Fandesheni yeBumbiro Romutemo Mukuita Mutemo

Federalism iDNA yehurumende yeUnited States, inomirira nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo inokamuranisa uchangamire pakati pechiremera chorudzi nehurumende dzeruwa. Mumashoko akapoteredza egadziriro yemitemo, iyi divi harisi pfungwa yemitemo asi chinhu chaichoicho chinoshanda chinoumba chikamu chiri chose chokuita mitemo. Kubva kumazano ezvamatongerwe enyika okutanga kuvambira pakuchiito chayo chokupedzisira nokudzikamisa, kupesana kwesimba kunoraira kuparira kukurukurirana, chimiro chokuita kwemitemo, uye nzira dzokuhwirudzura dare. Nokuda kwavanogadzira mitemo, mapoka ezvirongwa zvefariro, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa iri simba rinokosha nokuda kwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica.

Vavambi vakatanga gadziriro yehurumende yokupedza zvinetso zvakati zvokutonga. Zvikamu zveConfederation zvakagadzira hurumende ine simba duku risingagoni kudzora dziviriro yorudzi kana kuti kutengeserana kwenyika. Bumbiro reMitemo, kupfurikidza ne masimba anoiswa muhurumende [[[FLT:] 1] yeChikamu I, yakatsvaka kururamisa ichi chiremera nepo ichichengeta chiremera nepo chisati chatengwa nechehurumende [[FLT:] 10.] 10. , iyo inochengeta masimba ose asingapiwiri kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa. Ikoku kunoparira gadziriro mbiri umo hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzine zvikamu zvakasiana nehurumende, uyewo nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa nechiremera. DFLT]

Kuumba Kunoita Kushanda Kwoupfupi Muitiro Wemitemo weNational

Dare reUnited States ndiro sangano rehurumende, rakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa fariro dzenyika nedzenyika. Imba yaVamiririri inoratidza chiverengero chavagari vemo, ichipa nyika huru pesvedzero huru, nepo Dare richigovera kumirira kwakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende imwe neimwe, kubvumira kwakananga kuhurumende. Iri simba rebumbiro remitemo rokushandisa masimba maviri akasiyana ezvamatongerwe enyika: mutungamiriri wezvido zveImba nefariro dzehurumende dzeteguru-guru.

Gadziriro yeDare Nefariro Dzehurumende

Ganhuriro inopesvedzera gadziriro yedare munzira dzamanomano asi dzine simba. Mitezo yeCongress inowanzobatira mumatare anotarisira nzvimbo dzemiitiro ine revo dzakananga nokuda kwemiganhu yemisha yavo. Mutarisiri wehurumende yokurima sezvingabvira achatsvaka chigaro paDare rePurimi, nepo mumiriri anobva muruwa ane kuiswa kwehondo kukuru kuchaisa mifungo yeDare reMitemo. Iyi purogiramu inovimbisa kuti zvinhu zvenyika nezvomunzvimbomo zvinopinzwa zvakananga mugadziriro yehurumende yemitemo. Kupfuurirazve, dare remusangano, umo misiyano pakati pedzimba neshanduro dzemitemo yemitemo inoyananiswa, kazhinji kazhinji apo kusawirirana kwehurumende kuchagadziriswa. Kuramba kunobatanidza kubvumira kuchinjika kubvumira nyika kuti dzichinjike kana kuti dzisare kubva mumipimo yehurumende.

Chiito chaPurezidhendi NamaFederal Grant

Bazu guru rinoitawo basa guru mukuumba hurumende kupfurikidza nomutemo. Purezidhendi anowanzoshandisa State of the Union kero kana kuti mari yehurumende kukarakadza mipimo yenyika munzvimbo dzakachengeterwa gamuchidzanwa, dzakadai sedzidzo kana kuti utano hwavanhu. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti hurumende yehurumende haina simba rakananga ramapurisa, kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira pa kuisa Calause kuibatanidza chiito chehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza migariro yokupa mari yehurumende, nzira yakaparira gadziriro yakaoma yezvibvumirano. Mitengo inoumba pamutemo. Mitengo iyi inofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.

Mitemo yeHurumende Samachinda Anozvimirira

Hurumende hadzisi masangano anodzora ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Ivo madzimambo akazvimirira ane simba rokudzika miganhu panhau dzose dzisina kugoverwa kuhurumende yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza mabasa makuru oupenyu hwezuva nezuva: dzidzo, ruramisiro yeutsotsi, pamutemo wezvinhu, zvibvumirano, kupiwa kwezvoutano, uye kushandiswa kwenyika. Police Police [, iro riri chiremera chamagariro chehurumende chokudzora utano, chengeteko, uye tsika dzavagari vemo, ikoribheti yechiremera chehurumende.

Kuchinja - chinja Mumitemo yeHurumende

Chivako chevatongi vehurumende chinosiyana zvikuru munyika yose. Nyika zhinji dzine chibvumirano chezvamabhiya, chinofananidzwa neCongress, chine imba yakaderera (inowanzonzi Gungano kana kuti Imba yeVamiri vamabasa) uye imba yepamusoro (Dare). Nebraska inomira sehurumende bedzi ine unicameral, isati iri statisnalis. Kupfuura iyi miganhu yehurumende. Uku kusiyana kunochinja mutsika dzamabhishopu. Dzimwe, dzakafanana neCalifornia, New York, nePennsylvania, inguva yakazara, mitumbi ine zvikwata zvakanaka. Vamwe, kufanana naMontanea, New Hampshire, uye Wyoming, idziridzi pamutemo inochinja zvakananga rudzi neuwandurunako.

Kusarudza Nyika Kwakananga Nokuita Mitemo Youmambo

Masangano mazhinji anobatanidza masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga mumasangano awo emitemo. muitiro wekubatanidza nokupa pamutemo unobvumira vagari vemo kufuratira chibvumirano chehurumende chose chose, kuisa nokugadza mitemo zvakananga kupfurikidza nezviteshi zvemitemo. Ichi chishandiso chine simba rakatanhamara chehurumende inotonga, kubvumira purogiramu panhau dzinoparadzanisa pamutemo sembanje, mutero, uye ruramisiro yeutsotsi. Nepo muitiro uyu uchisimbisa vagari vemo, unoparirawo zvinetso, sezvo zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinogona kutungamirira kudzorwa kwakashata inorwisana nehurumende iripo kana kuti miraudzo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kutungamirira kukuita kuti iparadzirwe.

Mutambo Wakawanda: Kusawirirana, Kurasikirwa, uye Kushandira Pamwe

Ukama pakati pomutemo wehurumende nowehurumende hune simba, hunokwikwidzwa, uye hunopedzerwa nguva dzose. [Kuva mutsigiri wemitemo Claus [[FLT]] (Atucle VI) hunosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, kureva kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unowanzoidzivisa. Zvisinei, Hurumende ye10 Demendment inobatira sourefu hune simba, ichiita nzvimbo inokosha yehurumende inofanira kuremekedza.

Kuedzwa Neganhuriro Dzako

Federal decurection inogona kuva nezvimiro zvinoverengeka. Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo kunoitika apo Congress inotaura zvakajeka kuti mutemo wayo unokunda mutemo wehurumende. yakasunungurwa [[ kunoitika apo chirongwa chehurumende chokudzika mirayiridzo chinovakwa zvikuru zvokuti chinosiya pasina nzvimbo yechiito chehurumende, kana kuti apo mutemo wehurumende uchaita mhingani yokuwana zvinangwa zvomubatanidzwa. Kusunungurwa inharaunda huru yegadziriro yemitemo neringi. Mapokata anowanzova nedare rinotsiva kuti pave nemutezo mumwe worudzi, nepo vashori vanotsigira nokuda kwokuchengeta mugariro. Dare guru nguva dzose ringaitirana kukudza nhau idzi, apo rinodzivirira uchangamire.

Kushandira Pamwe Kupfurikidza Nezvipo Nezvikara

Pasinei zvapo nebviro yerwisano, yakawanda yebatira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende yehurumende inobatira pamwe. Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinogadza mitemo inogadza nharidzano dzakafara dzorudzi asi rinotumira chiremera chokuita chinokosha kunyika. Uyu muenzaniso, unozivikanwa se cooperatialism [, inotsamira pamari yehurumende nemitemo yokudzora. Somuenzaniso, Deather Act inobvumira Hurumende yeNhungamiro yeMonetic Agement kugadza mipimo yenzvimbo yemhepo, asi masangano anoparira kukurasa Salms Icreation Programment (IPS)[FLT]) [FLT3] kuti iwane mipimo iyoyo. Waivers anobvumira kutaura nokuedza nokuita kwakasiana kwezvinangwa kwenyika, zvakadai semiitiro yemiitiro yemitengo yemiitiro yemitezo kana kuti igove.

Fundo Dzemhosva: Kushanda Kwoudzvinyiriri

Kuongorora nzvimbo dzakananga dzemitemo kunonyatsoratidza kuti hurumende ndiyo inoumba sei mitemo.

Kutarisira Utano: Muitiro Wokutarisira Unotapurika uye Hurumende Yakapfava

Affordble Care Act (ACA) muenzaniso unokosha wechibvumirano chehurumende inoshanda. Mutemo wakanangidzira kukudza kufukidzwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemiraudzo yehurumende nokuitwa kwehurumende. Mhaka yeDare Gurusa National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius [20] yakanga iri nguva inorondedzera nokuda kwechibvumirano chehurumende. Dare rakatsigira chiremera chomunhu oga oga oga sekushandiswa kwesimba remitero, asi rakaderedza kukura kweMidhicaid, kutonga kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kutyisidzira nokurasikirwa namari yose nokuda kwokuwedzera. Chisarudzo chaMadid kukura nenzira inobudirira, kutungamirira kumukamuka kwapasi kukuru mumitengo.

Mbango: Chrood Air Act uye Waiver yeCalifornia

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo ndiimwe nzvimbo umo chibvumirano chehurumende chinoumba chibatirano chakaoma. Ceaner Air Act inogadza gadziriro yokubatira pamwe apo hurumende yehurumende inogadza mipimo yechivako, asi inochengeta chiremera chokuishandisa uye kunyange kugadza mipimo yorumano. Rutivi rwakakomba rwetsika ino itsika yakasiana yeCalifornia [[FLL:0]] yakasiyana [[FLT]]] pasi peGarauriro reDelete, iro rinobvumira nyika kugadza mipimo yayo imene, mipimo yokubudisa mipimo yakakomba. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutevera mupimo womubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa kana kuti mutezo mukuru weCalifornia. Ikoku kwakaita kuti California ave mutyairi ane simba wetsika yenyika, savagadziri vemotokari kazhinji kazhinji vanosarudza kuvaka motokari kuvaka mupimo wakasiyana - siyana wemotokari nokuda kwemaruwa akasiyana. Iyi itsika mubatanidzwa worudzi kuti ibvumire sei mutsika yorudzi.

Ruramisiro: Vane Simba Vanorwisana NeCannabis

Kupesana pakati perambidzo yehurumende nokuiswa kwapamutemo kwecannabis kunomirira imwe yerwisano dzakananga zvikurusa murusange rwazvino uno. Idzodzo dzinodzorwa dzinoronga mbanje sechiteshi cheSamende I, kuita kugadzirwa kwayo, uye kuva nayo isiri yapamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Zvisinei, inopfuura 40 dzehurumende dzakanyoresa kambani nokuda kwokushandisa kwemishonga, uye dzinopfuura 20 dzakainyoresa nokuda kwokushandisa kwavakuru. Iyi inoparira kusawirirana kwapamutemo kukuru kwapamutemo. Hurumende yehurumende yakavimba zvikuru nokungwara kwapamutemo, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza ne [[FLT: 0]] Dare ramagamuto mukuru nokuda kwechiito [[FLT] [FLT] [1] [pa], kupfurikidza nechibvumirano chemotokari], kuramba kuzivisa kuti idzore. Iyi ibasa remitemo inoshanda mumutemo muhurumende inodzorwa pamutemo. Hurumende inopa pamutemo inoraira kuti ipfuure kupfurikidza nechiito chiteshiviso chipfume.[Foti]

Zvinetso Zvinobatanidzwa Nemhindumupindu Yemagariro

Nyaya dzakadai sedzisiri dzemakombiyuta, uchenjeri hwokugadzira, uye kupararira kwezvirwere hadzinyatsopindira mumabhokisi ehurumende nemapoka ehurumende.

Kuziva Mashoko NeIndaneti

Intanet inongova percentage, bva hurumende yehurumende yave ichinonoka kuisa mutemo wemitemo yakavanzika yose. Mukusavapo kwechiito chehurumende, California yapinda. California Consumerficuing Act (CCPA) yakagadza muenzaniso werudzi wekodzero dzemitemo, kufanana neClean Air Act yakaita kuti ibudise. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukukura kwebasa remitemo yehurumende yakavanzika, kuchigadzira mitoro yokubvuma kuzviisa pasi kwamakambani. Zvino kune dzvinyiriro inokosha paCongress congress yokupfuudza mutemo wakavanzika wehurumende unoputsa mitemo yehurumende, kupfuudzira kukurukurirana kwemitemo yehurumende pakati poukoshipidziko noukoshi hwehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nechishandiso Chokushandira Kumwe

Federalism yazova chishandiso chikuru chokutarisira kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nehurumende yakakamukana pamwero wehurumende kazhinji kazhinji inovhara dare, Hurumende dzazova nzvimbo huru dzokutanga nhevedzano. Magweta ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji akabatana pamwe chete kuti akwidze hurumende pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende, uye hurumende dziri kushandisa nomutoo unowedzera simba radzo remitemo kuparira nzvimbo dzakachengeteka kana kuti nzvimbo dzehondo dzehondo nokuda kwenhau dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzepfutibhati, uye kuvhotera. Ikoku kwakabvisa musimbo wesimba resimba renyika dzeAmerica rokugadzira mitemo kubva kuWashington, D.C., kumaguta makuru enyika. Nepo ikoku kuchitaura kudaro, kuri kuitawo nzvimbo yapamutemo yakakamukana zvikuru uye inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro penhau pamusoro pokugara zvakanaka nedzo.

Mugumisiro: Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakaganhurirwa Somutemo

Federalism haisi jira retsika dzemitemo muUnited States; isimba guru rinodzorwa. Iro rinodzora nzira iri yose yomutemo, kubva pakuti muromo unorongwa sei kuti uitwe ndokurongwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro, kunzwisisa urongwa hunokosha kuti hunzwisise nei vaAmerica vachidzora kazhinji kazhinji vachiratidzika kuva vakavharwa, vanokwikwikwidzana. Gadziriro inogadzirirwa kudzivisa kuchinja kwokukurumidza, kwapakati, asi yakagadzirirwawo kukurudzira kuedza nokugamuchira. Sezvo rudzi runotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva uye kukamukana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, nheyo dzehurumende dzichapfuurira kuumba kuti zvii zvinetso izvo zvinodzorwa kupfurikidza nomutemo, kuvimbisa kuti muitiro wacho unoramba uchiitwa nesimba guru pamusoro pesimba ramasimba ose.

Kuravazve panheyo dzenhau dzetsika ino, kunongedzerwa ku Federalist Papers paCongress.gov. Contemporary yechiremera chehurumende nehurumende zvinogona kuwanikwa kupfurikidza ne Deraphilial Research Service, uye miitiro yemitemo inopfuurira inotendwa ne [[FLT:] Conference of State Legastitus[[FLT]]