Sumo

Dzidziso yokubatanidza inomira seimwe yezvinoitika zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Kupfurikidza namaminisita ayo, zvibvumikiso zvakaiswa muBill of Rights , maruramiro okutakura zvombo, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, dziviriro yokudzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari() yakaitwa kuti itsigire ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nemugari wemo. Iyi fambiro mberi haina kuitika muchadenga. Yakaitwa nenhevedzano yenhau dzenhau dzeDare gurusa uye, yakakomba, kupfurikidza nepesvedzero inopfuurira yemapoka anobva kunze anotsvaka nhungamiro dzeDare. [FLT: 0] [5] [5] , kana kuti "budisvudzani yedare, yakabatira nokuda kweiyi kurukurirano huru.

Hwaro Hwokusarudza Nokumuka kweAmicus

Kutsamira paamlicus mipfupisasa yeimovero inonzwisiswa zvakanakisisa mumugariro wedzidziso. Nhau inovamba ne [FLT]] Barron v. Baltimore[ [1868] , umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall aidavira kuti Revotion dzinoshanda chose chose chose kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa, achisiya migariro isingadzorwi zvikuru negadziriro dzayo. Uku kunzwisisa kwakapfuurira kutozosvikira pakuumbwa kweIdhurika kwe 1450 Demendment mu 1868, uko kwakavimbisa kuchinja ganhuriro yesimba pakati penyika nehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare gurusa rokutanga rakava nomurangariro wamari inopfupikisa zvikuru, kana kuti maropafadzo ayo akakurumbira. [FF][5]

Kwamakumi amakore, Dare rakadzivisa nharo idzo Dare reMitemo rechi 144 rakapa simba dare rehurumende kuti ritsigire Bill of Rights mukurwisana nenyika. Chinjo yakauya munnyuka, kutanga na [[FLT]][1] Gitrow v. New York[ [1925] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [25], apo Dare rakafunga, kwenguva yokutanga, kuti Kugadziridzwa kwaishandisirwa kutsika kutsika dzinopfuura Dare Renguva dzose, uku kwakaratidzira kuberekwa kwedzidziso yakasarudzwa, nhau ye-bupikishati, apo Dare rekuti kana kuti iko kuitwe nechadaidzwa mumugariro wazvino uno uno.[FFFF] [FF][3][3]

Amicus Sesangano

Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kurwisana nemibvunzo mikuru yaibvunzwa, muitiro wokunyora manyoro eancicus wakakura muzvose zviri zviviri nokurongeka. Mavambo echiNgezi anodzorwa no Supme Murau weDare 37[[FL:1], unobvumira munhu upi noupi kana kuti chinhu kunyora chinyorwa chenguva pfupi nemvumo yemapati kana kuti nokubva kweDare. Mavambo ebasa acho, zvisinei, anodzorwa nomutemo weRoma, apo kwakanga kwakakurumbira nokuda kweboka renhau rakashaikwa kupangira nhau dzomutemo. Muitiro mukurusa wenhau yapanguva dzose. Munese, mumitezo mukuru wenhau inosaidzo yeChirungu uye ungava muanongengwa waMateverwa. [FFUF] Ntongenwose.[4]

Mabasa Anokosha eAmicus Munyaya Dzisina Kutsarukana

Mibato mipfupi inoshanda mabasa anoverengeka akasiana naanokosha mumhaka dzinobatanidza kubatanidzwa kwamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nenyika. iyi mibato inopfuura kurava nokuziva hunhu humene hwemabatirwe anoitwa Dare Rapamusorosoro mumugariro waro weAmerican pehurumende.

Kupa Uchapupu Hwenhau Nehwemanyoro

Basa rine simba zvikurusa raamicus rinogona kuita munhau yokubatanidza inhau ndeyokupa Dare ufakazi husati huchingovapo muchinyorwa chenhau chamadare akaderera. Mibvunzo yokubatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji inochinja panzvero yenhau: chii icho zvikamu zveIndaneti zvinotaura? Ko iri kodzero yakati yakarangarirwa kuva inokosha panguva yeChinjo yeChinjo mu 1868? Zvikamu zvenhau zvinonangidzirwa panhau yazvo zvakananga pamaidi azvo uye zvingashaiwa zvitengwa zvenhau izvo Dare rairaira. Imomo ndimo umo amicic inooneka. [FFFFF: 0][5] [mun:], CEcen, Centerern yenhau yenhau yapamutemo uye zvinotaura zvinyorwa pamusoro penhau.[4]

Kufungisisa Migumisiro Inoshanda

Kupfuura nhau, mipfumo inokosha nokuda kwokuratidzira miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika yokubatanidza maruramiro ehurumende. Dare rinoziva zvikuru kuti kupinza maruramiro matsva kuchashayisa simba zviuru zvehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo, kugona kudzongonyedza miitiro yakagadzwa mukudzika kwemitemo, ruramiso, uye udzori hwomunzvimbomo. Mici inomirira hurumende, masangano emitemo, uye mapoka efariro avose anogovera Dare nehwindo muiyi tsvimbo inoshanda. Timbs. Indiana[[FLT:] [20] [20] [20] [20]) [FLT] [FLT] [3] [irc9], iyo yakataura kana kuti maFace Reconce Claus eExterm of the Expounding of the Redmigment, anoshanda kuith Redmigmentswordsss kubva kumasangano ehurumende avanhu anogoverwa zvehurumende dzoruzhinji zvinogoverwa zvehurumende dzinogoverwa zvehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzomunzvimbomo dzinopfutongedzerwa nedzikiswa nedzi dzakapiwa

Kuedza Zvisaririra uye Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Munhau dzakawanda, mubvunzo mukuru hausati uchingova bedzi kana kodzero ichishanda kuhurumende, asi mupimoi wehwirudzuro Dare rinofanira kushanda. Kana Dare richifanira kugamuchira kuedza kwenhau kwakaoma zvikuru, richitsvaka bedzi kana maruramiro akanga anokosha muna 1868? Kana kuti rinofanira kushandisa muedzo unochinjika zvikuru "rusununguko" unochinjika unochinjika kumirirwa nemitemo yenzanga? Amici idisss inowanzova apo izvi zviono zvinokwikwikwidzana zvinosanojeka zvikuru. Masangano epakuvamba anopikisa mupimo wenhau wakaoma, apo mapoka anofambira mberi anotsigira kusvika kune simba guru. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa zvisarudzo zvinowanika kuDare, aMici anobetsera kuumba nzvimbo yedzidziso iyo ichadzora nokuda kwezvizvarwa. Hondo yacho inodzorwa nokuda kwechiito chapamutemo, kana kuti inowirirana nenhau inoteverwa mukuwirirana nokupfupikisa.

Mhaka Dzapanyika Dzinotongwa Neshamwari Dzedare

Kunyatsoongorora nyaya dzinoratidza zvinhu zvakajairika uye kazhinji kacho zvinonyatsoratidza kuti Dare racho rinoita sei pamaonero uye migumisiro yaro.

Gitlow v. New York (1925): Kushandiswa Kwakanaka kweAmicus Advocacy

Mu [FLT]. [FLT]GUTY v. New York, Benjamin Gitlow akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo weutsotsi weNew York wekubudisa musiya anooneka. Mhaka yacho yakapa mukana wakajeka weACLU kuti idenhe mutemo panzvimbo dzokugadziridza. ACLUK aiisa mupfupiso mutsindo mutsindo weGitlow, achipikisa kuti Kromedzo yeKinneth's inopinza dziviriro yaClaus yakasununguka yakasununguka yakasununguka yeFirst Amegement inovanus inovakwa neyatiswa naidzoseidzo inoteswa nenhau huru dzinodzorwa nenhauro yenhauro. Chino cheChinyorwa chakashandurwa nedare chokutanga cheGinjiniro. Chitsaro chenhau chapanyuko chapanyuko kuti, chinoteverwa neyamuteverwa neyamukese.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010): The Modern Amicus Chalcape

Panosvika nguva [FLT][FLT]] McD v.Guta reChicago yakasvika kuDare Guru, nzvimbo yeametics yakanga yachinjwa. Zvikamu 20 zvakaiswa mumhaka, zvinomirira muchinjikwa mukuru wenzanga yeAmerica. National Rifle Association (NRA) uye Cato Institute yakapa uchapupu hupfupikiswa kuti revo yapakuvamba ye 1450th Amendment Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okuchengeta zvombo ndokutakura zvombo zvinorwisana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Sociterrometers anoshandisawo chisakiso chenyika inopfupiti. Zvinofungwa nenyanzvi dzenhau dzakarangarira nhau dzinopfupikisa zvikuru dzinorangarira kuzivisa nenzira inoteverwa zvikuru. Zvinooneka zvikuru kuti, kupfurikidza nomutemo wenhau yenhau dzakaitwa naMato dzinooneka zvikuru dzinooneka zvikuru kuzivisa nenzira yomutemo mukuru zvikuru. Socito inowana yaMajeka anowana kuzivisawose. Anotsinhira zvapamutemo zvikuru zvinooneka zvikuru muano.

Timbs kana kuti Indiana (209) uye Maminutanti Anowedzera Okuchinja

Muitiro wakapfuurira mu . Timbs v. Indiana [FLT], chisarudzo chakabatana chinoti Resplainment Reconfs Claus yeSepyrimence inoshanda kunyika. Mutengi, Timsonbs, akanga ane $42 000 Land Revover yakabatwa nehurumende yeIndiana pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka yokutengesa chitsama chiduku cheheroin. Motokari yaikosheswa kupfuura nakane kuisvoroma yemhosva yake. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chakanga chiri pamwe, asi kurangarira kwakaumbwa zvikuru nemhenge yakaratidzirwa nemhetezo. United States Union of Caners of Careters Subrcencerces uye Constitutences yakapa miuyo mipfupidhiro mipfupiti mipfupiti yemitengwa yemitengwara yemhosva yakapararira. Chibvumirano chakareverwa kupfurikidza chapamutemo chenyika yomunzvimbomo chakasiana chakasiana. Chipo chenyika inoteshi chakareyi yadzo. Chite

Ramos v. Louisiana (2020): Nhau uye Tsika Mubasa reAmicus

Mu Ramos v. Louisiana [20] , Dare rakakurira muitiro weLouisiana wokubvumira zvisarudzo zvisiri zvedare redare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSandrou. [Inhau] yaibvumira kuti dare reSinghedrime reSinai reSanihed reSangano reSangano reSanihemu reSanihemu reSanihedrini rakakomba remhosva dzakakomba, richiita kuti dare reSikisiwe risarengwe risarerwe kurudzo dzakaresa. Roundiro reSar Goucillet rinopanhau raipira kuidzoresaidzo iripo yapakuvamba [Fot:Fote] mu [Fot:4] Apodactic v v. On[FLT] v] v.[FL:] [F]] [F.5: 5]]]], inosa hm, inonyorwa naA ano

Kuparadza Mupiro Wechimubato Wokutamanisa

Kuvapo kunowedzera kwemifungo mipfupi muzvinoitika zvinonyandura mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro poukoshi hwayo hwose kugadziriro yokutonga. Kune zvose zviri zviviri simba rinogombedzera noutera hwapamutemo zvokurangarira.

Masimba: Democratic Legastimacy and Institution Competance

Vatsigiri vemibato yemaamicus inotsinhira kuti iyi mipfupi inoshanda basa redemocracy rinokosha. Zvisarudzo zvokusawirirana ndezvimwe zvinoguma nedare rinogona kuita, nemhaka yokuti vanoshandisa miganhu yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kunokosha kuti Dare rine chiono chakakwana chinobvira chemiuyo inobvira yezvisarudzo zvaro. Amicus inovimbisa kuti manzwi aavo vanotapurwa zvikurusa nemitemo, vachuchirendi vomunzvimbomo, varevereri verusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye vagari vemowo zvavo vanonzwiwa. Vanowedzerawo kukwanisa kweDare kupfurikidza nokugovera unyanzvi hunogona kushaikwa namasangano. Murangariro mupfupi wenhau parevo yapakuvamba yezvikarakadzo zvamaropafadzo kana kuti Immies Claus, kana kuti kupfupi kupfurikidza neapo kutsanangura zvamapurisa zvinoshanda zvinongopfupikisa, hakugoni kukurumidza kuwana mashoko kubva kudare idzva nokungopfupikisa nokungopfupikisa. Mudare guru rehurumende renyika rose rinotoo.

Utera: Mashoko Akawandisa uye Kusaenzana Kwemanyuko

Pasinei zvapo neiyi betsero, kune funganyo huru pamusoro pebasa re [amicus] mukuumba mutemo webumbiro remitemo. Ukuru hwemapepa munhau huru kugona kukurira Dare namapoka. Mudzimwe zviitiko, vazhinji vezvikamu zvinongodzokorora bedzi nharo dzimwe chetedzo, kuwedzera zvishoma kukurukurirano. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kuchinetso [[FLT: 0] chekusaenzana kwe [[[FLT: 1]. [Izvikamu]. Mapoka zvakaisvonaka zvinobetsera uye masangano apfumi kugona kupinza magweta akanakisisa ndokubudisa bhii, mapfupikiche-a anopfupika. Pasi pezvikamu zvakakwirira. Vapa vanopawo mutengo mipfupi mipfupi yenhau, savapo voga voga voga voga voga voga voga vanowana mutengo mutengo mutengo.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pechikamu chenhau nehumwe hudzoreso hunodzorwa nemitemo ndehumwe hweufakazi hukuru nehunogara. Dzidziso yokubatanidza inoda Dare kuita rutongeso rwakaziviswa zvikuru pamusoro perevo yerusununguko, chimiro chehurumende, uye zvidzidzo zvenhau. Amicus inogovera zvinhu zvisina kurongwa nokuda kwerutongeso irworwo, kupa ufakazi hwenhau, kunzvera kwemitemo, uye mamiriro enhau chaiwo ayo Dare rinofanira kusarudza nhau idzi dzinokosha. Kubva kukwakwakwakwakwakwakwa kunoitwazve namano edare. Kubva kuidzoro yemitemo mipfupi yapamutemo mu [[FLT: 0]] [[FLT]] [FLT1]] inosara kuti igove mafashamo yedzidzo yakapiwa [FLT: 2] [FFFD] [FFFFF] [FF] [3] [FT] [3] nakubusvet , mari yemiposerome iri pakati perejiromeswose, inopfuto huru inopfuto huru inopfuto, inopfuto inoramba kuzivisa nokuda kwenhau yavose nokuda kwe