Kutanga: Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Regadziriro Yakafanira

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira unomira sechimwe chezvitsinhanhano zvinogarisa zvikurusa zvomutemo weAmerica. Yakavakirwa muvimbiso yaMagna Carta yokuti hakuna munhu akasununguka achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika, muitiro wakafanira wachinja kuva vimbiso mbiri dzakasimbiswa muGadziro reFita nereMvumo yeMitemo yeNyika Yenyika. Gadziro yeFindmbhita inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende, ichizivisa kuti hakuna munhu acha “kudzorwa kwoupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Hurumende ye145, inotenderwa pashure peHondo yeHondo yeChizvarwa, inotambanuro zvimwe chetezvo kuruwa. Zvose izvi zvinoda kuti chiito chehurumende chivene mufungo, uye kuendeswa mukuwirirana nemiitiro yemitemo yepamutemo.

Muitiro wakafanira hausi muitiro wakasiana. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Rapamusoro rakakududzira kubatanidza zvose zviri zviviri zvinodzivirira zvehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo mukuwirirana neziviso, kunzwa, uye dare risingasaruri (*. nedziviriro dzinodzivirira dzimwe maruramiro makuru kudzoro yehurumende. Uku kuviri kunoita kuti muitiro ufambe uchizoshandiswa kuhurumende nehurumende yemo pasi pedzidziso ye ive yakasarudzirwa [[]. Pasi pomuitiro wakafanira, dziviriro dzeYokutanga, Yechishanu, yechitanhatu, uye Reth Remeth Remendementssss yaizoshanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, kusiya chiito chomugariro wenyika chose chose chose.

Kunzwisisa basa remuitiro wakafanira mukubatanidza kunosarudza kunoda kupinda zvikuru munhau, nzvero dzapamutemo, uye nhau dzechiratidzo izvo zvakaumba mutemo wazvino uno webumbiro remitemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera nzira iyo Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa nayo gadziriro yakafanira kunzvera kuti rione kuti ndipi Bill of Rights vimbiso dze “chikuru” dzakakwana kubatanidza nyika, kuvimbisa uriri hwakafanana hwerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe munyika yose.

Kunzwisisa Kusarudza Kuno mufungo

Kubatanidza idzidziso yapamutemo yakabuda munhevedzano yezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro-soro kuvamba mukupera kwamazana amakore ane gumi namapfumbamwe namavambo amakumi maviri. Pamberi pokuvakwa kweMitezo ye 144th Amendment muna 1868, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, sezvinosimbiswa nenhau ya1833 Barron v. Baltimore[FL]. Hurumende dzakanga dzakasununguka kugadzira miitiro yadzo youtsotsi, dziviriro dzapachena, uye kodzero dzezvinhu pasina kudzorwa nomutemo. Ireversitemetic Reformation, neRProduction Claus, yakaza mugwagwa wekodzero dzehurumende dzinoshandisa zvinotaura mamwe mashoko.[FL:] [FFF]

Irondedzero mbiri dzinokwikwidzana dzakabuda: chitsama chinosvika uye kuvhozhokera. Kubatanidzwa kwose, kwakatsigirwa naMutongi Hugo Black, kwakataura kuti Mutezo weMitemo weMitemo we145 weCreatemplete Claus yakabatanidza Bill yeChiito cheRegion, kuita kuti zvose zvinodzivirira zvinoshanda kumitemo. Black akaomerera kuti vagadziri ve 1450th Amend Amend vaicement vaikire uyu muuyo. Zvisinei, Dare rakaramba kuti Bhidhisitemendi yeMite yoKuchinja.

Kubatanidza kunoshanda kupfurikidza neChiteshi cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano che 144 cheIndaneti chaNick Claus, kwete Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti Claus. Kunyange zvazvo 1873 Cases-Imba yeGaza [ yakaganhurira zvakakomba maropafadzo kana kuti dziviriro dzeImmunonition Claus, gare gare gare zvisarudzo muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri zvakabatanidzazve Mutengo weSect Clausle seinjini yokubatanidza. Muuyo injini: vazhinjisase, asi kwete vose, yeBill of Rights zvino zvino zvino zvino zvinoshanda kumitemo. Gasmenderation yeTs inodzivirira varwi vechisaro, uye Amenziyo yeChipiri yakangobatanidzwa bedzi muna 2010 [FLD [FF].FFFFF] inovimbisa pamutemo bedzi.

Kusarudzirei Panzvimbo Pesero?

Kuda kweDare kubatanidzwa kunosarudza kunobva mukuremekedza hurumende nenzvero yenyika. Dare rakashanda kare semarabhoratori ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzose dzehurumende kungave kwakadzivisa kuvandudzwa kwemitemo yeutsotsi nerusununguko rwevagari vemo. Uyezve, mashoko edare re144th Amendment haadudzi Bill of Rights; inotaura nezve “kukurumidza kwomutemo.” Dare rakadudzira mashoko aya somupimo unochinjika unodzivirira kodzero dzakavakirwa munhau yenyika namagamuchidzanwa, kwete sendaza yemichina. Kusarudza Dare rinobvumira Dare kuvandudza maruramiro sezvo nzanga inochinja. (Zvirevo, rinobatanidza kodzero yokutakura zvombo muzana ramakore makumi maviri maviri namashanu pashure pamakumi maviri amakore okukakava nenharo)

Basa Remuitiro Wakafanira Mukutsinhirana

Muitiro wakafanira unoshanda mose muri muviri mutoo weprocedal nemupimo mudukusa wekusarudza. Dare Rapamusorosarudzo haringobvunzi kana maruramiro anooneka muBill of Rights; inobvunza kana kodzero iyoyo iri yakakwana mumurangariro werusununguko rwakarongwa uye inokosha kugadziriro yemitemo yakarurama. Iyi nzvero yakavakirwa muSTCreed Proces Clause imene. Seizvo Dare rakatsanangura [FL:0] Palko v. Connecticut[[F:1] [197], kodzero inoiswa mumurangariro we “maurongwa humene hwerusununguko rwapamutemo" uye kana kuputsa kwaro kwaizova“ kuramba kururamisira."

Iyi mitoo yakafanira yenzvero ine mitati miviri. Yokutanga ndiyo Proceducal muitiro wakafanira [, unodzora kuti mitemo inoshandiswa sei. Somuenzaniso, Summergate yeSikisi kodzero yokupa zano inovimbisa kuti mupomeri wemhosva anogamuchira muedzo wakarurama; Dare rakapinza iri maruramiro mu Gideon v. Wainright [1963]) kupfurikidza nokurangarira kuti kutongwa kwakarurama hakubviri pasina gweta. Ruvadziko rwechipiri ndirwo [FLT:] runoiswa mumugariro wakafanira [[FLT] [[FLT:] [5], runodzivirira rusununguko rwakati kubva mukudzoka kunyange apo dziviriro kwechiteshivi. apo rugwaro runopesana runoshandiswa, runoshandiswa nomutoo wakakodzera kupfurikidza namaruramiro oukurukurusa]

“ Kuedzwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu ”

Nzvero yekodzero huru, yakakudziridzwa kupfurikidza nenzvero yakafanira, chishandiso chikuru chokusarudza. Muiyi muedzo, Dare rinonzvera kana kodzero iri “yakananga kugadziriro yedare reAmerica mumitongo yakakomba yetsoropodzo.” Iyi mupimo wakajekeswa munhau dzinoverengeka dzemitemo. Mu Duncan v. Louisiana [1968] [1968], iyo yakabatanidza Sixmendmentmented ail kuip kukutonga kwemhaka dzoutsotsi hwakakomba, Dare rairangarira kuti zvakarurama zvinokosha kana kuri “kukosha kuhurumende yeAnglo - America yerusununguko. Dare rinotarira kunhau, gamuchidzanwa, uye muitiro wapanguva inokuita iyi chisarudzo. Kana ichisangana neiyi sundo yorudyi, inobatanidzwa nesimba rimwe chete nehurumende.

Kuedza kodzero huru hakushandiswi nenzira younyanzvi. Dare rinorangarira donzo rekodzero, basa raro mukudzivirira chiremera chomunhu oga, uye kana kusavapo kwaro kwaizosekesa maruramiro enhau dzapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, mutemo weFrene Amendment wakabatanidzwa mu Mapp v. Ohio[FL:1] [1961] nokuti Dare rakagumisa kuti pasina iro, kodzero inopesana nokunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha yaizova isina revo. Muitiro weChiito cheChina nokudaro unoshanda somurindi wegedhi, uchivimbisa kuti kodzero idzodzo bedzi dzinodikanwa kururamisiro dzinotambanurwa kuhurumende.

Kupiwa Rusununguko uye Kuongororwa Kwenhau

Mutongi Benjamin Cardozo anorondedzera kuti “rusununguko rwakarongwa” mu Palko] yakava mupimo wekubatanidza. Rusununguko runorongwa runonongedzera kugadziriro yorusununguko inodzorwa nomutemo, umo kodzero dzinodzivirirwa asi dzisina kuzara. Mukushandisa iyi nhevedzo, Dare rakaramba nenzira yaro kusvika kwamavara akaoma. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinoyera ukoshi hwekodzero yorudzi mukutsigira nhevedzano. Somuenzaniso, dziviriro yeFindmbermendment yakaiswa mu Benton. Mary v[FLT] [FLT] [3] [69] nemhaka yokuti Dare rakawana ngozi inodzokororwa “idzosaidzororororororororo. Izvokudzvinyirira ingava dzvinyiriro uye ingava nzira isingadiwirwa.

Nzvero yenhau inoitawo basa. Dare rinowanzonzvera kana maruramiro airangarirwa kuva anokosha panguva yeInineth Amendment’s radiation. Mu Timbs v. Indiana (2011), iyo yakabatanidza transcrate’s Redmid Reconfree Claus, Court yakanongedzera kuMagna Carta, mutemo wekon, uye mabumbiro emitemo apakuvamba okuratidza kuti dziviriro pafashoni dzakadzika midziro zvikuru mugamuchidzanwa reAmerica. Uyu muitiro wenhau wakafanira wokusvika parevo yapakuvamba yeRevo yeGeneth Amerekate Reconsole nepo nepo nepo unobvumira kududzirwavaranguro inofambira mberi.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Nemiedzo: Kuvambira paPalko Kusvika kuMcDonald

Mhindumupindu yokusarudza inogona kurondwa nemitemo mizhinji yapamutemo. Kushandiswa kukuru kwokutanga kwakapinda mu Palko v. Connecticut (1937]. Muchiitiko ichocho, Dare rakaramba kubatanidza dziviriro yeFindmerment yakapetwa kaviri pahurumende, riine kodzero bedzi “mumurangariro werusununguko rwehurumende” yakadzivirirwa. Palko akatanga kuedza kuviri: kodzero inofanira kuva inokosha uye kuputsa kwayo kunofanira kuvhundutsa hana. Kuedza uku kwakaramba kuri kukuru kwamakumi matatu amakore.

Chinjo yakaitika muma 1960 mukati medare reWarren. Malloy v. Hogan (1964), Dare rakaita kuti Penzura reFindrence faminder ive ropafadzo yokuzvidzora, yainyanyokwidziridza [[FLT]] V. New Jersey[FLT] [[FLT]] [08]. Dare rakasiya “mupimo wehana” uye panzvimbo pezvo rakataura kuti kodzero inoiswa musero kana iri“inokosha kwazvo kuti kutongwa kwakarurama." Uku kuiedza uku." kukwidza ukurukudzora kutevedzerwa, kutungamirira kutevedzero nokukurumidza yekodzero dzokudzora, kupfurikidza nokuchinja maruramiro echitanhatu, uye kupesana.

Mu .Muna Louisiana (1968), Dare rakanatsazve mupimo, richitaura kuti maruramiro anokosha kana “achidikanwa kuhurumende yeBritain neAmerica yerusununguko.] Iyi rondedzero yakabvumira Dare kubatanidza kodzero kukutongwa kwedare redare redare kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzinotongawo zvadzo, kufanana neBritain, dzakanga dzashandisa dare rapamutemo mumhaka duku. Mune iyi, Dare rinotarira basa rekodzero mutsika yeruramisiro yeAmerica, kwete midzi yarowo zvayo yenhau. Ducan rinoramba riri mupimo wavose nokuda kwokutongwa kwevatongi nhasi.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, mu McDonald v. Chicago (2010), Dare rakabatanidza kodzero yeChipiri yeFimendment kuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvibatanidza. Murangariro wakashandiswa “wakadzika midzi munhau yeChizvarwa ichi uye gamuchidzanwa”, kudzokorora muitiro wakafanira unoshandiswa nokuda kwekodzero dzisina kunyorwa. Iyi mhaka yakaratidzira kuti kubatanidza kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira ichiri dzidziso inoshingaira, inochinjika kududzirwa kutsva kwemitemo. Dare rakasimbisawo kuti Gadziro reKiremya rePrejimendey yeGramendi Claussity imotokari yokumuchingaidza, kuramba kuvandudza maropafadzo kana kuti Imminodia.

Mhaka Dzinokosha Dzamatare

Nyaya dzinotevera dzinoratidza kuti nzira yakakodzera yokusarudza nayo kodzero dzako yaita kuti dzisarudze, ichiwedzera Bhizi Rekodzero kuti ridzivirire vanhu kuti vasanyengerwa nehurumende.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Mu Gitlow v. New York, Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti rusununguko rwokutaura rweFirst Amendment runoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neIdmite Amendment’s Recreate Process Claus. Kunyange zvazvo Benjamin Gitlow akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo weutsotsi weNew York, Dare rakafunga kuti rusununguko rwokutaura rwakanga rwuri maruramiro makuru anodzivirirwa nemuitiro wakafanira. Iyi mhaka yakazarura suo nokuda kwokuva nedzimwe kodzero dzeFirst Amendment, kubatanidza rudzidziso, dhindai, uye gungano. Chisarudzo chacho chakatanhamara nokuda kwokuvarira pfungwa yokuti Mutengo weNew York Claus chinodzivirira rusununguko rwokuzvigadzirwa, kwete kungovawo zvawo.

Map v. Ohio (1961)

Mapp v.O. yaibatanidza mutemo weGavhura reChina, unorambidza kushandiswa kwoufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina mufungo uye nhumbu mumiedzo youtsotsi. Pamberi peMap, hurumende dzaigona kushandisa ufakazi husiri pamutemo. Dare rakarangarira kuti pasina mutemo wekubvisa, dziviriro yeFreadmersion paSpendment yaizova isina revoresa pamwero yehurumende. Muitiro waida kuti matare ehurumende arambe achifuratira ufakazi hunowanwa mukupunzwa kweburitswa kweBumbiro remitemo nokudzivisa mufambiro wamapurisa.

Wainwright (1963)

Zvichida nhau yakakurumbira zvikurusa inoiswa muboka, Gideon v. Wainwright , yaidavira kuti maruramiro eSixth Amendment kukupa zano anokosha uye anoshanda kunyika. Clarence Earl Gideon, musungwa weFlorida, akapikisa kuti kupwiswa kwake kwakanga kusina maturo nemhaka yokuti akanga anyimwa gweta. Dare Rapamusoro rakabvuma, richipfuudza chisarudzo charo charo chapakuvamba mu [[FLT:] Brots v. Brady[FLD] [192] [192]). Dare rakaramba kuti “mugadziriro yedu inorwisana nemhosva, munhu upi noupi akapinda mudare, uyo ari murombo zvikuru kuti abhadhare murwi, haagoni kupiwa muedzo wakanaka kunze kwokugoverwa kwechisarudzo ichi. Chisarudzoro chamagamuro chamatongerwe nokuda kwemitemo youtsotsi.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Mira v. Arizona yakabatanidza ropafadzo yeFindrement pamitemo yeFindrefurence mukurwisana nokuzvitutumadza ndokutanga nyevero dzakakurumbira idzo mapurisa anofanira kupa pamberi pebvunzurudzo yekodzero. Dare rakatonga kuti Gwero reClaus rinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti kodzero yavo yokuramba vakanyarara uye kodzero yavo kumumiriri wegweta. Nepo Miranda anozivikanwa zvikurukuru nokuda kwemitemo yaro yetsika, chisarudzo chinova pamuitiro wakafanira wokuti kubvunzurudza kwoudzo kuri kwokuchengetesa. Dare rinobatanidza idzi dziviriro kuva nechokwadi chokuti kureurura kupi nokupi nokupi kunowanwa kuri kwokuzvidira uye kwakavimbika.

Zvimwe Zvisakiso Zvinokosha

  • Benton v. Maryland (11969): Yakabatanidza chirambidzo cheFirefemment chokudzivisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, ichidavira kuti chinokosha kugadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Yakabatanidza maruramiro eSitanhatu eFirimendment kukutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera dare utsotsi hwakakomba, kuchitanga “mupimo worusununguko rwakarongwa”.
  • McDonald v. Chicago (2010): Yakabatanidza maruramiro eChipiri e Amendment kuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvishandisa amene, kuisa muedzo “wakadzika midzi zvikuru”.
  • Timbs v. Indiana (2029): Inobatanidza Holy Expressive Reconfs Claus yeSendment, ichisimbisa mutoo wakafanira wenhau.

Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza nzira isingachinji: Dare Repamusorosoro rinoshandisa kuongorora kwakafanira kuti rione kodzero dzinokosha kurusununguko nokururamisira, ipapo rikaashandisa kunyika dzacho nokusarudza. Muitiro wacho unoitwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye nemaune, richivimbisa kuti hurumende dzinoramba dzichichinja - chinja munzvimbo dzisiri dzechitendero asi dzichitsigira muganhu wenyika wekudzivirira.

Kuramba Tichikurukura uye Kuitisana Nharo Kunopfuurira

Basa remuitiro wakafanira mukusarudza rinoramba riri nhau ipenyu. Zviitiko zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakafanana ne Ramos v. Louisiana (2020), iyo yakabatanidza chinodikanwa cheSikisi Confendment yechisarudzo chedare redare reSate chechisarudzo chimwe nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, uye [[FLT]] Timbs v. Indiana[[FLT]] [2011] [2010]) [209] inoratidza kuti dzidziso yacho haisi kupera. Dare rinopfuurira kurwisana nemibvunzo pamusoro peiko maruramiro anokosha kusunga mashoko. Somuenzaniso, [8], maTShostrumplete yeBaicel Clausleausleake [F:]

Vatsoropodzi vokubatanidzwa kweSangano vanoramba kuti Dare rava vanonyanyova vanonyanyisa, mipimo yehurumende inofanira kuva yakasununguka kugadza miitiro yavo vamene youtsotsi. Vamwe vanotaura kuti muitiro wakafanira unofanira kukudzwa kubatanidza kodzero dzisati dzashandiswa, dzakadai seThird Amendment kana kuti Second Amendment yeChipiri chinodikanwa chechiuto chinodzorwa zvakanaka. Kukakavadzana kwacho kunotapurawo muitiro wakafanira wehurumende: Vatongi vetsika dzakati shandeiwi vakataura kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pokushandisa Gwara reCreast Clausce kuti vape kuti vapedze kodzero dzisinganyatsotengwi muBill of Rights, nepo kururamisira kuchirirangarira sechishandiso chinokosha chokudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Pasinei zvapo nokusawirirana uku, nheyo yehwaro inoramba yapedzwa: muitiro wakafanira muitiro webumbiro remitemo unoita kuti kubatanidzwa kubvire. Pasina iwo, Bill of Rights yaizova chipikirwa chisina maturo nokuda kwevagari veAmerica vazhinjisa, avo vanobatira pamwe zvikurukuru nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Gwero reMitemo re145 rePremendement rinovimbisa kuti kodzero dzinokosha hadzisiyirwi kumadziya ehurumende kana kuti matare omunharaunda.

Mugumisiro: Kubatana Kusingaperi Pakati Pegadziriro Yakafanira Norusununguko Rumwe Norumwe

Mukupfupikisa, muitiro wakafanira hausiwo zvawo muitiro wetsika unodzorwa nebutiro rebumbiro remitemo rinosunda muitiro wokubatanidza kwakasarudzwa. Kupfurikidza nokuda kuti maruramiro api naapi akaiswa munyika ave anokosha kugadziriro yeAmerica yeruramisiro, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa gadziriro yakafanira kuvaka uriri hwenyika hwerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Kuvambira parusununguko rwokutaura kusvikira kumaruramiro echiito chokuva nezvombo, chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinotsamira pamuitiro wokungwarira wenhau, gamuchidzanwa, uye kururama.

Kusarudza kwakabvumira Bill of Rights kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja nepo ichiremekedza hurumende nekodzero. Muuyo wacho idare guru romutemo rinodzivirira chiremera chomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye rinovimbisa ruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Sezvo mibvunzo mitsva yebumbiro remitemo inomuka (kana kuti pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemagedhoni, kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa, kana kuti chirango chorufu) gadziriro yakafanira ichapfuurira kutungamirira Dare mukusarudza kuti kodzero dzipi dziri pahwaro zvokuti dzinofanira kushanda kuhurumende dzose, hurumende nehurumende zvakafanana. Kunzwisisa iri basa rinokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa revo yakazara yezviito zvomusiparatirwe weAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Findmentth on Congress.gov, zviitiko zvechiratidzo pa project, kana kuti hwirudzura kunzvera kwenhau mu Cornell Reformation Institute’s Incation completetion[.