Vatongi vakuru vanomira serimwe ramasangano akasiiwa zvikurusa uye, padzimwe nguva, asinganzwisiswi mumutemo woutsotsi weAmerica. Zvinopfuura zvikuru muitirowo zvawo wemitemo, vatongi vakuru vanobatira senzvero yebumbiro remitemo pachiremera chavachuchisi, mutoo wokunzvera nawo kudzivisa pomero dzisina pahwaro, uye mhatsa yechienzi yokutora rutivi kwavagari vemo nomuitiro wapamutemo. Iyi nyaya inopa nzvero hurusa yemashandiro makuru anoitwa mukati mekuitwa kwamatsotsi, ichinzvera midziromviro yawo yenhau, ichinzvera vagadziri vebasa, ichinzvera tapuro yavo pavaporwi negadziriro yeruramisiro, uye ichikurukura kutsoropodza kukurusa.

Kunzwisisa Mabhuku Makuru: Mavambo Nedonzo

Vatongi vakuru idare ravagari vemo rinounganidzwa kuti rihwirudzure ufakazi hunopiwa nomuchuchisi ndokusarudza kana chisakiso chiripo chokuunza pomero dzoutsotsi dzechipameso. Kusafanana nedare rinotonga rinowanzodanwa kuti vatongi vane mhaka yepetit (idzo dzinosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka pashure pokutongwa kwakazara, vatongi vakuru vanoshanda munzvimbo yakasiana zvikuru. Basa ravo bedzi nderokusarudza kana mhaka (pomero yetsika) ichifanira kupiwa.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Vatongi vakuru vanotevedza mutsara wavo kusvikira kuEngland yeMiddle Ages. Sace of Clarendon muna 1166, pasi paMambo Henry II, yaida kuti nzanga dzomunzvimbomo dzipe pomero dzemhosva dzakakomba pamberi pevatongi voumambo. Iyi dare rapakuvamba raibatira zvose zviri zviviri seboka rinoongorora uye dziviriro pakukwirira kwoutongi kwoushingi. Sangano racho rakaendeswa kunzvimbo dzinotongwa dzeAmerica uye gare gare gare rakaiswa muFindrimendement kuU.S., iyo inoda kuti “Hapana munhu achabatwa kuti apindurwe nokuda kwedzimbahwe, kana kuti zvimwe mhaka yakaipa, kutoti kutonzi mhaka yapapo kana kuti kupiwa mhaka yapamutemo yeGrand Jury.”

Vavambi vairangarira vatongi vakuru sechinodzivisa chinodenha pakati pesimba rehurumende norusununguko rwomunhu. Seizvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakacherekedza, vatongi vakuru “ichisakiso chemitemo mumaruramiro acho amene” ( United States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 1992). Kupinda kwaro muBill of Rights kunosimbisa kutsunga kweFramers kuti hakuna munhu anofanira kutarisana nokukwirira mhaka kwakakomba kweutsotsi pasina kutanga kuita kuti pomero ive chitapurwa neboka ravagari vemowo zvavo.

Donzo: Kunzvera Simba Rokutonga

Basa guru redare guru rinobetsera vatongi nderokuva nechokwadi chokuti kukwidza mhaka hakuitwi pazvikonzero zvisina kusimba, zvakashata, kana kuti zvakaipa. Nokuda kuti muchuchisi ape ufakazi kuvanhuwo zvavo vakazvimirira, vatongi vakuru vanoita basa somuchengeti wegedhi anotsigira nheyo yemuitiro unobvira (itsika yakaderera kupfuura ufakazi hunopfuura kupanikira kune mufungo asi hwakakwirira kupfuura fungidzirowo zvayo. Iri basa rokuongorora rinobatira nharidzano dzakafanana:

  • Kudzivirira vagari vemo kubva mudare rinotonga nenzira yokusasarura – kuramba kwedare guru rinobetsera vatongi kupomera (“mutongo”) kunogona kumisa mhaka isina kusimba isati yambosvika kutongwa, kudzivirira mupomerwi anenge apomerwa, kuzvidzwa, uye kukuvadzwa kwendangariro kwetsotsi rinopfuurira.
  • Kupa hwaro hune mufungo hwepomero - Chisakiso chinobvira chinodzivisa vachuchisi kunyora pomero idzo dzisina tsigiro yakajeka zvikuru, nokudaro vachichengeta zviwanikwa zvokutonga uye vachidzivirira vakwirirwi papomero dzisina padzakavakirwa.
  • Kubatira sedziviriro yerusununguko rwevagari vemo - Kupfurikidza nokuisa mutumbi wevagari vemo pakati pehurumende nomunhu, vatongi vakuru vanosimbisa nheyo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yokuti vanhu /_haiwa nyanzvi dzapamutemo chete,) vanofanira kuva nenzwi muchisarudzo pamusoro pepomero dzoutsotsi.

Kurongedzwa Kwakaitwa Majenare Akareba uye Kusarudzwa Kwaakaitwa

Vatongi vakuru vanotorwa mudziva rimwe chetero sedare rinotonga, rakabva zvikurukuru munhamba dzevhota, zvinyorwa zverezinesi romuchairi, kana kuti mapepa emitero. Muitiro wokusarudza unotsvaka kuva nechokwadi chemumiriri wetendi yenzanga. Zvisinei, pane misiano inokosha pakati peboka guru nerodare rinobetsera vatongi:

  • - Madare makuru amatare anobetsera amatare ehuru ane mitezo 16 kusvikira ku 23. Zvikwata zvikuru zvehurumende zvedare rinodzora zvinosiana zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji zvinovambira pa 12 kusvikira ku 23.
  • Chikamu chebasa [ - Grand jurs ingabatira kwenhambo dzakarebesa, kazhinji kazhinji mwedzi inoverengeka, kunzwa nhau dzakawanda mukati meshoko radzo. Ikoku kunosiana navatongi vokuedza, avo vanowanzobatira kwenguva refu yomuedzo mumwe.
  • Chinodikanwa chokuvhota[ – Kupa mhaka, voruzhinji vavatongi vakuru vanofanira kubvumirana. Mumuitiro womubatanidzwa, 12 pamitezo 16 kusvikira ku 23 vanofanira kuvhota mufariro.

Vatongi vakuru vanokarirwa vanobvunzwa mukati me [[FLT: 0] chisakafanira [[FLT: 1] kuziva fungidziro dzinobvira, asi muitiro wacho unoratidzika kuva usina kukwana zvikuru kupfuura nokuda kwematare okutonga, murutivi nemhaka yokuti vatongi vakuru havasaruri kuva nemhaka uye murutivi nemhaka yokudikanwa kwokuunganidza nzvimbo nokukurumidza.

Kutonga Mudare RevaJudha: Kusiyana Kukuru

Kunzwisisa basa rematare makuru anobetsera vatongi kunoda kuenzanisa zvakajeka nedare rinotonga.

[[FLT:][10]][FLT][FFF:] [FFF:]:: `Indangamikoro] inoita kuti pave nokupanikira.[[[FLT]] [FLT] [FFLT]] [FFF:] Nheswo yapamutemo. [FFFF: 12) [mutomuto mukuru] [mutongedzo weyamutomu] [FF:]

Iyi misiyano inosimbisa nzvimbo yechienzi yedare guru rinobetsera vatongi sechipo chokunzvera nokuongorora mutumbi panzvimbo pechinotsiva.

Kufamba Nenhanho Kwechikamu Chikuru

Muitiro uyo mutongi mukuru anoita nawo basa rake unobatanidza nhevedzano yenhevedzo dzakarondedzerwa, imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo yapamutemo imene nerevo dzinoshanda.

Chisarudzo ne Impanel

Pashure pokudanwa nokukwaniriswa, vatongi vakuru vanokarirwa vanooneka mudare nokuda kwenzvimbo yepanekaro. Mutongi anovapa mhiko, anovarairidza pamabasa avo, uye angagovera nhungamiro yokutanga pamutemo. Pakangoiswa panzvimbo yenzvimbo inogarwa, vatongi vakuru vanotanga shoko ravo, iro ringagara kubva mumavhiki mashomanene kusvikira kumwedzi inoverengeka zvichitsamira pahudzori nevhoriyamu yenhau.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Mukati meshoko racho, muchuchisi anopa mhaka kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi. Kusafanana nokutonga, mharidzo ndi rutivi rwechikamu chezvemari kana kuti ].

Zvimwe zvinokosha pakupa uchapupu ndeizvi:

  • [ chipupuriro cheZvapupu [[[FLT: 1] - Vapurisa, vanyajambwa, zvapupu zvine unyanzvi, uye pane dzimwe nguva vatsigiri vanopupurira pasi pemhiko. Muchuchisi anonzvera zvakananga; vakuru vakuru vamatare vangabvunza mibvunzo.
  • Hapana kunzvera kwomuchinjikwa - nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwi haapo, hapana banza rokuti dziviriro itsive zvapupu zvinopamuranisa. Uku kusiiwa kunokosha kubva kumufananidzo weadversarial.
  • Mitemo yakava pachena - Mitemo yorumano youfakazi hunoshanda pakutonga (zvakadai serambidzo dzenyevero) yakasununguka muzvinoitika zvakaisvonaka zvedare rinobetsera vatongi. Ufakazi hwokuteerera kazhinji kazhinji hunova husingatsamwi, uye vatongi vakuru vangarangarira mashoko ayo aizodzingwa pakutongwa.
  • [ Miraidzo yemitemo – Muchuchisi angagovera tsananguro dzapamutemo pamusoro pezvinoitika zvemhosva dzinorangarirwa. Zvisinei, vatongi vakuru havapiwi miraidzo inosanopikiswa pamifungo iri yose yomutemo.

Kuda Kuziva uye Kudzidzisa

Vatongi vanokurukura uchapupu hwacho, voona kuti zvapupu zvapupu, voona kana mupomerwi wacho aita mhosva yacho, voona kana anenge apara mhosva yacho.

Kurangarira kunoguma muvhoti. Mumatare makuru edare anobetsera anobetsera vatongi, 12 vemitezo 16 kusvikira ku 23 vanofanira kuvhota kuti vapiwe mhaka. Kana voruzhinji vanodikanwa vasingasviki, vatongi vakuru vanodzorera “hachina pamutemo.” Nenzira inokosha, vatongi vakuru vangasarudzawo kubudisa“ pomero” (panongedzero yapamutemo yakarongwa yakaitwa nedare guru rinobetsera pacharo, pasina chikumbiro chomuchuchizi, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusingawanzowaniki mumuitiro wazvino uno.

Kupomerwa

Kana vatongi vakuru vakavhota kuti vapiwe mhaka, inopa gwaro rinonzi “mutongo wechokwadi” kana kuti kungopa mhaka. Mutongo unotaura mhosva, hwaro hwechokwadi, uye zvinhu zvepamutemo. Pamusana pokuti, mhaka yacho inopfuurira kurumbidzwa, apo mukwirirwi anorayirwa zviri pamutemo uye paanopinda chikumbiro. Kubva ipapo, mhosva ingapfuurira kukumbira, kuendesa nyaya, uye pakupedzisira kana pasina kukumbira kusvikwa.

Hapana Bhirogiramu

Kana vatongi vakuru vakawana ufakazi husina kukwana, hunodzorera “mutongo” (kana kuti“usi mutongo wechokwadi”). Muuyo ndowokuti mukwirirwi haapomerwi, uye mhaka yacho inobviswa nenzira inobudirira (panenge panguva ino. Muchuchisi, zvisinei, angapazve mhaka yacho kudare guru rakasiana kana ufakazi hwokuwedzera hukawanwa gare gare. Hapana mutemo hausati uchiwanzovanzazve kuurayazve, sengozi yakapetwa kaviri isingabatani pamberi pokutongwa.

Chivande Chezvinopfuurira

Kutonga kukuru kunoitwa muchivande. (__kubatanidza vatongi, vachuchisi, uye zvapupu) kunorambidzwa kuzivisa zvakaitika. Zvikonzero zveichi chakavanzika zvinosanoumbwa:

  • Anokurudzira zvapupu kutaura zvakasununguka pasina kutya kutsiva.
  • Anodzivisa mupomerwi kutiza kana kuti kukanganisa zvapupu kana zvikaziva nezvokuongorora kwacho.
  • Inodzivirira mukurumbira wevanhu vanoongororwa asi vasingapomerirwi.
  • Vatongi vakuru vanobvumira kuva vamaune pasina dzvinyiriro yokunze kana kuti pesvedzero.

Zvisinei, kuva nechivande ndiko kwave kuchikonzera gakava, vatsoropodzi vanoti kunodzivirira kusazvibata kwevachuchisi uye kunodzivisa kuongororwa kwechisarudzo chinopomerwa nevoruzhinji, zvikurukuru munhau dzine mhosva dzakakwirira umo chisarudzo chedare guru rinobetsera vatongi chisingapokanidzi mhosva chingamutsa hasha dzoruzhinji.

Basa Remabhodhi Makuru Mugadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Basa rawo rinoumbwa nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo, misiano yemiganhu, uye masimba makuru etsika yeruramisiro yamatsotsi.

Hurumende Grand Juries

Findre Amendment inoraira kupiwa mhaka kukuru kwedare redare redare redare nokuda kwe “mhosva dzedare, kana kuti zvimwe kuti dzakashata” dzehurumende (panhambo nenhambo mhosva dzinorangwa neinopfuura gore rimwe mutorongo). Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti ichi chinodikanwa hachishandisi kunyika kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment ([FLD][FLT]Hurtado v. California, 110, U.S 516, 1884]). Sapanoguma, masangano akasununguka kushandisa mimwe mitemo inodzorodzoro, zvakadai semishumo yokutanga kana kuti mashoko anonyorwa zvakananga navachuridzi.

Inenge hafu yenyika inoshandisa zvikwata zvakaisvonaka zvamatare anobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwokushandisa kwazvo huchisiyana. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neNew York neTexas, dzinoshandisa nguva dzose madare makuru, nepo mamwe, kufanana neCalifornia neIllinois, achitsamira zvikurukuru pakunzwa kwokutanga. Kunyange mumashoko ayo anoshandisa majaji makuru, varovereri vemhosva kazhinji kazhinji vane chisarudzo chokupfuurira kupfurikidza namashoko nedonzo redare rinobvira kuwana.

Iri basa rinoreva kuti chinoitika chomukwirirwi chinogona kusiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti mhaka yacho inounzwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti muhurumende inoda kuti nyaya dzitange kutongwa. Nokuda kwohumwe udzame, ona U.S. Dare ravakuru vakuru rehurumende kumijaho mikuru yehurumende .

Makuru Ari Muboka Rapamusoro Nemhaka Dzakaoma Kunzwisisa

Mano avo okupa uchapupu (kubatanidza kupa chiteshi chokudzivisa) anokuita chishandiso chine simba chokunzvera. Mumatare machena, somuenzaniso, vatongi vakuru vangagara kwemwedzi yakawanda vachinzvera zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi uye vachibvunzurudza zvapupu zvakawanda.

Nemhaka dzakakwirira dzeprofile .Nyaya dzinobatanidza kupfura kwamapurisa kana kuti uori hwezvamatongerwe enyika .Nguva inonzvera zvikuru pazvisarudzo zvakaisvonaka zvedare rinobetsera vatongi padare rinotonga. Apo vatongi vakuru vanodzikira kupomera mhaka, kunogona kunyandura nzwisiso yavose yokuti gadziriro yacho yakamiswa kana kuti muchuchisi anoshandisa muitiro wacho. Chisarudzo cha 2014 chakaitwa neSt. Louis County akuru vatongi kwete mutongo wedare Darren Wilson nokuda kworufu rwaMichael Brown, somuenzaniso, chakaparira gakavadzano renyika pamusoro pechiva chedare guru redare rinobetsera uye dare.

Basa Remutongi Rikuru

Muchuchisi anosarudza kuti zvapupu zvipi zvokushevedza, uchapupu hupi hwokupa, uye kuti ungataura sei rondedzero yepamutemo yenhau yacho. Nemhaka yokuti kuzvidzivirira kwacho hakupo uye runyerekupe harubviri, muchuchisi anogona kupa nhau imwe yakaoma kudare guru rokutonga kuienzanisa.

Seizvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakabvuma mu United States v. Williams (1992), “basa redare guru redare rinobetsera vatongi harisi rokusarudza kana hurumende yapa ufakazi hwakakwana kutsigira mhaka; panzvimbo pezvo, kusarudza kana pane chikonzero chingabvira chokudavira kuti mukwirirwi akaita mhaka yacho." Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti basa iri rakaganhurirwa rinoita kuti dare guru rive rive “chidhindo chedare” nokuda kwokupomera mhaka. Zvidzidzo zvemikoro zvinotsigira uyu murangariro: zvisarumbiso zvikuru zvedare renyika yose muanenge 99% yenhau dzakapiwa kwavari.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakadzama kwepesvedzero yavachuchisi, ona Nzvimbo yeGrand Jury Manual yeRuramisiri [[[FLT: 1].

Makokota Nenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Makomo

Pasinei zvapo nemitemo yadzo yepamutemo, vatongi vakuru vakawana kutsoropodza kukuru kubva kunyanzvi, magweta anodzivirira, vatsigiri vekodzero dzevanhu, uye kunyange vatongi.

Kushaikwa Kwokuona Zviri pachena Nokuzvidavirira

Chivande chikuru chedare rinobetsera vatongi, nepo chichiruramiswa pazvikonzero zvakati, chinoparira mhoteredzo umo kusazvibata kunogona kushata kusingaonekwi. Vachuchisi vangapa ufakazi hunotsausa, vanganyima zvinhu zvinonyengera, kana kuti zvapupu zvinodzidzisa zvisina kufanira pasina kutya kuratidzirwa kwavose. Kusafanana nokunzwiwa kwokutanga, uko kwakazarukira vanhu nezvinobudiswa, kutonga kwavakuru kunoitwa seri kwemisuo. Uku kushata kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kunzvera kana dare guru rinobetsera basa raro kana kuti kungoita bedzi chisarudzo chomuchuchishuchi.

Kutonga uye Chinetso che “Rubber Stamp”

Mwero mukuru wokupa mhaka unoparira mufungo wokuti matare makuru amatare edare haasati ari vaiti vechisarudzo vakazvimirira. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti udzori hwomuchuchisi pamusoro poufakazi hunopiwa, pamwe chete nokusavapo kwokutora rutivi kwedziviriro, zvinoparira kusadzikama kwenzvimbo. Vatongi vakuru havawanzonzwa ufakazi hunogona kusekesa nhau yomuchuchitori wacho (hwukadai senhau dzinopupurira, ablibi, kana kuti tsananguro dzakafanana. Pasina kunzvera kwechisaruvara chikuru, kuwanikwa kwechisaruvara chinoparira chikonzero chinowanzova mhedziso yedare.

Kodzero Dzinoganhurirwa Nokuda Kwepomero

Vadziviriri havana maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okuoneka pamberi pedare guru rinobetsera vatongi, kupa ufakazi hwavo vamene, kana kuti kuva nezano riripo. Nepo dzimwe nyika dzichibvumidza mukwirirwi kupupurira (kazhinji kazhinji nomushori wokudzivisa) ikoku kunosiiwa panzvimbo pomutemo. Kushaikwa kwokuzvidzivirira kunoreva kuti vatongi vakuru havatongonzwi rutivi rwenhau yacho vasati vasarudza kana kupomerwa mhaka. Ikoku kunopesana zvikuru nokunzwa kwokutanga, apo dziviriro inogona kuva zvapupu zvakapazanirana zveatamine ndokukwikwidza kuti vadzore.

Kusawirirana Kwedzinza Nenzanga Nezvemari

Gadziriro huru dzedare rinobetsera vatongi dzinogona kuratidzira fungidziro dzakakura mugadziriro yokusarudza vatongi. Kupiwa kwavanhu vaduku vedzinza rimwe navanogamuchirwa pamitezo mikuru kwakanyorwa mumativi akasiana- siyana. Uyezve, kuvandika kwezvinoitika kunogona kuvanza mitoo yokutsiva. Mushumo 2021 unoitwa ne [FLT: 0] ACLU wakasimbisa itiro hanya dzokuti majaji makuru haawanzopomerwi zvikuru vakuru vakuru vamapurisa kana kuti vamwe vanhu vane simba, nepo achitsigira nguva dzose pomero dzinorwisana navakwidziridziridzwa.

Kuchinja

Kupindura kuronga uku, zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvakachinjwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

  • Kubvumira kuvapo kwedziviriro[ - Kubvumidza mukwiridziridziri kana kuti zano rokuzvidzivirira kupinda ndokubvunza mibvunzo, kana kuti zvimwe kuendesa mibvunzo yakanyorwa nokuda kwedare guru rinobetsera vatongi.
  • kutarisira kwokutonga kunosimbisa – kuva nomutongi aripo mukati mezvinoitika zvokutonga pazvirambidzo zvakajeka uye kuva nechokwadi chokururamisira.
  • Kuwadzanyura kwokupa uchapupu hwokurangana [ - Kuzivisa kuti vachuchisi vanopa ufakazi hunokombamira kubvisa mhaka, sezvinoita dzimwe nyika dzakatodaro.
  • Kuwedzera kujeka [ - Kubvumira marekodhi kana kuti kupetwa kwezvinoitika kunoitwa pachena pashure pokunge nyaya yapera, kudzivirirwa nokuda kwezvapupu uye kuongorora kunopfuurira.
  • Kukudza kushandiswa kwekunzwa kwokutanga - Kutsiva mahure makuru ehutongi nemhiko dzinobvira, seizvo masangano akawanda akatoita.

Mimwe miganhu yakaedza kugadzira mifanikiso yakavhengana. Somuenzaniso, California inobvumira vachuchisi kupfuurira kupfurikidza namashoko pashure pokutonga kwokutanga kutoti mukwirirwi akumbira mhaka huru yedare rinobetsera vatongi. chinjo dzakadaro dzinovavarira kuchengetedza betsero dzedare guru redare rinotonga sechishandiso chokunzvera apo anenge achikurukura kuperevedza kwaro kwedemocracy.

mhedziso

Vatongi vakuru vane nzvimbo yakaoma mumiitiro yeutsotsi yeAmerica. Icho idziviriro yebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana netsoropodzo, injini yenzvero ine simba, uye sangano rakakanganisika zvikuru iro rinowanzokundikana kugovera hwirudzuro ine revo yakasununguka. Mavambo aro mumutemo weEngland namashoko muBill of Rights anoratidza kuitira hanya kusingachinjiki: kuti hakuna munhu anofanira kutarisana nesimba rinotyisa remupomeri wemhosva pasina kubvumira vagari vemo biyake. Bva zviitiko zvinoshanda zvedare guru razvino uno rinotongwa navachuchindamisiri, zvakafukidzwa muchivande, uye zvakashandurwa zvikurukuru mumigumisiro yazvo yakakomba pamusoro pokuti kuchiri kubatira donzoro.

Kunzwisisa basa redare guru redare rinobetsera vatongi kururamisa kururamisa kunoitwa pakati pesimba rehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu. Sezvo masangano eruramisiro anochinja anoedza kuzvidavirira kukuru nokururamisira, basa redare guru richaramba riri chinhu chinokosha pakukurukurirana, uye zvichida, pakupedzisira, kuchinja kune revo.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kumwe kurava, Cornell Information Institute yemifungo mikuru yamatare amatare ehuru inogovera hwaro hwakaisvonaka, nepo Brennan Center yeChirevo[ inopa kunzvera kwokufunga kwezvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza.