Basa Remapoka Asingabetseri Neasina Kudzora Mukutonga

Basa Remapoka Asingabetseri Neasina Kudzora Mukutonga

MuUnited States, muitiro wevatongi vehurumende vanoisa zita mudare unomirira rimwe remabasa makurusa ehurumende, rine revo dzinogara nokuda kwomutemo nenzanga yeAmerica. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richipa simba kuvatongi vasakafanira muPurezidhendi uye rinopa Dare chiremera chokupa zano nebvumo, zvomene yokugadza kwazvino uno kunobatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma evatambi kupfuura aya masangano maviri emitemo. Pakati pavatori rutivi vanopesvedzera zvikurusa mumuitiro uyu masangano asingabetseri puro uye mapoka ezve, ayo akava akakurumbira zvikuru uye anobudirira mukuumba avo vanogara pabhendi romubatanidzwa.

Aya masangano anoshanda mumativi ose epfungwa, kubva mumapoka anofambira mberi anotsigira nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo nedziviriro yemhoteredzo kusvikira kumasangano asingachinji anosimudzira uzivi hwokutonga hwapakuvamba. Kubatanidzwa kwawo mukutonga kwakawedzera zvikuru mumakumi amakore anoverengeka apfuura, achishandura chaichimbova muitiro wakanyarara zvikuru kuva hondo yezvamatongerwe enyika inooneka zvikuru uye inowanzova inokakavara. Kunzwisisa basa iro mapoka aya anoita kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti vatongi vomubatanidzwa vanosarudzwa ndokusimbiswa sei muAmerica yazvino uno.

Kunzwisisa Muitiro Wokuisa Chitunha Pamutemo Wehurumende

Pamberi pokunzvera basa chairo ramasangano okushandisa zvibvumirano zvokuva mutevedzeri, kunokosha kunzwisisa gadziriro huru yezvirongwa zvokutonga zvomubatanidzwa. Chikamu III, kubatanidza Vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro, chinogadzwa naPurezidhendi nezano nemvumo yeDare. Iri murairo webumbiro remitemo wakava muitiro wezvikamu zvakawanda unobatanidza vatambi vazhinji nenzvimbo dzokunzvera.

Mutoro mukuru wokusarudza vangada kuwirirana unoenda kuWhite House Counsell’s Office (WHCO), uko basa rezuva nezuva rokugadza kwokutonga rinowanzoronzeswa kuSecurendi kana kuti Sangano reSangano. Kutsamira pautarisiri, Hofisi yeMazano ingashandawo neBato reSahlulero reOlgal of Legal (OLP) mukuzivisa vapindi. Vanoda kubhabhatidzwa vanongozivikanwa, vanowana kuongorora kukuru, kubatanidza kuongorora kweFBI, kuhwirudzurudzura zvinyorwa zvavo zvakanyorwa, uye kubvunzurudza nenhengo dzenzanga yepamutemo.

Dare Rokuteerera rinopomerwa kurangarirwa kweChikamu chose cheChikamu III, kubatanidza kunyoresa kwedare reDare Rapamusoro, kukwidziridza mhaka, uye dare roruwa. Dare reDare reDare reMitezo rinoita basa rinokosha mumuitiro uyu, kuitisa mhaka, kuhwirudzura mibvunzo, uye pakupedzisira kuvhota kana kusava namazita kuuriri hweDare rakazara.

Tsika Yebhuruu

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chinotapura gadziriro dzeboka rokunyora nokunyora chirongwa chebhuruu. Kuvamba muna 1917, Dare reJudiary rakatanga mutoo we "blue sppe", kukumbira vamiriri vemo kunyoresa kuramba kwavo kana kuti tendero yemubatanidzwa pachimiro chebhuruu, uye muitiro wacho wakachinja mumakore, nezvigaro zvakasiana - siana zvedare zvinopa uremu hwakasiana kuseri kwakashata kana kuti kusati kwadzorwa kwebhuruu. Iyi gamuchidzanwa inopa pesvedzero inokosha pamusoro pezvikamu zvokutonga munyika dzavo, ichiparira pfundo redzvinyiriro apo mapoka okudzora anogona kusimbisa nhamburiko dzavo.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kweboka Roufundisi

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, Dare Rapamusoro zvarakashandisa kakawanda simba raro kuzivisa mitemo yenyika nehurumende pasina kuzviisa pasi pemitemo, kurwa paDare Gurusa kwakava kwakanyanya kunyandurwa, kwakakwevera ngwariro yavose, uye kwakaunganidza mapoka efariro akarongwa.

Nguva yakanyura yakasvika muna 1930 naPurezidhendi Herbert Hoover's avhota mutongo woMutongi John J. Parker kuDare Rapamusoro-soro. Mumiririri muduku weDare reMutudiary akabvumira vamiririri veAmerican Federation of Labor neNational Association nokuda kweProfection of Colorenced People kuti vaise zvirambidzo kukutonga kwapachena, kududza kutaura kwaParker kuvhotera kwamavara avatema mukati ma1920 anomhanyira kuna gavhuna weNorth Carolina nechisarudzo chake chokudzivisa. Mubatanidzwa weDemocrats uye Republicans paDare rePudical Reves Revotary Revotationswo kuti vasakoshedze kupupurira nokusapupurira kusasarura, uye kurasaramba kwakazara Park uyo akarambwa neakatarisana neakako, achiita kuti arambe murwi wokutanga muzana ramakore rechi20.

Iyi budiriro yapakuvamba yakaratidzira simba rinobvira rokuronga mukutonga ndokugadza muenzaniso wokubatanidzwa kwomunguva yemberi. Muhafu yokupedzisira yezana ramakore rechi20, mapoka okudzora akaitwa kuti ave anoshingaira nenzira inowedzera muDare Rapamusoro, nehondo dzinokakavadzana zvikuru pamusoro pezvinzvimbo dzakafanana naRobert Bork muna 1987 naClarence Thomas muna 1991.

Nguva Yazvino Uno Yokuva Mudzidzisi

Kuwedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwokugadza kwokutonga kwakaderera kwedare kwakabatanidzwa nokuwedzera kwenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika muDare. Uku kugarwa kwenyika kwakaita kuti kutonga kuitwe pamwero yose, kwete bedzi pazvigaro zveDare Gurusa. Kuwedzera kwepfungwa dzemasangano makuru maviri ezvamatongerwe enyika muzana ramakore rechi 21 kwakasimudza njodzi dzekutonga muDare redare, uye nhano yokusimbiswa kwavatongi kwakaderera, nedare rakaderera renhau kwenguva yokutanga kudzorwa kuVanempiripu neboka duku.

Masangano Makuru Okuvaka Nokushanda Kwawo

Masangano akawanda asingapinduri purofiti uye asingashandisi mari zvino anotora rutivi nokushingaira mumiitiro yokutonga yokubvisa zvidhori, rimwe nerimwe richiunza mifungo yakasiana, pfuma, uye mazano kubasa rawo.

Mapoka Okutungamirira Anofambira Mberi

Kurutivi runofambira mberi rweboka racho, masangano anoverengeka akazvigadza amene savatambi vakuru mukutonga. Alliance for Justice (AFJ) iboka rokutonga rinofambira mberi muUnited States rakatangwa muna 1979 naNan Aron uyo anotarisira kugadzwa kwedare kwehurumende uye anomirira boka ramapoka anoregerera mune zvematongerwe enyika 135 ayo ane fariro mujudiciary yehurumende.

AFJ akatanga Dare Rokusarudza raMaminee muna 1985 kuti ritarisire gadziriro yokugadza yedare rehurumende, sangano richida kudzivisa simba repfungwa raRonald Reagan. Sangano rinogovera mamiriro ezvinhu akare pachinokarirwa kuti zviitwe muAmerican Bar Association neDare reSangano reMitemo. AFJ rinotaura kuti rine masangano anopfuura 135 ari mitezo, kubatanidza American Association of Repled Person (ARP), Consumers Union, Drug Policy Alce Alliance, Earl Procement, NAAL, National Educale, National Educanned Parents, Sierra Creaudiat, and Transgender Law Center.

AFJ akabatanidzwa muhondo dzakawanda dzakakwirira. AFJ akaita basa mukukundwa kwaRonald Reagan nomine Robert Bork's kuiswa muMuzinda Mukuru weUnited States muna 1987. Sangano rakapfuuridzira kubatanidzwa kwaro kwokushingaira mumibato yokutonga kupfurikidza nehurumende dzinotevera, zvose zviri zviviri zvinotsigira kurangarira sokunokwaniriswa nokushora avo vanodavira kuti vachasekesa kodzero dzavagari vemo, maruramiro avashandi, uye zvimwe zvinokosha zvinofambira mberi.

Masangano Okudzidza Akadzidza

Masangano echibvumirano ave achishingaira zvakaenzana uye achipesvedzera mukuumba kunyora kwedare. Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies yakabuda serimwe sangano remitemo rinopesvedzera zvikurusa retsika mugadziriro yokusarudza. Federalist Society yakasvika pakutamba mukati mamakore 30 apfuura nokuda kwapurezidhendi veRepublican chimwe chinhu chebasa American Bar Association yakaita mugamuchidzanwa nokuda kwapurezidhendi veDemocratic.

Mapurezidhendi maviri okupedzisira eRepublica akafuratira kuyera kweABA, uye vari kutsamira paFederalist Society kuuya navane mabhii akakwaniriswa. Mitezo inozivikanwa nokuda kwokuva nemirangariro yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo. Vana vevatongi vapfumbamwe paDare Rapamusoro vane batano dzakasimba neboka, Gormoth naRuracy Clarence Thomas vachitaura nguva dzose pazvinoitika, uye Mutongi Samuel Alito anotaura mukati mokusimbisa kwake kuti iye akanga ari mutezo unodada.

Pesvedzero yeFederalist Society inotambanukira kupfuura kungorumbidza bedzi vanoda kubhapatidzwa. Sangano racho rakavaka mubatanidzwa mukuru wamagweta anosarira mwero, vatongi, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinogoverana uzivi hwavose hwokutonga hunosimbisa unyoro hwamashoko namavambo. Irori rinogovera tarisiro dzeRepublic nebhenji rakadzika remichina inobvira avo vakafukidzwa mumakore okutora rutivi muzvinoitika zveFederalist Society, zvinyorwa, uye mibato.

Mazano Nemazano Zvinoshandiswa Nemapoka Anodzora

Masangano asingawani mhindu uye asingatsigiri anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuita kuti vanhu vasarudze kutongwa kwematare.

Kutsvakurudza uye Kushora

Mumwe wemibato mikurusa inoitwa namapoka echitsotsi inzvero huru mumigariro yakare yedare, zvinyorwa, uye uzivi hwokutonga. Masangano anotsaurira pfuma yakawanda kuhwirudzura mitemo yavanhu vakare, manyoro apamutemo, hurukuro, uye kutaura kwapachena kuti anzwisise kuti vangatonga sei panhau dzinokosha kana vakasimbiswa.

Dare reDare reDare reVatongi rinoita basa rinokosha mukudzosa kutongwa kupfurikidza nokutonga kwakakomba kunonzvera zvikwaniriso zvavo, mitemo yakare, uye mipimo yetsika, richinzvera chose chose boka guru ramanyoro, mirau yakare, uye mirangariro yapamutemo. Mapoka ezvikoro zvehurumende anoita nzvero inowirirana kuzivisa nzvimbo dzazvo amene uye kugovera mashoko kuvatongi navanhu.

Kutsvakurudza uku kunowanzoguma nemishumo yakadzama uye kuongorora kunoparadzirwa kuvatori venhau, vatori venhau, uye vanhu vose. Mapepa aya anogona kuvhura kusvika kumazana emapeji akawanda, achinyatsonyora chinyorwa chenyumine uye achipikisa kana kuti achipikisa. Unhu nokunyatsoongorora uku kunogona kukanganisa zvikuru sei vanhu uye vanhu vanonzwisisa kuti haashandi.

Kudzinga Kwakananga Kwezvikwepa

Kupesvedzera kwakananga kunoramba kuri nzira huru yamapoka ehurumende anotsvaka kupesvedzera kutongwa kwedare.The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) yakaziva kuti kupesvedzera kusimbiswa kwevatongi vehurumende kwakafanana nokupesvedzera imwe vhoti ipi neipi yemitemo kupfurikidza nokugamuchira, uye nenzira inowirirana, kutsigira kana kuti kurwisana nedare rinotonga kungarangarirwa kuva kupesvedzera.

MuInternvotion Revolution Code, masangano anobvisa mitero anobvumirwa kuedza kupesvedzera kuiswa kwedare rehurumende kana kuti kusimbiswa kweruramisiro inobvira, kubatanidza Dare Gurusa, zvisinei, mitemo pakugamuchira kwakadaro inosiana, kuchitsamira pachikamu cheKodi inotenderwa sangano rinoshanda. Kupesvedzera kwakaganhurirwa kupesvedzera kusimbiswa kweDare rokutonga kunobvumirwa nokuda kwa501(c) (3) masangano okuyamura, uye kuedza kupesvedzera kusimbiswa kweDare redare rehurumende hakurangari kupindira, uko kunorambidzwa zvakananga nedare 501(c)(3).

Nhamburiko dzokuva nyanzvi dzinobatanidza kunyora tsamba dzetsigiro nokuda kwamaminene, kurukurirano yakarongwa uye kuvaka kwakabatana kusimbisa ukoshi hwemigariro yakare nezvikwaniriso zvavamiriri, uye misangano namahofisi eDare umo masangano navakwanyina vanotsigira zvakananga nokuda kwavasina kutendeka, vachikurukura itiro hanya dzipi nedzipi nokusundira nokuda kwezvibvumikiso zvavo.

Kurwisa Kworuzhinji uye Kumanikidza Vanhu

Kupfuura kukwezva kwakananga, mapoka evatambi vezvibvumirano anoshandisa nenzira inowedzera nhimbe dzavose dzakagadzirirwa kuumba murangariro wavanhu uye kuparira dzvinyiriro yemichina pavanopa michina.

Nhimbe dzavose dzingabatanidza kushambadza kweterevhizheni neredhiyo kunosimbisa chinyorwa chemukurumbira, mabhero netsamba kumupepeti wenhau mupepanhau guru, nhimbe dzenzanga dzinokurudzira vatsigiri venhau kukurukura navatendi vavo vehurumende, chikumbiro chinosunda kusaina kutsigira kana kuti kushora mutungamiriri, uye misangano yemisangano nezvinoitika zvavose zvinokwevera ngwariro kuhondo dzokukwikwidza.

Kubudirira kweiyi nhimbe dzavose kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pakuoneka kwezita. Dare Rapamusorosoro nenzira yomuzvarirwo rinokwezva ngwariro huru yavose nezivikanwo dzenhau, kuchiita kuti nhimbe dzavose dzive nesimba zvikuru. Zvisinei, mapoka ezvikoro akatsvaka nenzira inowedzera kusimudzira rondedzero dzedare rakaderera zvikuru, achiziva kuti vatongi vedare reruwa nereruwa vanoita zvisarudzo zvinoparira ngwavaira zvinotapura mamirioni eAmerica.

Chivako Chokuvaka Nhaka

Kuvaka uye kushandira pamwe kwemasangano ane pfungwa dzakafanana kunosimudzira nhamburiko dzokuva nechisimba uye kunowedzera kumanikidzwa kwokutonga kwakanaka. Panzvimbo pokushanda vari voga, mapoka evafundisi anowanzotsinhirana nenhamburiko dzavo, kugoverana kunzvera, kuparadzanisa mitoro, uye kuratidzira donzo rakabatana kuvatambi vedare navanhu vose.

Iyi mibatanidzwa inogona kuva ine simba zvikuru nemhaka yokuti inoratidzira tsigiro yakavakirwa panzvimbo huru kana kuti chishoro kumunhu anotarisana nenzvimbo dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, mubatanidzwa unoshora mumirinei ungabatanidza masangano ekodzero dzechimurenga, masangano evashandi, mapoka emhoteredzo, uye maruramiro avakadzi, chimwe nechimwe chichiunza mativi avo emitezo nenzvimbo dzounyanzvi kunhamburiko.

Kuziva Kwakarurama uye Kurumbidza

Nepo ngwariro huru ichinangidzira ngwariro panhamburiko dzamapoka okutsigira kana kuti kushora vamiririri kana vangoziviswa, aya masangano anoitawo basa rinokosha pakuvamba mugadziriro yacho kupfurikidza nokuzivisa nokurumbidza vangada kuzoenda kuWhite House navagadziri vechikoro.

Vanoda kupinda mukati vokutanga vanogona kubva kupi nokupi, asi vanobva zvikurukuru muboka ramagweta rinozivikanwa kuavo vanobatanidzwa mumuitiro wokusarudza, uye masangano okunze amagweta angabetserawo kuziva mazita, asi kushanda kwouzivi hwakadaro kunotsamira zvikuru pasimba romukati reWHCO, iro pakupedzisira rinochengeta udzori pamuitiro wacho.

Masangano anofambira mberi akafanana neFederalist Society ave achibudirira zvikuru parutivi urwu rwokuva nyanzvi mukutonga, achichengeta mubatanidzwa mukuru wavangada kupiwa uye achigovera utarisiri hweRepublic navanoda kuteverwa. Masangano anofambira mberi akatsvaka kutanga simba rakafanana, achishanda kuzivisa vadaviri vane zvinyorwa zvakasiyana - siyana zvine zvinyorwa zvakasimba pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo, kodzero dzavashandi, uye zvimwe zvinotanga kufambira mberi.

Kutapura Kusiyana - siyana Kwokutonga uye Kumirira

Masangano ari munzvimbo yose yepfungwa akaziva kuti kuumbwa kwenhau dzedare, nenzira yokufananidzira uye yepaduku, ndiko kwakaita kuti pave nemapoka anotsigira kutsigira kupesana kwepfungwa.

Mireza yakasiyana - siyana pabhenji inotapura zvikuru zvisarudzo zvedare uye inovimbisa kutarisirwa kwakarurama kweruramisiro.Mutongi Nancy Abudu akaita nhau somukadzi wokutanga weBlack kusimbiswa kuDare reNhenhare reMigwaro reDenderedzwa muna 2023, nokugadzwa kwake kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwomugariro waro wenhau asiwo nokuda kwekwake mukuru mukodzero dzevagari vemo dzokusarudza uye maruramiro okuvhota, uye murangariro wake wechienzi nokuzvipira kururamisiro zvinogadzirira kupesvedzera dare rinokosha zvikuru uye kusimudzira gadziriro yokutonga yakakwana.

Mapoka okudzidzisa anofambira mberi ave achishingaira zvikuru mukukwidziridza mhatsa huru zvikuru pabhenji romubatanidzwa, achisimbisa kuti vatongi vanobva mumigariro yakasiana - siana vanounza mirangariro inokosha kukududzirwa nokushandiswa kwomutemo. aya nhamburiko dzakabatanidza kuziva nokurumbidza vanoda kuenda kunzvimbo dzakasiana - siana, kukumbira nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwavo nokusimbisa, uye kusimbisa pachena ukoshi hwomufananidzo pabhenji.

Kukurudzira mhatsa kunobatanidza mhatsa dzakawanda kubatanidza mhatsa yedzinza neyamadzinza, mhatsa yevatano, mhatsa yenyanzvi (kubatanidza vagari vemo vanobva mumigariro inopfuura kushandiswa kwomutemo wemasangano apamutemo wegamuchidzanwa), uye mhatsa yenzvimbo. mapoka ezveufundisi akashanda kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vomubatanidzwa vanoratidzira mhatsa yavanhu veAmerica vaanobatira.

Basa Remari Isina Kunaka Nezviwanikwa Zvemari

Pesvedzero yamapoka evatongi mukutonga inosimudzirwa zvikuru nezviwanikwa zvavo zvemari, izvo zvinovagonesa kunzvera, kupinza vashandi vanoripira, kuita nhimbe dzokushambadza, uye kutsigira nhamburiko dzokushambadza dzenguva refu. Zvisinei, manyuko nezvitsama zvemari iyi hazvisi zvinojeka nguva dzose.

Mapoka ane mari yakasvibirira anopedza mamirioni amadhora pasarudzo pasina kuzivisa uko mari yavo inobva. Nepo uku kunzvera kunobatanidza zvikurukuru namatongerwe enyika akasarudzwa, itiro hanya dzakafanana dzinoshanda kuudzori pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokutonga. Mamwe masangano anobatanidzwa mukuita basa rokutonga se 501 (c)(4) masangano egamuchikanwo, ayo asingadikanirwi kuzivisa vapi vavo, anomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva nekuva anozvidavirira.

Zvirongwa zvikuru zvokutengesa mari mudare zvakakura zvikuru. Nhimbe huru dzokutsiva muDare Gurusa dzinogona kudyira mamiriyoni emadhora, namasangano kumativi ose ari maviri anopedzera zvikuru pakushambadzira, kuunganidza uswa, uye mimwe mibato. Iri nhangemutange yezvombo yemari yakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pebasa remari mumuitiro unofungidzirwa kuva wakafanirwa nokusarudzwa.

Nzvero Dzenhau: Hondo Dzinocherechedzwa

Kuongorora hondo dzokuzvitutumadza chaiko kunoratidza kuti mapoka evatsotsi anoshanda sei uye kuti anogona kuitei kana paitika njodzi.

Robert Bork Nomination (1987)

Kuiswa kwa 1987 Robert Bork kuDare guru kunomirira nguva yakadzorwa mukubatanidzwa kweboka rokutonga mukuita zvokusasarura. AFJ akaita basa mukukundwa kwaRonald nomine Robert Bork's kuDare reShona reUnited States muna 1987. Nhimbe yakarwisana naBork yakabatanidza kunzvera kukuru muruzivo rwake rwedare namanyoro ekare, mubatanidzwa wekodzero dzavagari vemo, kodzero dzavakadzi, uye mamwe masangano anofambira mberi, kukwidza mwoyo kukuru kweRepublicans of the United States uye Southern Democrates, uye nhimbe yepachena kubatanidza kushambadza pamusoro pezviono zvaBork.

Dare pakupedzisira rakaramba kusarudzwa kwaBork kupfurikidza nevhoti ya42 - 558, richiratidzira rukundo runokosha rwamapoka oufundisi ayo aimushora. Borgk rakaratidzira simba rinobvira rokuronga uori ndokutanga mutsigiri uyo mapoka pamativi ose ari maviri epfungwa aizotevera murwisano dzinotevera.

Kutongwa Kwedare Rapamusoro Zvikuru Kwazvino Uno

Kutaurwa kweNeil Gorhaugh, Brett Kavahaugh, Amy Coney Barrett, uye Ketanji Brown Jackson kwose kwakaita nhimbe huru dzokushandisa mari dzinobatanidza mamiriyoni emadhora, kufukidzwa kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye kukurudzira nhamburiko dzakakomba.

Iyi hondo yazova inorwisana zvikuru negakava, namapoka evadzori pamativi ose ari maviri achiunganidza pfuma yavo nesocial. Kunzwa kubvumikiswa kwazova zviitiko zvikuru zvenhau, namapoka evazivi vanoshanda kuumba nzwisiso yavose uye kupesvedzera vhoti dzevatongi nomukoto uri wose unowanika.

Kutsoropodza Neitiro Hanya Pamusoro Pepesvedzero Yeboka Rounyengeri

Nepo mapoka anodzidzisa achirangarira kubatanidzwa kwawo mukutaura kwedare sechiito chapamutemo chekodzero dzawo dzeFirst Amendment uye chimiro chinokosha chokutora rutivi mune zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, pesvedzero yawo yakaparira kutsoropodza kukuru neitiro hanya zvinobva munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana.

Kuitira Hanya Pamusoro Porusununguko Rwokutonga

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti apo vatongi vanosarudzwa vachivakirwa pakuwirirana kwavo kunofungidzirwa nemapoka anobetsera anenge achivakirwa kana kuti mamiriro epfungwa, kunosekesa pfungwa yedare risingasaruri rinosarudza nyaya dzakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti zvirongwa.

Chavanoitira hanya ndechokuti vatongi avo vanosarudzwa uye vanosimbiswa netsigiro yamapoka akati evatongi vanganzwa vachifanira kurangarira mapoka iwayo kana kuti zvinangwa zvavo, nokungwarira kana kuti nokusaziva vachibvumira ukama ihwohwo kupesvedzera kuita kwavo chisarudzo chedare. Ikoku kungagona kusekesa chivimbo chavanhu mudare somutsigiri asingatori rutivi wekakavadzano dzapamutemo.

Kukudzwa Kweimba Yakanyorerwa

Apo kuronga kutongwa kunova hondo huru yezvamatongerwe enyika namamirioni amadhora anopedzerwa munhimbe dzokushambadza nenhamburiko dzakakomba, kunogona kutanga murangariro wokuti vatongi vanongova zvavo vezvamatongerwe enyika vakapfeka nguo, vakasarudzwa nokuda kwemirangariro yavo yetsika panzvimbo pezvikwaniriso zvavo zvapamutemo.

Kana vagari vemo vakasvika pakurangarira vatongi sevatambi vanotsiva panzvimbo pokuva vatauri vezvokusatora rutivi, vangasagamuchira zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvavasingabvumirani nazvo, zvingakanganisa kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro yokutonga pachayo.

Kushaikwa Kwokuona Zvakareruka

Apo masangano anopedza mamirioni amadhora achitsigira kana kuti achirwisana navatongi pasina kuzivisa vapi vawo, kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti ndiani chaizvoizvo ari kusunda iyi nhimbe uye fariro dzaanomirira.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nzanga ine kodzero yokuziva ari nhamburiko dzokutsigira mari dzokupesvedzera kutongwa kwezvibvumirano, zvikurukuru yakapiwa nduramo yavatongi vehurumende uye simba guru ravanogona kuva naro pamutemo weAmerica nenzanga.

Kukanganiswa Kwezvinoitwa Zvokusimbisa

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kubatanidzwa kwamapoka okutsigira kunokuvadza muitiro wokusimbisa kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro pakuedza kutetenene kwepfungwa panzvimbo pokurangarira zvikuru chimiro chendangariro chokutonga, zvikwaniriso, uye unhu. Apo mapoka okudzidzisa anoungana zvikurukuru panzvimbo inofungwa pamusoro penhau dzakati dzeboka guru ravanhu dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri kana kuti maruramiro epfuti, kunogona kufukidza mamwe mativi anokosha echinyorwa chavo nezvikwaniriso.

Izvi zvingatungamirira kukuita kuti pave nokusimbiswa kuri pamusoro pokurwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kwepfungwa pane kuongorora kwokungwarira kana mutungamiriri ane unyanzvi, chisarudzo, uye kuvimbika kuti ashande zvinobudirira somutongi wehurumende. Mugumisiro wacho ungava wokuti vaminemine vanonyatsobudirira vanorambwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvematongerwe enyika chete, nepo vasina kukwaniriswa zvishoma vanosimbiswa nemhaka yokuti vanopfuura kuongorora pfungwa.

Kuzvidzivirira Kweboka Roufundisi

Pasinei zvapo neiyi tsoropodzo, vatsigiri veboka risingabetseri purofiti neroudzo vanopa dziviriro dzinoverengeka dzemibato yavo.

Kutora Rutivi Rwehurumende Nokuzvidavirira

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kubatanidzwa kweboka rokunyengera kunomirira chimiro chinokosha chokutora rutivi mugadziriro ine revo huru yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica.Vatongi veFederal vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu hwose uye vanoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura kodzero dzinokosha nemibvunzo inokosha yetsika.Munhau ino, kwakakodzera uye kunyange kuri madikanwa kuti vagari vemo, vashandise mapoka akarongwa, vave nenzwi mukuva mutongi wehurumende.

Vatongi vanoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira Bumbiro Remitemo, kuongorora matare ehurumende anoshingaira, uye kubatsira vagari veAmerica kuti varuramisire, uye masangano anoyamura vanhu anogona uye anofanira kutsigira vatongi vasingamiriri mipimo inonzwisiswa kuva inokosha.

Kubva muuyu murangariro, mapoka ezvibvumirano anobatira sechekedzo pasimba rapurezidhendi napasi pomubatanidzwa, achivimbisa kuti mutoo wokunyora nokusimbisa zvinodzorwa zvinodzorwa nenzvero yavose uye kurukurirano panzvimbo pokuitiswa seri kwamasuo akavharwa. Anogovera mashoko kuvatungamiriri navanhu avo vangadai vasingawaniki, uye anopa inzwi kumiitiro yokudzivisa kupfurikidza nezvisipo.

Nzvero Namashoko

Mapoka okuva nyanzvi kazhinji kazhinji ane unyanzvi hunokosha munhau dzapamutemo nedzokutonga, namagweta avashandi navanzveri avo vanogona kuitisa kunzverwa kwakaoma kwezvinyorwa zvavamiriri nouzivi hwokutonga. Uhwu unyanzvi hunogona kuva hunokosha kuvatarisiri avo vangave vasina nguva kana kuti pfuma yokuita nzvero ine udzame yakadaro ivo vamene.

Nokupa mishumo ine udzame, kuongorora, uye kupfupikisa, mapoka evamiririri vehurumende anogona kubatsira kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vamiririri vanokwanisa kuwana mashoko akawanda pamusoro pevane mhosva vasati vavhota kuti vabvumidzwe. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti vazivise kuti mashoko acho anyatsojeka, kunyange kana mapoka anenge achipa pfungwa dzakajeka.

Simba Rinodzora Rokurwisana Naro

Vatsigiri veboka rokubatanidzwa muunyengeri vanotaurawo kuti aya masangano anobatira sechinopesana chinokosha nesimba ravakuru vakuru mumuitiro wokuzvimirira. Purezidhendi ane pfuma huru nebetsero dzamasangano mumuitiro wokuwana, kubatanidza midziyo yose yebazu yepamusoro yokuziva, vet, uye kusimudzira vamirine.

Mapoka evatambi anogona kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba kusvikira kumwero wakati kupfurikidza nokugovera mamwe manyuko emashoko nenzvero, kusimudzira murangariro wavose, uye kupa inzwi kuitiro hanya idzo dzingasanzwiwa neimwe nzira. Ikoku kunogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti zano reDare nebasa rokubvuma zvine revo panzvimbo pechitambi cherabha nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvoupurezidhendi.

Nguva Yemberi Yeboka Roufundisi

Tichitarira mberi, basa ramapoka asingapinduri neasingatsigiri mari mumatare rinoratidzika kuva sezvingabvira rinoramba rine revo uye ringatokura.

Kuchinja Kunopfuurira

Chero bedzi mapoka maviri makuru achiramba akakamuraniswa zvikuru pamibvunzo mikuru yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo uye basa rematare munzanga yeAmerica, kuronga kucharamba kuchirwiswa, uye mapoka ehurumende anoramba achishingaira muhondo dzokurwisa.

Uku kuparadzana kungatowedzera kubatanidzwa kweboka rokudzora, sezvo mativi ose ari maviri anorangarira kudzorwa kwedare serinokosha mukufambisira mberi purogiramu yavo nokudzivirira mipimo yavo yakakomba. Mapango acho anorangarirwa seakakwirira zvikuru kumativi ose kuti aparadze mumuitiro wedare.

Mhindumupindu Younyanzvi

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu uye kukurukurirana kungawedzera mano emapoka evatsigiri, kuparadzira mashoko, uye kupesvedzera pfungwa dzevanhu. Masangano evemagariro evenhau, kushambadzira mashoko, uye mashoko zvinogovera midziyo ine simba nokuda kwenhimbe dzokushandisa, zvichiita kuti mapoka akwanise kuisa mashoko kuvana vakananga uye kutumira midzi youswa anotsigira zvinobudirira kupfuura nakare kose.

Kugona kuita zvinhu izvi kungaita kuti kuongorora zvinhu kuve kwakasiyana - siyana uye kunobudirira, asi kunomutsawo kunetseka kutsva pamusoro pemashoko asiri iwo, kuchinjwa, uye basa remakambani okugadzira zvinhu mukuumba hurukuro dzezvematongerwe enyika pakutonga.

Kuchinja Kungaitwa

Kunetseka kwakamutswa pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kweboka rokusasarura mukutonga kwakaparira kugadziridzwa kwakasiyana - siyana. Kuchinja kungaitwa kwakakurukurwa kunosanganisira zvinodiwa zvakawedzerwa zvokuzivisa masangano anobatanidzwa mukutonga, ganhuriro dzokushandisa munhimbe dzokutonga, chinjo kumiitiro yeDare kuti ideredze pesvedzero yemapoka okunze, uye chinjo kumuitiro wokusarudza kutongwa pachako, zvakadai sokuumbwa kwebipartisan kositoma yokurumbidza vamirine.

Kuchinja kupi nokupi kweizvi kucharamba kusina chokwadi. Kuchinja kupi nokupi kunokosha kungada kushandira pamwe kwebipartis, kwave kwakaoma kuwana mumhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino. Uyezve, kumwe kugadziridza kwakakarakadzwa kwaizomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pokutaura kwakasununguka uye kodzero yokukumbira hurumende.

Kudzikamisa Kutonga Nekuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Denho huru inoparirwa neboka rokutora rutivi mukutonga kubatanidzwa nenzira yokutonga inzira yokudzikamisa nayo kutora rutivi kwapamutemo kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nedikanwo yokuchengeta kuzvimirira kwokutonga neperero yomuitiro wokusimbisa. Uku hakusi kudzikama kuri nyore kurovanya, uye vanhu vakasiana - siana vachawana mutsetse munzvimbo dzakasiana - siana dzakavakirwa pamipimo yavo nezvinokosha.

Pane rumwe rutivi, vatongi vomubatanidzwa vanoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura zvikuru nzanga yeAmerica, uye kwakafanira kuti vagari vemo namasangano vave nenzwi muanova mutongi.Bumbiro reMitemo rimene rinorangarira rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika kukugadzwa kwokutonga kupfurikidza nokuda tsigiro yeDare, uye kubatanidzwa kweboka rokutonga kunogona kuonwa sewedzero yeiri sangano routongi hwehurumende.

Pane rumwe rutivi, vatongi havafaniri kuva vezvamatongerwe enyika, uye gadziriro yokutonga inotsamira pachivimbo chevoruzhinji chokuti vatongi vachatonga mhaka dzakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti misengwa yemisengwa yendangariro.

Kuti uwane dzikamo yakarurama zvinoda kufungisisa zvinhu zvinoverengeka kusanganisira mwero wakakodzera uye nzira dzokubatanidzwa nadzo kweboka rokudzidzisa, kudiwa kwokuona kuti mari inoshandiswa sei uye kuti zvinake sei, kukosha kwokunyanya kufunga nezvezvinodiwa uye unhu uyewo pfungwa, uye basa retsika dzesangano uye nzira dzokuita kuti pave nokuvimbika kwemamiriro acho ezvinhu.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvavagari Nevaiti Vemitemo

Kunzwisisa basa remapoka evatongi mukuronga nyaya kunobatsira vagariwo zvavo vemo nevagadziri vemitemo.

Nokuda Kwavagari Vemo

Vagari vane hanya nokuumbwa kwedare redare rehurumende vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti mapoka evatongi anofanira kupa nzira imwe yokutora rutivi nayo mumuitiro wokubvisa tsvina. Kupfurikidza nokutsigira masangano anogoverana mipimo yawo nezvinokosha, vagari vemo vanogona kukudza inzwi ravo mumitemo. Zvisinei, vagari vemo vanofanirawo kuva vatengi vanotsoropodza mashoko anobva kumapoka evatongi, vachiziva kuti aya masangano ane mirangariro nemirangariro zvakati.

Kunokosha kutsvaka manyuko akawanda amashoko pamusoro pamanyoro namarekodhi edare, kubatanidza vamirinenei vamene, kufukidzwa kwenhau kubva kumanyuko anoremekedzwa, uye kunzverwa kwamasangano mumativi ose epfungwa. Ikoku kunogona kubetsera vagari vemo kuumba rutongeso rwavo vamene runozivikanwa pamusoro pavane minene panzvimbo pokungogamuchira bedzi nzvimbo dzamapoka echitsotsi.

Vatsigiri, zvikurukuru sevamiririri, vane nzvimbo dzinoverengeka mugadziriro yacho dzokubatanidzwa munzira dzinokosha.

Nokuda Kwavaiti Vemitemo

Vagadziri vezvirongwa zvinobatanidzwa mudare vanofanira kuongorora zvinomanikidzira uye mashoko zvinogoverwa nemapoka evana vane kodzero yokuzvitonga asi vachisarudza pachavo kuti vazvionere kuti vane unyanzvi uye vakakodzera kushandira bhenji. Izvi zvinoda kunyatsoongorora mashoko anopiwa nemapoka evana vevana vasina pamutemo nepo vachiitisawo kuongorora nokuongorora kwavo pachavo.

Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanirawo kurangarira kana chinjo kukunatsa nokusimbisa dzingabetsera kukurukura zvimwe zveitiro hanya dzinomutswa pamusoro peboka rokubatanidzwa kweboka rokurera vana nepo vachichengeta kutora rutivi kwapamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende.Izvi zvingabatanidza zvinodikanwa zvokuoneka zviri nani, chinjo kumiitiro yeDare, kana kuti zvimwe chinjo dzakagadzirirwa kuderedza pesvedzero yemari nefariro chaidzo apo zvichichengeta kuzvidavirira kwavose.

mhedziso

Mapoka asingapinduri neasingatsigiri azova vatambi vakuru mumuitiro wokutonga wehurumende wokubvisa zvidhori, anoshandisa pesvedzero inokosha kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kukurudzira, nhimbe dzavose, uye chivako chakabatana.

Nepo uku kubatanidzwa kuchimutsa itiro hanya dzapamutemo pamusoro pokuzvimirira kwokutonga, kupfuudza, uye pesvedzero yemari mumuitiro wokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende, kunomirirawo chimiro chinokosha chokutora rutivi mugadziriro ine revo huru nokuda kwomutemo nenzanga yeAmerica. Denho iri kupfuurira ndeyokuwana nzira dzokuchengeta nadzo betsero dzeboka rokubatanidzwa kwechikwata chokurera vana nevomuropa rinobatanidzwa (hwunobatanidza kusimudzira kutora rutivi kwavose, kunzvera kwounyanzvi, uye kuzvidavirira (panguva ino ino inopa njodzi kukuzvimirira kwokutonga uye kuvimbika kwegadziriro yokusimbisa.)

Sezvo kurangarira kwedare kunopfuurira kupokanidzwa uye kuva nomuuyo, kunzwisisa basa ramapoka okurera kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti vatongi vomubatanidzwa vanosarudzwa sei uye kuti zvinhui zvinopesvedzera izvo munhu anogara pabhenji. Kana mumwe anorangarira kubatanidzwa kweboka rokusasarura sechimuko chakanaka kana kuti kombamiro inotambudza, hakuna kuramba kuti aya masangano akaumba nomutoo wakananga muitiro wokusarudza wazvino uno uye achapfuurira kuita basa guru mukusarudza kuumbwa kwedare rehurumende kwemakore anouya.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pomuitiro wedare wedare rehurumende, shanyira [[FLT: 0] U. Dare rekushandira pawebsite yepamutemo. Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penzira iyo masangano ezvokubhadharwa anoronga mari mune zvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza magweta, shanyira [[[FLT:]] . Njerevedzo dzezviwanikwa pakusaita mari nemitemo, [[FLT] , [[FLT]] , jirafit , pejiromendi yedaro, inopa nhungamiro yakakwana. Mashoko okuwedzera pamusoro pebasa redare mukusimbisa [FLT:].[F]