Bazu Rokutonga Somutarisiri Webumbiro Remitemo

Bazu redare rehurumende yeUnited States riripo kuti ridudzire mitemo, kupedza gakava, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Kusafanana namapazu emitemo neanotungamirira, ayo anozvidavirira zvakananga kuvavhoti, dare rinorongedzerwa kushandira mandoga, kushandisa nheyo dzapamutemo pasina kutya kutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira gadziriro yechekerero nedzikamo izvo zvinodzivisa bazu rimwe ripi neripi kudarika chiremera charo. Kupfurikidza nemitemo, rondedzero yedare, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzamaruramiro, matare anobatira senzverwa kunotsoropodza simba rehurumende uye mutsigiri wemitemo.

Chivako Chefandesheni Chesangano Rinoshandira

Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga mutongo wedare rehurumende neDare rapamusorosoro, nepo richisiya Congress chiremera chokuita matare ehurumende akaderera. Gungano rejudicary ra 1789 rinogadza gadziriro ine mapoka matatu inoramba yakabatana zvikuru nhasi: matare eruwa, matare enhu ekwirira, uye Dare gurusa. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mitoro yakasiyana, uye nhau dzinobva pamutezo wokutonga zvichikwira mberi kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokukwidza. Kunzwisisa ichi chivako chinokosha kunzwisisa kuti bazu redare rinotonga rinoshanda sei seri rose.

Matare Oruwa: Chiyero Chokutonga

Kune matare 94 eruwa munyika yose, rimwe nerimwe rinobatira nzvimbo yakati. Aya ndiwo matare okutonga apo mhaka dzinovamba / zvapupu zvinopupurira, ufakazi hunopiwa, uye matare amatare edare kana kuti vatongi vanopa rutongeso. matare eruwa anobata nhau dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Mitongo mizhinjisa yehurumende haitongofambiri mberi kupfuura mwero uno, achiita kuti dare reruwa risarudze vaturikiri vemibvunzo yemitemo munharo dzakawanda.

Matare Ematunhu Okukwirira

Dare redunhu 13 rezvikumbiro rinonzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare oruwa mukati mematunhu aro oruwa. Haaiti kutongwa kutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, makamu avatongi vatatu anohwirudzura chinyorwa chakabva kudare rakaderera kuti aone kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika. Aya matare ane ukoshi hunokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti anovamba muenzaniso unowirirana wematare ose oruwa mukati medunhu rawo. Apo matunhu anopesana panhau yebumbiro remitemo, Dare Rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji rinopindira kupedza rwisano.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Mutongi Wokupedzisira

Dare repamusorosoro rine vatongi vapfumbamwe vanogadza vanhu kwoupenyu hwose pashure pokugadzwa naPurezidhendi uye kusimbiswa neDare. Dare rinosarudza kuti imhaka ipi yokuteerera, richingogamuchira chikamu chiduku bedzi chezviuru zvezvikumbiro zvakaiswa shoko rimwe nerimwe. Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinopa chisarudzo, rinova dudziro yakananga yomutemo wehurumende neBumbiro remitemo nokuda kworudzi rwose. Zvisarudzo zvaro hazvigoni kukwidzirwa kuchiremera chipi nechipi chakakwirira.

Kuongorora Kutonga: Simba Rokuputsa Mitemo Isina Kutenderwa

Simba rinokosha zvikurusa redare rehurumende ichiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisingawirirani nehurumende. Simba iri, rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro, haridudzwi zvakajeka murugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, rakatangwa kupfurikidza nenhau yechinyorwa Marbury v. Madison muchisarudzo ichocho. Muchisarudzo ichi, Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti "ndiro inhau yakakomba nebasa redhipatimendi rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uri. Iyi nheyo yakagonesa matare kupfuudzira kushaikwa nemitemo inopfuudzwa neDare, mutemo unorwisana nechiremera chomubatanidzwa, uye mirayiro yavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanopfuura simba.

Kuhwirudzura dare kunoshanda kumitengo yose yehurumende. Dare Gurusa rinogona kuputsa mutemo wehurumende, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, kana kuti mutemo wemanisiparati kana ukaputsa Bumbiro remitemo reU. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti hapana chiito chemitemo kana kuti choukuru chakakurumbira, kunyange zvazvo chichikwanisa kukurira kodzero dzinokosha neganhuriro dzegadziriro dzinoiswa muBumbiro remitemo. Kuongorora kwemitemo hakune muganhu, zvisinei. Matare anowanzoshandisa kudzora, anonongedzera kumitemo apo kunenge kuchibvira uye anosarudza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo apo bedzi kunenge kuri madikanwa kupedza nhau chaiyoiyo kana kuti gakavadzano.

Kududzira Bumbiro Remitemo: Kukwikwidzana Nedzidziso dzaPhilosophia

Vatongi vanosvika kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza namarenje ouzivi akasiyana. Kusvika kuviri kwakatanhamara ndekwokuvamba nemitemo inotsamira pamitemo. Vatsigiri vemavambo vanoramba kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yavose mashoko aro panguva yokuita kuti zvive zvakakurumbira. Vatsigiri vemitemo yemitemo vanotaura kuti mutauro wakafara unofanira kuchinja kuti ujeke kuti ujekese mamiriro ezvinhu azvino uno uye mipimo. Iyi migumisiro inopesana muzvinoitika zvinovambira pakodzero dzepfuti kuenda kusimba renyika.

Mu Direcument of Columbia v. Helmer (2008), Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa mutoo wapakuvamba wokuparadza chirambidzo chepfuti, richitaura kuti Hurumende Yechipiri inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu kuva nepfuti nokuda kwekuzvida. Mukupesana, Dare mu [FLT:] Obergefell v. Hodges[[FTLT:3]] (20) (20) yakatsamira pakududzirwa kupenyu kwemitemo yeChirongwa chakafanira neClaussko kuti azive roorano imwe cheteyo sechibvumirano chapamutemo. Zvose zviri zviviri zvakavimba nechinyorwa chimwe chete asi zvakasvika mhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro pokushandisa rugwaro rwayo muupenyu hwenguva ino.

Kusarudza mashandiro anoita miitiro yetsika kunokosha.Vatongi pavanoongorora nyaya, havafaniri kusarudza kuti mutemo unorwisana neBumbiro remitemo here, asiwo kuti vangaverenga sei Bumbiro Remitemo pacharo.

Nhau Dzakakura Dzedare Dzakaumba Mutemo Webumbiro Remitemo

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende navagari vemo.izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira nzira iyo bazu rinotonga rinoshandisa nayo chiremera charo kutsigira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo.

Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] [1] (103): Chivako cheMagest Power

Nyaya iyi yakatanga dzidziso yokutonga. William Marbury, mugadzwa waPurezidhendi John Adams, akatsvaka mutungamiriri wemandamus kuti agombedze Munyori weHurumende James Madison kupa basa rake. Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti gadziriro yeChibvumirano cheJudiary kupa chiremera cheDare chapakuvamba pamusoro pemitongo yakadaro yakanga isina kutongwa. Mukuita kudaro, Dare rakasimbisa chiremera charo chokuhwirudzura mabasa eDare ndokuzvizivisa kuva asina maturo apo rinorwisana neBumbiro remitemo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Kugumisa urudzi

Muchisarudzo chakabatana, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose yakaputsa Aclimate Protection Claus ye 145 Amendment. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "Mabasa edzidzo okusaenzana haana kuenzana. Uku kutonga kwakabvisa dzidziso ye "yokuparadzana asi yakaenzana" kubva Plassyvv. Ferguson [1866] uye akava rutivi rwekona rwesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Chisarudzo chacho chakaratidzira basa rejasticiary mukururamisa pamutemo apo mapazu ezvamatongerw enyika akanga akundikana kuita chiito.

[[FOL:0] Roe v. Wade[[FLT] [1] [773]: Kuva kwako woga uye Kodzero dzokubereka

Dare rakabvuma kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yomukadzi yokugumisa pamuviri pasi peGumbi reChiitiso cha14th Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakabva mukodzero huru yebumbiro remitemo revimbiso yokuva woga kwomunhu oga. Kunyange zvazvo Roe yakatonga gare gare maDobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], nhau yacho inoramba iri muenzaniso unorevesairwa womuenzaniso wenzira iyo muganhu wekodzero dzomunhu oga dzinorwisana nefariro dzomutemo apo kuturikirwa maruramiro emitemo.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Kuzvidavirira kwaPrezidhendi

Mukati mechinonyadzisa cheWatergate, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akataura ropafadzo yapamusoro yokudzivisa tepi yakarekodwa nemuchuchisi chaiye. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaramba nokubvumirana kutaura kwacho, richirangarira kuti purezidhendi haasi pamusoro pomutemo. Chisarudzo chacho chakamanikidzira Nixon kubudisa matepi acho, kuchitungamirira kukurega kwake. Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti kunyange nzvimbo yakakwirira zvikurusa munyika inofanira kuwirirana nemirairo yedare uye kuti hakuna munhu anodzivisa murairo wemitemo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuenzana kweroorano

Dare rakataura kuti Dare reMitemo ye 144 rinoda kuti nyika dzose dzibvumidze uye dzizive roorano dzevatano. Kunyorera voruzhinji, Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akasimbisa kuti maruramiro okuroora rusununguko runokosha runodzivirirwa neCurvement Proces and Encimement Protection Clauss. Chiratidzo chakawedzerwa chebumbiro remitemo kuLGBTQ+ varoorani ndokusimbisa basa rejajidhia mukuchengetedza kodzero shomanene dzichada kuitwa nevoruzhinji.

Nheyo Yokuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Kuzvimirira kworutongeso kunoreva kuti vatongi vanogona kusarudza nhau dzakavakirwa pamutemo namaidi pasina kudzongonyedzwa nebazu romutemo kana kuti ravakuru vakuru, kana kuti mumurangariro wavose. Vatongi veFederal vanorangarira nzvimbo dzavo nokuda kwoupenyu, vanongobviswa bedzi kupfurikidza nokupinzwa neImba yavamiriri uye kupwiswa neDare. Uku kurarama kwoupenyu hwose kunovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvisingadaviriki apo Bumbiro reMitemo rinoidzo rinoiraira.

Vatongi vakanzwisisa kuti dare raitonga raitonga raidikanwa kutsika yomutemo. Alexander Hamilton akanyora mu Federalst No. 78 kuti vatongi vaizova "vasinganyanyi kuva nengozi" nokuti vaisagona kushandisa bakatwa kana kuti kudzora chikwama, asi kuti kuzvimirira kwavo kwakanga kuchikosha kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo pakudzorwa kwemitemo. Pasina kuzvitonga, vatongi vangazengurira kuputsa mitemo inofarirwa nevoruzhinji kana kuti inotsigirwa nevatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vane simba.

Kuzvimirira mudare kunodawo dziviriro nokuda kwemibhadharo yokutonga, isingagoni kuderedzwa apo mutongi anoshanda, uye nokuda kweperero yechisarudzo chematare. Kuedza kudzvinyirira vatongi kupfurikidza nokucheka mari, kupiwa dare, kana kuti tyisidziro dzokusapiwa mhaka dzinosekesa iyi nheyo. Kuva nomurayiro kwedare kunotsamira pachivimbo chavanhu chokuti vatongi vanosarudza mhaka dzakavakirwa pamaruramiro apamutemo, kwete maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mufundisi Senzvero Pasimba Rine Simba Romutemo Nerechiremera

Bazu rinotonga rinobatira sechinopesana namapazu emitemo neanotungamirira munzira dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare, matare anogona kushayisa simba mitemo inopiwa neDare kana ikaputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Chechipiri, matare anogona kuhwirudzura zviito zvavakuru vakuru kuvimbisa kuti vawire mukati mechiremera chapurezidhendi. Chechitatu, matare anopedza gakava pakati pehurumende nehurumende, achijekesa miganhu yesimba rehurumende pasi peClausce, Pentellimence, uye Pentemplete.

Somuenzaniso, mu Protown Sheep & Tube Co. Sawyer (1952), Dare rapamusoro rakarova mutongo waPrezidhendi Truman wedare rapamusoro akabata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea. Dare rakarangarira kuti purezidhendi akanga asina chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chemitemo chokuita chiito chakadaro pasina bvumirano. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti mutongi anogona sei kunzvera muteveri mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende kunyange mukati menguva dzemigariro yekurumidziro yenyika.

Nenzira yakafanana, mu Clinton v. City yeNew York (1998], Dare rakashatisa Line Inter Veto Act, richitonga kuti rakaputsa Chipo chaClaus weBumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza nokubvumira purezidhendi kudzima zvinhu zvinopedzwa nomunhu pasina mutoo wakazara uye wapamhinwa. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidza kuti hakuna bazi rinogona kukudza masimba aro amene kupfuura miganhu yebumbiro remitemo pasina kunzvera.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Yomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe Mumatare

Kupfuura nzvero dzegadziriro, bazu redare rinoita basa rakananga mukudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinorongwa muBill of Rights nePrefence. Vagari vanogona kuunza mhaka dzinopa mvumo dzokuti mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chinoputsa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo. Ipapo Dare rinosarudza kana hurumende ine ruramiso yakakwana nokuda kwokupunzwa kwechikanganiso uye kana nzira dzinoshandiswa dzichigadzirirwa zvakafanira.

Zviitiko zvokutaura zvakasununguka pasi peFirst Amendment zvinopa muenzaniso wakajeka. Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], Dare raidavira kuti kutaura kunotsigira mufambiro usiri wapamutemo kunodzivirirwa kutoti kwaita kuti pave nechiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo. . Johnson [199], Dare raidzivirira mureza unopiswa sekutaura kwokufananidzira. Izvi zvinoratidzira musengwa wejaji kuti richengetedze kuratidzira kusadavika, kunyange apo mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika angatsvaka kuudzvinyirira.

Kodzero dzemuitiro dzeutsotsi dzinotsamirawo pakuchengetwa kwedare. Mutemo wokubvisa mhaka, wakagadzwa mu Mapp v. Ohio (1961), inoda matare kudzvinyirira ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera nokusumwa. Manda nyevero, dzinobva ku [[FLT:] Maranda v. Arizona[FFF:5] [66], dzinoda mapurisa kuzivisa kodzero dzavo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa. Mitemo yose iri miviri inoumbwa nenzira yedare kuti idzivirire hurumende.

Miganhu Netsoropodzo Zvesimba Rokutonga

Apo bazu redare rinoshandisa chiremera chikuru, rinotarisanawo neganhuriro. Dare harigoni kuvamba nhau; rinofanira kumirira kuti vadzorwi vaunze gakava.Vasina simba rokuita kuti dare rive rinoshanda uye vanotsamira pabazu guru kuti rishandise mirau yavo. Apo purezidhendi kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoramba mirairo yedare, matare anofanira kutsamira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti, munhau dzakanyanyisa, chiito chokuronga kuti asundire kuzviisa pasi.

Vatsoropodzi vesimba rokutonga vanotaura kuti matare pane dzimwe nguva anodarika basa rawo rakafanira kupfurikidza nokusarudza mibvunzo yemitemo inosiiwa zviri nani kuvatongi vakasarudzwa. Dzidziso yokudzora kwokutonga inokurudzira vatongi kuzviisa pasi pamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika panguva ipi neipi inobvira. Vamwe vanotaura kuti dare rakundikana pane dzimwe nguva kudzivirira maruramiro emitemo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemiduku yedzinza nerombo. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza kutendera kweDare reJapan reAmerica mu Korematsu v. United States (1944) uye kunonoka kwaro kuregeredzwa kwayo kwenguva refu mukutaura kuGene.

Kutsoropodza uku kunosimbisa gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pomupimo wakafanira wechiremera chokutonga. Bumbiro reMitemo haripi vatongi maruramiro ega padudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Vakuru vakuru vakarerekera kupfurikidza nemhiko kuti vatsigire Bumbiro remitemo. Bva basa ramajangaridhia rakasiana somutauriri asingasaruri rinokuita kuti kuve chinhu chinokosha kupedza rwisano dzebumbiro remitemo dzisingagoni kupedzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Bazu Rokutonga Munhambo Yazvino Uno

Pakaro dzechibvumirano cheContemporary Confect digination panhau dzakadai sekodzero dzokuvhota, nhimbe dzemari, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kutama, uye murairo wemhoteredzo. Mitemo yeChitonga Chapamusoro chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakabatanidza zvisarudzo zvikuru pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzepfuti, ee, uye chiito chesimba rehurumende. Mu Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [[FLT:][FLT: 1] [202] [202], Dare rapamberi pamusoro pe [[FLT] v., rinodzorera murairo wokubvisa mimba kuzvinhu. New York State Rhifleamp; Pristol Association . Bruption v[FFF] [F]] [FF] [2] [2]

Kuwedzera kwekupesana kwakawedzera kuongororwa kwemuitiro wokutonga. Dare repamusorosoro zvino rinotarisana nehondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotyisa, uye chivimbo chavose muDare chachinja. Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, vatongi vanopfuurira kushanda senzvimbo umo nheyo dzemitemo inokurukurwa nokushandiswa. Kutendeseka kwavo kunotsamira pakuzvipira kwavatongi kusarudza nhau maererano nomutemo, kwete zvavanoda ivo pachavo.

Mugumisiro: Basa Risingataurwi Nezvokupinda Mudhindiriya

Basa rebazu rinotonga mukutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo rinoumbwa nemativi akawanda uye rinokosha. Nokuongorora kwedare, matare anovimbisa kuti mutemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinowirirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Nokududzira kwakazvimirira, vanodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vochengeta kuenzana kwesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende. Nemhaka huru dzeDare Gurusa dzinobva Marbury v. Madison ku [[FLT]]] ku [[FLT:]] Obergfell. Hodfell v. Hodges inoratidzira kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga pamutemo zvinoumba sei American American nenzanga. Nepo judiary , basa rayo somuva wezvikamu zvamagaro zvemitemo yevhuna renyika yose. Kunzwisisa chirongwa kwemabazu, uye kutsanangura kudzo yemitemo yedare remitemo kutevedzero.

[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa:[