Kunzwisisa Mitemo

Bumbiro remitemo igadziriro yenheyo dzinokosha kana kuti mipimo yakatangwa mukuwirirana nehurumende inodzorwa. Rinoisa masimba nemitoro yamasangano ehurumende uye rinovimbisa maruramiro akati kuvagari vemo. Chinosiyanisa mutemo webumbiro remitemo musimba rawo rokugadzira gadziriro yapamutemo yakatsiga iyo inotungamirira zviito zvose zviri zviviri hurumende nezvinodzorwa. Mabumbiro emitemo anogona kunyorwa kana kuti kusanyorwa, kusimbiswa muchinyorwa chimwe kana kuti kuparadzirwa mumanyuko anoverengeka. Chinosiyanisa bumbiro remitemo nomutemo wawo wose nderokukwirira: hapana mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chingapokanidza gadziriro dzayo. Iri simba remitemo rinopa simba rinotonga setsime rakakwirira zvikurusa remitemo mukati pamutemo mukati mehurumende.

Mabumbiro emitemo azvino uno anowanzobatanidza zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoumba pfungwa: sumo inotaura tsika dzenyika nezvinangwa, nyaya dzinorondedzera marongerwo ehurumende, mutezo wekodzero dzinoronga rusununguko runokosha, uye nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo zvinhu. Mwero wemashoko emashoko akakwana unosiyana zvikuru. Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo mapfupi uye anochinjika, asi mamwe anonyatsova akazara uye anonyorwa. Pasinei zvapo nechimiro, mutemo unoshanda sechibvumirano chenzanga pakati pehurumende nevanhu vayo, uchigadza misengwa nekariro.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemitemo Munhau

Mafungiro ekare ebumbiro remitemo anogona kurondwa kare kare, uko mitemo yakatangwa kuti idzore nzanga uye iise mitemo yakaoma.

  • Kodi yaHammurabi: Imwe yemitemo yakanyorwa yakanyorwa karesa, inovambira shure kusvikira ku 1754 BC muBhabhironi. Yakatanga mitemo yokutengeserana, pfuma, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi, ichigadza muenzaniso wokuti mitemo inofanira kunyorwa uye kusvikika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Magna Carta: Yakasainwa muna 1215, yakaganhurira masimba amambo weEngland ndokuisa hwaro hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno. Nheyo dzayo dzemuitiro wakafanira nokutongwa nedare redare rapamutemo dzakapesvedzerwa zvinyorwa zvapashure zvebumbiro remitemo.
  • Constitution yeUnited States: Yakagamuchirwa muna 1787, yakatanga gadziriro yehurumende ine masimba akaparadzana nezvinonzvera nedzikamo. Inoramba iri bumbiro remitemo rekaresa renyika rakanyorwa uye muenzaniso wemamwe marudzi akawanda.
  • French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: yakagamuchirwa muna 1789, yakasimbisa maruramiro omunhu oga nenheyo dzorusununguko, kuenzana, uye uhama. Pesvedzero yayo yakapararira muEurope mose.

Dzimwe nhambo dzinokosha dzinobatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo rePoland raMay 3, 1791 (Bumbiro remitemo reEurope rokutanga rakasimbiswa rorudzi), Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rakagamuchirwa muna 1950 (bumbiro remitemo renyika rakanyorwa kwenguva refu zvikurusa), uye mirau yapashure peHondo yeNyika II yeGermany neJapan, iyo yakaisa chiremera chavanhu nerugare. Rimwe nerimwe raaya magwaro rakagamuchira migariro yakananga yenhau nepo richiparira kugamuchidzanwa renyika yose.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pemhindumupindu yomufungo webumbiro remitemo, Dare rakaunganidzwa rezvinyorwa zvenhau zvapamutemo rinopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwekukura kweAmerica yapakuvamba neEurope pamutemo.

Marudzi Emitemo

Kunzwisisa mapoka aya kunobatsira kujekesa kuti masangano emitemo akasiyana - siyana anoshanda sei.

Mavs. Mabumbiro emitemo asina kunyorwa

Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa mugwaro rimwe kana kuti mapepa akanyorwa, achiita kuti gadziriro dzaro dzive dzakajeka uye dzinosvikika. Marudzi mazhinjisa, kubatanidza United States, India, uye South Africa, akanyorwa mabumbiro emitemo. Simba risina kunyorwa, rakapesana, rinobva mumanyuko akawanda akadai semirau, zvisarudzo zvedare, kokorodzano, uye magamuchidzanwa. United Kingdom muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa wetsika yebumbiro remitemo isina kunyorwa, umo bumbiro remitemo rinowanwa muzvinyorwa zvakadai seMagna Carta, Bill of Rights (Bhinjika rekodzero).

Mitemo Inochinjika

Bumbiro remitemo rakaoma rinoda chinjo chaiyo iyo yakaoma zvikuru kupfuura kupfuudza mutemowo zvawo. Ikoku kunodzivirira nheyo dzinokosha kubva mumitemo yezvematongerwe enyika inopfuura. Bumbiro remitemo rinochinjika rinogona kugadziridzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemitemowo zvawo, kuchibvumira kuchinjira nyore nyore zvikuru kumigariro inochinja. Mabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa anowira pane imwe nzvimbo pakati peiyi mitengo miviri.

Mitemo yeUnity Constitutions

Mabumbiro emitemo anoparadzira simba pakati pehurumende yepakati namasangano enharaunda, mwero mumwe nomumwe uchiva nechiremera chakarondedzerwa. United States, Germany, uye Australia inoshanda mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Mitemo yeUnity inonangidzira simba muhurumende iri pakati, kunyange zvazvo ingapa chiremera kumitumbi yomunharaunda. France neJapan mienzaniso yemiitiro yemitemo inobatana.

Mabasa Makuru Ebumbiro reMitemo

Mitemo inoshanda mabasa anoverengeka anokosha munzanga yedemocracy. Heano mabasa makuru avanoita:

  • Kuzivisa Ganhuriro yeHurumende: Mabumbiro emitemo anoratidzira sangano rehurumende, kubatanidza kuparadzana kwamasimba pakati pamapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare. Ichi chivako chinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza chiremera chakanyanyisa.
  • [ Kuvimbisa Kodzero neRusununguko: Vanovimbisa maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe nerusununguko, vachidzivirira vagari vemo pakukurirwa nehurumende. Mabhiriyoni ekodzero anowanzofukidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, gungano, uye dziviriro pakusungwa kwoudzvinyiriri.
  • Kuzivisa kusagadzikana:[[FT:1] kupfurikidza nokuita mhoteredzo yapamutemo inodeya kuzivikanwa, bumbiro remitemo rinosimudzira dzikamo nenhevedzano. Vagari namabhizimisi vanogona kuronga zvinhu zvavo nechivimbo kuti mitemo haisati ichizochinja nenzira yokuzvidira.
  • Chinjo inopfupikisa: Mabumbiro emitemo anowanzobatanidza gadziriro dzegadziridzo, achibvumira chinjo dziri madikanwa munguva apo anenge achichengeta kutsigisa. Uku dzikamo pakati pedzikamo nokuchinjika chiratidzo chegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda.
  • Hurumende inotenderesa: Bumbiro remitemo rinogadza pamutemo pahurumende kupfurikidza nokugadza mitemo yemawaniro anoitwa simba nokushandiswa. Hurumende dzinotevera miitiro yebumbiro remitemo sezvingabvira zvikuru dzichagamuchirwa sedzinobvumirwa navagari vemo vadzo.
  • [ Kubatanidza Rudzi: Bumbiro romutemo rinogona kubatira sechiratidzo chokuzivikanwa kworudzi uye mipimo inogoveranwa, kuchibetsera kubatanidza zviverengero zvavagari vapasi vakasiana - siana mugadziriro yapamutemo yavose.

Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo

Madudzirirwo anoitwa mitemo ane zvazvinoreva zvikuru pakushanda kwayo.

.Origalist inodavira kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo runofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yarwo yapakuvamba yavose panguva yeratisiti. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mutoo uyu unoremekedza miitiro yedemokrasi neganhuriro yokutonga. Kurarama mubumbiro remitemo kupikisa kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro-mitemo dzinofanira kuturikirwa muchiedza chemipimo yesocinete nemigariro. Vatsigiri vanotsinhira kuti uyu unoita kuti mutoo urambe uchishanda mumitemo wemitemo yemitemo yemitemo [[FLT]]

Gakava riri pakati peiyi mitoo rinoitika mumatare munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, vatongi veDare Rapamusoro vakakamuraniswa zvikuru panhau dzakadai sekodzero dzemunhu oga, kudzorwa kwepfuti, uye mari yenhimbe, zvichiratidzira uzivi hunodudzira. Mudzimwe nharaunda, dzakadai seCanada neSouth Africa, matare akatora mitoo yakawanda inorangarira zvinangwa zvikuru zvemitemo.

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo reNyika rinotsinhirana rinopa chishandiso chinobetsera chokunzvera kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kwakashanduka sei mumashoko akapoteredza America.

Kukosha Kwomutemo Webumbiro remitemo

Mutemo weBumbiro reMitemo unodzora kududzira nokushandiswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Inoita basa rinokosha mukuva nechokwadi chokuti nheyo dzakabatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo dzinotsigirwa. Mativi makuru omutemo webumbiro remitemo anobatanidza:

  • judicial Review: Matare ane chiremera chokududzira bumbiro remitemo ndokushayisa simba mitemo inowirirana negadziriro dzayo. Iri simba, rakatangwa muzvinoitika zvechiratidzo zvakadai se Marbury v. Madison [183] muUnited States, rinoshanda senzvero inodenha paidzoro napabasa rehurumende.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwaMaruramiro: Matare anomanikidzira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo, achigovera mutoo nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe kudenha kuputswa. Kutemerwa kweBumbiro remitemo kunobvumira vagari vemo kutsvaka kugadziriswa apo rusununguko rwavo rukuru runodzorwa.
  • Masimba anodzora: mutemo weBumbiro reMitemo unobetsera kuchengeta dzikamo pakati pamapazu akasiyana - siyana ehurumende, uchidzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Majere pamusoro pemiganhu yehurumende anopedzwa kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo.
  • Kushanda Kunoyera: Mune mimwe miitiro yemitemo, maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo anoshanda kwete bedzi kuchiito chehurumende asiwo kuukama hwemunhu oga. Iyi pfungwa, inozivikanwa sechishandiso chakarurama kana kuti Dritkwiung[, inotambanudzira dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo munharaunda dzakadai sebasa, dzimba, uye zvibvumirano zvapachivande.

Nokuda kwenzwisiso huru zvikuru pamusoro penzira iyo mutemo webumbiro remitemo unoshanda nayo mutsika dzakasiana - siana, Chonstitute Project, inotsigirwa neConftitive Constitutions Project inogovera kusvika kurugwaro rworunenge gamuchidzanwa riri rose riri musimba nhasi.

Zvinetso Zvokutonga Kunotongwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Pasinei nokuti mitemo yacho inokosha, mitemo inotonga zvinhu zvakaoma, inogona kukanganisa mutemo uye kuderedza kuvimba kwevanhu nemasangano emitemo.

  • Zvitambudzo zvokudzosa: Muitiro wokuchinja bumbiro remitemo unogona kuva unonetesa, kuchiita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuchinjira kuchinjo kuzvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Zvinodikanwa zvikuru namatanho akawanda okuchinja zvinogona kudzivisa chinjo kunyange apo bvumirano yakafara ivapo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nhau dzokumanikidza: Mune dzimwe nyika, maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo haashandiswi nenzira inobudirira, kuchitungamirira kukuputswa kwakapararira. Vatongi vasina simba, kudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kushaikwa kwokuwana mishonga yapamutemo zvinosiya vagari vemo vasina kudzivirirwa.
  • Kudzorwa kwePuritation: Hurumende dzingaedza kushandisa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo kusimbisa simba kana kuti kusekesa miitiro yedemokrase. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza matare okurongedza, kuganhurira hwirudzuro, kana kuti kushandisa masimba ekurumidziro kufuratira zviteshi zvebumbiro remitemo.
  • Consituanion: Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa, mipimo yebumbiro remitemo inogona kupera zvishoma nezvishoma kupfurikidza nokunyengera kwevakuru vakuru, kusaita basa, kana kuti kusakendenga kwavanhu. Ichi chinoitika, pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi kudzokera kudiromato, chinopa tyisidziro huru kuudzori hwebumbiro remitemo.
  • Confiblic Dictionarys: kusabvumirana pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo kunogona kutungamirira kumifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika nerwisano dzamasangano. Apo mapazu ehurumende anova nemirangariro isingawirirani pamibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo, udzori hunogona kuoma.

Kuongorora Zvakaitika Nezvakakonzerwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Kuongorora nyaya dzakananga kunoita kuti tinzwisise kuti mabumbiro emitemo akaumba sei vanhu uye nzanga.

Bumbiro Romutemo reUnited States

Yakagamuchirwa muna 1787, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende ine paradzano yamasimba negadziriro ine udzame yechekeso nedzikamo. Kugadziridzwa kwayo, zvikurukuru Bill of Rights, yave ichishandiswa mukudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Tsungiriro yeBumbiro reMitemo kwamakore anopfuura 230 inopupurira kuva kwayo yakasimba. Zvisinei, gwaro racho rinewo kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakapfuuridzira uranda uye kwakasiya mibvunzo isina kupindurwa pamusoro pesimba renyika. Gakavadzano iri kupfuurira pamusoro pechiito chemavambo nemitemo inopfuurira yebumbiro remitemo nenharo.

Bumbiro Remitemo reSouth Africa

Yakaumbwa muna 1996, Bumbiro reMitemo reSouth Africa rinorangarirwa zvikuru serimwe rerwisano yenyika inofambira mberi zvikurusa. Rakabuda murwisano inorwisana neantidiction ndokusimbisa chiremera chavanhu, kuenzana, uye rusununguko. Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga Dare reMitemo rine masimba akasimba eruranganiso yedare uye raibatanidza maruramiro ezvemari akadai sokuwana pokugara, utano, uye dzidzo. Chiono charo chinochinja chakanyandura mamwe marudzi, asi kuita denho dzinopfuurira nemhaka yekusaenzana kwemari nenhamo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mutemo Mukuru weGermany

Yakagamuchirwa muna 1949 sebumbiro remitemo reWest Germany, Mutemo weSicinzi (Grundesetz) unosimbisa chiremera chomunhu munyaya yawo yokutanga. Yakatanga gadziriro yeparamende yehurumende neDare reBundesfessungsgericht rakasimba (Bundessricht) rakaumba hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeGermany kwamakumi amakore. Mutemo weSicial Law unobatanidza chitsama chisingagumi chinodzivisa kugadziridzwa kwechimiro chehurumende, maruramiro avanhu, uye nheyo dzedemo yedemocracy. Pashure pokuvandudzwazve muna 1990, Mutemo wakava musero weGermany yakabatana, uchiratidzira simba rawo rokuchinja apo unochengeta mipimo mikuru.

Bumbiro Remitemo reIndia

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia, rakagamuchirwa muna 1950, ibumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa renyika refusa. Rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende ine hurumende yapakati uye raibatanidza gadziriro dzokubvuma chiito chokunangidzira kusarura kwenhau. Kodzero huru nenheyo dzeBumbiro reMitemo zvinoratidzira kuzvipira kururamisiro yenzanga. Dare repamusorosoro reIndia rakakudziridza dzidziso yechimiro chikuru, icho chinoti mativi akati emitemo haagoni kugadziriswa, pfungwa yakapesvedzera jiramende remitemo mubatanidzwa munyika yose.

Nguva Yemberi Yebumbiro remitemo

Sezvo nzanga dzinochinja, mitemo yadzo inofanirawo kudaro.

  • Kubatanidzwa kwakawedzerwa: Kubatanidza vagari vemo mumiitiro yokuchinja yebumbiro-mitemo kupfurikidza namagungano anorerutswa, kubvunza kwavose, uye maparera anogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabumbiro emitemo anoratidza mipimo yenguva ino. Kuitwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwawana tsinhirano munyika dzakadai seIceland, Kenya, uye Nepal.
  • Frommal hyperm: Kubatana kwenyika kungatungamirira kukugamuchirwa kwemipimo yekodzero dzavanhu yamarudzi ose mumabumbiro enyika. Matare anowedzera kududza mutemo wokumwe nowamarudzi ose muzvisarudzo zvebumbiro remitemo, achisimudzira kurukurirano yedare remitemo remiganhu.
  • Thrometic Ementation: Nhaka dzenhau dzine chokuita namaruramiro emichina, kuva woga, dziviriro yemashoko, uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira mukati megadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo zvichava zvinokosha zvikuru. Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anotobatanidza gadziriro pamusoro pedziviriro yematepire nokuwana mashoko.
  • chiverengero chinokura chemabumbiro emitemo anoziva maruramiro emhoteredzo kana kuti anoisa mabasa pahurumende kudzivirira mhoteredzo. Idzi gadziriro dzinoratidzira kuziva chinjo yemamiriro okunze nechengeteko yemhoteredzo seitiro hanya dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • Kuparwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reNyika yose: European Union namamwe masangano enharaunda akakudziridza mativi ebumbiro remitemo anoshanda pamusoro pomwero worudzi. Iyi kombamiro inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pouchangamire, kuzvidavirira kwedemokrase, uye ukama pakati pemitsetse mizhinji yemipimo yebumbiro remitemo.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwemiitiro iri kubuda mumagadzirirwo ebumbiro remitemo, International IDEA Constitution-Basing Process inopa mashoko namanyuko okuenzanisa nezvinjo zvebumbiro remitemo munyika yose.

mhedziso

Mabumbiro emitemo anokosha kuvadzidzisi nevadzidzi zvakafanana, sezvaanokurudzira kunzwisiswa kukuru kwehurumende inosarudzwa nokudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevagari vemo. Sezvatinofambira mberi, kuchinja mitemo kuchakosha mukugadzirisa zvinetso zvehurumende yemazuva ano. Kuronga kwamabumbiro emitemo, kubatana kwemitemo, kubatana kwemitemo, kubatana kwemagariro ehurumende, uye masangano okutonga anoshanda zvichabatsira kuvimbisa kuti mitemo irambe ichizadzika sezvinyorwa zvipenyu zvinodzora uye zvinoshanda.