviri mugore rakapiwa, kana kuti SEC ingaisa pamberi mhaka dzokutengesa dzinotevedzerwa duku dzinoshuma kudarika. Uku kusarudza ibasa riri madikanwa rebazu rehurumende rinofanira kuisa mitengo inokwana, asi inogonawo kuva manyuko egakava rezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru apo Presidenti inoraira kudzosa mutemo munharaunda dzakati.

Kurevererwa Kwevatarisiri

Masangano akawanda ane gadziriro dzawo amene dzomukati dzedare dzokuisa muganhu kurukurirano dzinomuka mumirairo yawo. Sangano reSocial Security Administration (SA) rine gadziriro huru yaAdministrative Law Vatongi (ALJS) vanonzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva kuvanhu vanonyimwa betsero. Hofisi yeBato reImmigation Review (EIR) inotarisira matare okubudisira vagari vemo umo vatongi vanosarudza kana vasiri varwi vechibvumirano vanogona kudzingwa. Federal Tradential Commissionsion (FTC) ine teamss yokudenha miitiro yebhizimisi isina kururama. Mitumbi iyi inogoverano inogoveraidzo idzo inodzorwa negadziriro yedare renyika.

Basa Revaongorori Vakawanda

Kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira mukati mebazu guru rimene, sangano guru rimwe nerimwe rine Hofisi yeInspector General (OIG). Iyi mhodzi yakazvimirira inonzvera mhesvo dzokunyengera, tsvina, kushatiswa, uye kusashandiswa zvakanaka mukati mesangano rayo. Dzinopa mishumo yavose uye dzinogona kunongedzera mhaka dzoutsotsi kuBato reRuramisiro. Basa radzo rinogovera tarisiro inobva mukati, richivimbisa kuti mitemo haisati ichingoitwa bedzi asi kuti hurumende imene iri kushanda nenzira yokutendeseka uye nenzira inobudirira.

Makemikari, Dzikamo, uye Kuzvidavirira

Simba guru rebazi rinotungamirira rokuita mutemo rinodzorwa negadziriro yakasimba yokutarisira kubva kune mamwe mapazi maviri ehurumende uye nemitemo inoita kuti pave nokujeka.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Dare harisi munhu anongotarisa chete pashure pokunge rapa mutemo, asi rinonyatsoongorora kuti zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvinoshanda sei:

  • [[FOLT:0] Kunzwa naKuzvidzwa:[[FLT: 1] matare eCongress ane mhaka dzokubvunza vakuru vakuru vanotarisira pamusoro pezviito zvavo. Vanogona kupoka kuti vamanikidzire chipupuriro nokubudiswa kwezvinyorwa.
  • Simba rePumhession: Rinodzora kupiwa mari kwesangano rimwe nerimwe rebazu. Inogona kushandisa mabhiri okudzosa kutsiva, kuranga, kana kuti kuganhurira chiito chesangano. Inogona kuvhara murairo wakananga kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mutasvi kupepa remitengo yemibato yemibato yemari.
  • Office yeHurumende yeKuzvidavirira (GAO): GAO isangano rakasununguka, risiri reparati rinoshanda nokuda kweGungano. Inoongorora mapurogiramu ehurumende uye inopa mirangariro yepamutemo pamusoro pezviito zvedare rebazu. Mishumo yaro inopesvedzera zvikuru uye inoumba hwaro nokuda kwemireza mizhinji.
  • Congregational Baccordal Office (CBO): CBO inonzvera tapuro yebhajeti yemitemo nemirau inokarakadzwa, ichigovera Dare nokunzvera kwakazvimirira kwendyiko nebetsero dzechiito chomukuru.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare redare rinobatira sechinomira chakakomba, kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvebazu hazvipfuure chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chomutemo. Vanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye hurumende vanogona kukwidza chiteshi kuti vadenhe chiito chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chokudzikamisa. matare anonzvera zviito zvesangano pasi peAPA, izvo zvinovabvumira kubvisa zviito zviri "zviito zvebumbiro remitemo nerisina mufungo" kana kuti "zvidzoreso zvakanyanyisa zvemitemo."

Kwamakumi amakore, matare akashandisa [[[FLT: 0] Chafferon dzidziso, iyo yaida kuti vatongi vasareve kududzira kune mufungo kwesangano kwomutemo wakanga usinganzwisisiki. Zvisinei, muna 2024, Dare Gurusa rakatendeuka [[[FLT:]] Throughron mumhaka ye [[FLT:]] muchinoitika che [FLT]] Light Enpesev [4] v. Raimdo[[FLT]]. Ichi chinjo huru chinoisa mutoro wokududzira mitemo inotsa pamutemo, panzvimbo pemasangano. Kunokarirwa kuita kuti kuve nyore kudenha miratisiano yedare, inobvira kuderedza simba rokushandisa nesimba rakafara nokutsanangura simba. [Forking:]

Zvirongwa Zvokuratidza Kuora

Mitemo inoverengeka inoda kuti bazu rinotungamirira rishande pachena, richigonesa kutarisira ruzhinji:

  • Rusununguko Rwemashoko Act (FOIA): Runobvumira munhu upi noupi kukumbira marekodhi anobva kumasangano ehurumende, achimanikidzira kuoneka mukuita chisarudzo chehurumende.
  • Mutemo weDare reFederal Advisory Committee (FACA): Unoda kuti matare anotungamirira ane mitezo inobva kunze kwehurumende ave akadzikama uye aite misangano yakazaruka.
  • Hurumende muChiito cheSunshine: inoda kuti misangano yamasangano ane mitezo yakawanda (seSE SEC kana FTC) ivhurwe kuvanhu.

mhedziso

Kuitwa kwemitemo muitiro wakaoma, une simba, uye unotevedzerwa zvikuru unotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura mutambo wokusaina paWhite House. Inobatanidza kutamba kusingafungidziri pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende, murevereri nebasa rehurumende uye kudzorwa negadziriro yakasimba yemitemo, miraudzo, uye miitiro yokutarisira. Bazu revakuru harisi mumanikidzi wedavi wedavi; muturikiri anoshingaira, mumiririri, mugadziri wemitemo. Kunzwisisa uyu kunokosha kuti muitiro uitwe sei chaizvoizvo muUnited States. Muitiro unotsamira padzikamo wokuzviisa pasi, kuzvidavirira, uye kutora rutivi rwapachena kuvimbisa kuti mirayiridzo yose yemitemo inoshandurwa kuva inoshanda, uye chiito chinoitwa navanhu veAmerica.