Basa Remashoko Akapoteredza Munzvero Yebumbiro remitemo Repakuvamba

Nzvero yegamuchidzanwa yapakuvamba inomira seimwe yemitoo inopesvedzera zvikurusa neinomutsa nharo yokududzira nayo Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. Pamavambo ayo, dzidziso yeChinyorwa cheMitemo inofanira kunzwisiswa mukuwirirana nerevo yayo yapakuvamba(davidzo). Iyi revo yayakanga inayo kune avo vakaitsigira. Kuwana iyi nzwisiso inotsamira zvikuru panhau dzakaitika: zviitiko, zvinyorwa, kurukurirano, zvimiro zvenzanga, uye mafungire endangariro echino unovapo chezana rechi18. Pasina kunzwisisa kwakasimba kwemashoko iwayo eConstitution, njodzi dzinova kushandiswa mukufungidzira kana kuti basa rokufungidzira. Nyaya inonzvera chikonzero nei mashoko enhau anokosha zvikuru kumurangariro wapakuvamba, kuti inoumba sei kutsanangurwa kwegadziriro dzakananga dzemitemo, uye zvinetso izvo zvinomuka apo vatongi vatongi uye vachiedza kugadzirisa zvinhu zvekare.

Kudzokorora Kupfupikisa Kunoita Mashoko Okutanga

Chiratidzo chapakuvamba hachisi rondedzero yakatanhamara zvikurusa yazvino uno. Kuchinja kwakatanhamara zvikurusa kwakatanhamara zvikurusa, kunowanzonzi “revo yavanhu yapakuvamba,” kunobvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yokunzwisisa aizova akanzwisisa sei rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo. Uku kuita kunopesana nezvimiro zvapakuvamba zvapakuvamba izvo zvakanangidzira pavavariro dzezvikamu zvapakuvamba. Kuchinja kubva mu “donzo rapakuvamba” kuenda ku“ revo yavanhu vapakuvamba” kwakasundwa nokuziva kuti chiremera cheBumbiro reMitemo yakabva mukunatsa kwaro navanhu, kwete chose chose mumirangariro yavanhu.

Pasi peshanduro ipi neipi, mashoko akapoteredza enhau anopa ufakazi hunodikanwa kuvakazve nzwisiso iyoyo yapakuvamba. Vatongi nenyanzvi vanzvera manyuko akawanda() paKokorodzano yeBumbiro reMitemo, kokorodzano dzokubatanidza munyika imwe neimwe, mapepa eFederalist, manyoro eAnti-Federaris, maduramazwi, mapepanhau, mapepa, uye zvinyorwa zvakavanzika. Ufakazi humwe nohumwe hunobetsera kuisa mumutauro webumbiro-mitemo mukati menyika mahwakanyorwa ndokugamuchirwa.

Nei Nhoroondo Ichikosha Nokuda Kwevairarama Vachigere Kugara Vachivimba

Kunyange apo mavambo anonangidzira ngwariro parevo yavanhu yapakuvamba, manyoro amene eFramers anoramba achikosha zvikuru. Federalist Papers, somuenzaniso, yakanga yakanangidzirwa zvakananga kukunyengetedza kokorodzano yeNew York inotenderedza ndokupa kurukurirano dzakafara dzegadziriro dzokuumbwa kweBumbiro remitemo. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, uye John Jay akatsanangura kurangarira kuri seri kwokuparadzaniswa kwemasimba, vereto, vezvomubatanidzwa wejudicary, uye mamwe mativi akawanda.

Nenzira yakafanana, zvinyorwa zveConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo zvimene, kunyange zvazvo zvisina kubudiswa kutozosvikira makumi amakore gare gare, zvinozivisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nenharo izvo zvakaumba mapfundo akajeka. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okuti “kutama kana kuti kupinza kwavanhu vakadaro seimwe yenyika ipi neipi iripo zvino achafunga kuti kwakafanira kubvuma” muChikamu I, Chikamu 9 chakanga chiri chibvumirano chakasanogadzirirwa basa rouphem nokuda kwebasa rouranda. Pasina mashoko enhau, muravi wazvino uno angarasikirwa nokubvumirana nemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvakamirira (a kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira mubatanidzwa weUnion Confoundation Amendment kuti akunde.)

Tsamba dzomunhu oga nehurukuro dzeFrames dzinojekesawo funganyo dzavaitsvaka kutaura. Mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), Mutongi Antonin Scalia aivimba zvikuru namagwaro echigumi namasere emitemo, kubatanidza manyoro eBlackstone [[FLT:] Commentary , kutaura kuti Pendement yeChipiri yakadzivirira munhu mumwe nomwe kuchengeta zvombo. Iye akadudza kwete bedzi rugwaro asiwo kurukurirano dzenhau pamusoro peChirungu cheGill Requence negadziriro dzamauto. Uku kutsamira padare raine chokuita kuti dare rerudyi rive rakaumbwa nechatarwa, uye risina kugadzirwa nebumbiro remitemo.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu: Nyika Yenguva Yakavambwa

Kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu aya kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei zvimwe zvinhu zvaiitwa kana kuti zvainzi zvaiitwa munyika yaishandiswa pakurima, yaitsamira pamabasa aiitwa varanda, yainyumwira zvikuru simba rainyanya kuiswa pakati, uye yakanga ichiri kugadziriswa muHondo yemhindumupindu.

Uranda uye Bumbiro Remitemo

Nhamba nhatu dzinobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, chitsama chomuranda muuranda, uye kurambidzwa kwokurambidza kutengeswa kwavaranda pamberi pa 1808 zviri pakati pezviyeuchidzo zvinorwadza zvikurusa zvenzvimbo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo. Nzvero yapakuvamba yeidzi ndima haigoni kufuratira idi renhau yokuti vaFrames vakasarudza namaune kusashandisa shoko rokuti “uranda” murugwaro rwapakuvamba (kusiyapo 1808 mukubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira). Panzvimbo pezvo, vakashandisa uganda (“vamwe vanhu,”) kudzivisa kutarisana nenhau yacho zvakananga. Chitendero chapakuvamba chinoziviswa mumitengo yavanhu chapakuvamba chinofanira kubatanidza revo yapamutemo yavanhu vari varanda. Ikoku hakurevi kuti mutemo unogamuchirwa muuranda panzvimbo pezvo; kunoreva kuti kudzorevedzerwa kwakafanira.

Kushandira Pamwe Nouchangamire Hwehurumende

Pepanhau reTenth Amendment reSingle reTreement reSignationals ndiimwe nzvimbo umo nhau dzakakosha. Gakava rekusimbisa rakadzorwa nokutya kuti hurumende itsva yenyika yaizokurira hurumende. Vanorwisana neFedalist vakadzokorora vataurazve kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reRevoindement rakanga risina Bhinji rekodzero dzehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu. Masangano aipindura kuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga iri imwe yemasimba enyika anorongwa, uye kuti Hurumende yakanga isina simba pamusoro penhau dzakarongwa. Pakupedzisira kugamuchirwa kweBhili rekodzero dzekodzero dzehurumende, kubatanidza Nicky neTen Standards Reformation, kwakaratidza kubvumirana neiyi . Kunzwisisa kuti mashoko akapoteredza anodzivisa vaturikiridzi pakurava pepanhau regumi re Amellitetete seritenziwo bedzi uye panzvimbo yesimba rokuvaka.

Nzira Dzokushandisa Nadzo Nhoroondo Yezvakaitika Kare Mukuongorora Kwepakutanga

Vaidavira pakuvamba vanoshandisa mitoo yakasiana inoverengeka kudzorera revo yapakuvamba, imwe neimwe ichitsamira pamashoko ayo enhau.

Kunyora Mashoko Nerevowo Zvayo

Textalism inonangidzira ngwariro parevo yakajeka yorugwaro, asi “zvinoreva” zvimene idikanwo. Mashoko akafanana ne“commerce,” uye“ simba rokuuraya,” uye “simba nerisiri renguva dzose” zvine revo dzakananga muzana ramakore rechigumi namasere idzo dzinopesana nokushandiswa kwazvino uno. Dictionary its kubva kunhambo ne[[FLT:] yaSamuel Johnson] [[FLD]] [0] [magate] eChirungu [[FLT]] [755] uye Noa Webster anoshanda gare gare gare gare. Muchidikaro reFilthio reFility] . [FLT] V], SCALT], rondedzerotalm ye “Zvombo yechiNgeri rwechiNgeri yeChirungu [F] [FLT]] [[F]] [F]]] kuratidzira kuti kutaura kwezvombo zvehondo zvinoshandiswa zvototo, zvisingashandiswitototototototo.

Kurangarira Kwenheyo uye Muitiro Wenhau

Mumwe mutoo unoreva chifo chemugadzirirwo yose yeBumbiro reMitemo, . "kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, chibvumirano, uye ipapo kubatanidza gadziriro iyoyo nokushandisa kwenhau. Somuenzaniso, simba rinobviswa raPrezidhendi pavakuru vakuru rakakurukurwa kwenguva refu. Mu FreeInterpeist Fund v. Public Company Accounting Overst Board [[FLL:1] [2010], Dare rapamusoro rakarangarira muitiro wenhau kudzokera kuChibvumirano chokutanga kuti Hurumende inopa muteshinamari mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Uyu “Muitiro wenhau wekubvisa pamutemo wehurumende yapakuvamba unotsigira zvikuru kuti hurumende ishandei chaizvoizvo muRiphabliki, inobata ikoko sehwiro rekunzwisisa kwapakuvamba.

Mitoo Yapakuvamba Yokutanga

Bazu remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, rakatsigirwa naPurofesa John McGinnis naMichael Rappaport, “mitoo yepakuvamba.” Iyi nzira inoramba kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa richishandisa mitemo inodudzira nekokorodzano panguva yokuita kuti zvivepo. Inoda kunyudza kukuru mutsika dzemitemo dzenguva ya 1700 , mirau yairangarirwa, kuti miganhu yemitemo yaishandiswa sei, uye kuti magwaro emitemo aiverengwa sei. Uyu mutoo unoda mashoko enhau kukwazvo anopesana nenhau kupfurikidza nemutoo wayo une mufungo, kwete kungoda zivo bedzi yetsika yetsika dzomutemo asi yetsika yose yenhambo yaMagariro Yakawanwa.

Zvinetso Zvokuchinja Zvakaitika Kare

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, kushandiswa kwemashoko akapoteredza enhau munzvero yapakuvamba kunopa denho dzinokosha.Vatsoropodzi uye kunyange vamwe vanodavira pakuvamba vanobvuma kuti nguva yakapfuura haisati iri nyore nguva dzose kuigadzirisa, uye kuti vatongi vangaratidzira nenzira yokusaziva mipimo yazvino uno mumanyuko enhau.

Kusarudza Kwaanoita

Imwe tsoropodzi inozivikanwa navose ndeyokuti vafundisi vanowanzotsigira ufakazi hwenhau hwakafanorongwa kuti vatsigire mhedziso. Nemhaka yokuti chinyorwa chenhau chikuru uye pane dzimwe nguva chinopokanidzana, munzveri anogona kuwana mashoko anotsigira chinenge chimiro chipi nechipi. Somuenzaniso, mativi ose ari maviri mukurukurirano pamusoro peSecond Amendmentment akadudza manyuko egumi namasere okutaura kuti kodzero yomunhu mumwe kana kuti kodzero yakabatana yakanga iri revo yapakuvamba. Dare Rapamusoro mu Heller raitsigira kutaura kwenhau dzenhau uye rakasarudza kurondedzera kumwe. Vatsoropotedza vanoti kusana kusarudzwa uku kunopesana.

Chinetso Chokusakodzerana

Imwe denho ndeyokudzivisa rondedzero dzinopesana nemitemo. Vatongi vakarovedzwa muzvikamu zvazvino uno zvapamutemo vangarava mifungo yazvino uno kudzokera kunhambo Yokuvamba. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende yazvino uno haina kuvapo muzana ramakore rechigumi namasere. Apo vatangi vanoitirana nharo pamusoro petsika dzemasangano ehurumende anoshandisa masimba emitemo, vanofanira kusarudza kana revo yapakuvamba ye “simba rinouraya” kana kuti“ iri madikanwa neyakafanira” inodzosa masangano akadaro. Nhoroondo inogona kubetsera (kokuenzanisira, kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti Dare Rokutanga rakasika Office yePresspost uye Purezidhendi kuti ribvise muteshinamaripi yose nemhaka yokuti Frames haitongogoni kufungidzira mugariro wazvino uno. Chinetsoro chiri mukuita kuti kuvambira mumienzaniso yenhau yazvino uno kusvikira kuzvinetso zvazvino uno.

Kuperera Kwenhau Dzakaitika Kare

Mabhuku akawanda okuwana haana kuchengetwa nenzira yakarongeka. Nharo dzeConstitution yeConstitution dzakanyorwa munotsi dzaJames Madison, dzaakagadzira ndokuhwirudzura kwamakumi amakore. Mamwe zvinyorwa zvakarasika. Gakavadzo dzamashoko dzakasiana - siana zvikuru munyika nehurumende, uye vagari vazhinji vemowo zvavo havana kusiya mirangariro yakanyorwa. Naizvozvo vaFreekstary vanofanira kushanda nechinyorwa chisina kukwana, icho nenzira isingadzivisiki chinoparira kusava nechokwadi. Revo yapakuvamba yavose yamavhere mazhinji mazhinji yakajeka kure nekristal.

Kusabvumirana Pakati Pevaitanga

Kunyange vatangi vakazvipira vanowanzopesana pamusoro peizvo mashoko akapoteredza enhau anoratidza. Dare reChipiri Amendment muenzaniso mukuru. Mu Heller, Dare rakakamuranisa 5-104, namativi ose ari maviri achitaura kushandisa mavambo. Mutongi John Paul Stevens akapikisana kuti rugwaro rwokutanga rwenhau. Mitemo yose iripo yakaita kuti mamiriro ezvinhu enhau ashandeirire Militia, zvayakanga iri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka.[1] [1] Yakaratidza kuti muganhu wedare revo waSchalia wakataura kuti chigaro chapamberiso hachizivi chinangwa asi hachina kuganhuri muganhu chishandiso. Zvose izvi zvinofunga kuti mashoko enhau haaiti nguva dzose dzinobudisa mhinduro imwe chete.

Kudzikamisa Nhoroondo Netsika Dzazvino Uno

Imwe yefunganyo hurusa muustrist inzira yokushandisa nayo gwaro regumi namasere kunzanga ine makumi maviri nezana rokutanga. Kunyange kana mutongi achigona kuziva revo yapakuvamba, revo iyoyo inofanira kuva inodzora apo inorwisana nemipimo yazvino uno semuenzani wedzinza kana kuti vatano yakaenzana?

Chiratidzo nePredent: Nyaya ye Brown v. Boka reDzidzo

Muenzaniso wapamutemo ndowe Brown v. Board of Education (1954), iyo yaidavira kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende kwakapesana neMutezo waDongo. Revo yavanhu vose yapakuvamba ye 144th Amendmend Amendment muna 1868 sezvingabvira haina kurambidza de jult. Congress yakachengetawo zvikoro zvakachinjirwa muWashington, DC. Kunyange zvakadaro Dare rapamusoro raidzongobvuma kuti Brown [[FLT]] zvakarurama [[FLT3]] zvakarurama, zvimwe nokuramba kuti revo revo yapakuvamba ye “kudzivirira kwakanga kwakafara kudarika mamiriro ezvinhu, kana kuti kupfurikidza ne“ dare rinopa chibvumirano chisaririra chinodzora.

“ Chinetso Chokufa”

Nenzira yakafara zvikuru, vatsoropodzi vanobvunza chikonzero nei chaifanira kusungwa nemirangariro yeboka duku ravachena, varume, vanochera nzvimbo vanhu vakafa mazana maviri amakore apfuura. MaShunant anopindura kuti Bumbiro remitemo imutemo wapamutemo nemhaka yokuti rakatenderwa navanhu, uye kuti kuchinja kunofanira kuda muitiro mukuru wekugadziriswa kwechibvumirano chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kwete kurondedzerwa kwedare renhau, ndiyo nzira bedzi yokuvimbisa nayo chiito chapakuvamba chedemocracy. Kunyange zvakadaro, basa remashoko akapoteredza rinofanira kujekesa, kwete kurayira nenzira yakaoma. Matendispiriti mazhinji apakuvamba anobvuma kuti mitemo ine mashoko akanyorwa pachena akafanana ne “dziviriro inowirirana” uye“ kunzvera kusina mufungo kuti rutongeso runoda kuziviswa nenhau dzose dziri mbiri nemigariro yazvino uno.

Nhoroondo Yezvakaitika Muzviitiko Zvinoratidza Kuti Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru

Nemhaka dzakawanda dzakakwirira dzinoratidzira nzira iyo Dare rinoshandisa (kana kuti kuderera kushandisa) nhau dzakapoteredza mukurangarira kwapakuvamba.

New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen [2022]

Mu Dare rapamusoro rakazivisa muedzo mutsva weMitemo yeChipiri yePendeendendi: mutemo unofanira “kumiswa negamuchidzanwa renhau iri rerudzi rwezvokudzora pfuti.” Iyi chisarudzo yakasimudzira mashoko enhau kutsika yepamutemo. Mutongi Clarence Thomas aida kuti matare echiduku apinde munzvero yenhau kuti aone kana mutemo wazvino uno wokudzora pfuti une mutezo wenhau. Iyi nzira inoda kuti vatongi vave vasanozivikanwa zvikuru, varavi venhau dzinorava nave gumi navasere murechikamu chimwe namakumi amakore okutanga. Vatsoropotete vanoramba kuti uyu mutoo wokusarudza nawo. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange zvazvo [FFF]

Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [202]

Mu maDobs, ayo akatonga mutemo wechiNgezi, Roe v. Wade, Dare rakatsamira zvikuru panhau kuti ripikise kuti kubvisa mimba kwakanga kusina kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau yorudzi. Mutongi Samuel Alito murangariro wechiNgezi, mitemo yekomunia, uye mirau yechigumi napfumbamwe yeAmerica kugumisa kuti Jamende reMitemo haina kudzivirira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Kupesana, kupfurikidza nokupesana, akabvumikisa kuti chinyorwa chenhau chakanga chiri chisina kururama zvikuru uye kuti kududzira kodzero dzinodzivirira kwakanga kwakaenzana. Chinoratidzirwa chacho chinogona kushandiswa sei kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri uye kubatanidzwa.

[[ITSV: 0] Ramos v. Louisiana[[FLT] [2020]

Mu . Dare rakaramba kuti Dare reSixth Amendment rinoda chisarudzo chedare chinobatanidza mukutonga kwoutsotsi kwehurumende, kunyanyisa Apodaca v. Oregon [77]]. Mutongi Neil Gormoth akatsvaka nhau yedare redare risina kubatana, kuratidza kuti zvaidikanwa munyika yose panguva yokuwana uye kuramba zvichiteverwa kupfurikidza nokuumbwa kweIddym. Iyi nzvero yenhau yakanyatsoratidzira kuti revo yapakuvamba yavose yomuedzo yaibatanidza kusarura . Kupesana kwenhau kwakanga kuchidzorwa kudzokera shure kumutemo kumutemo uye kusingabvumirwi nomugariro wenhau.

Matanho Anoshanda Okuchengetedza Nhoroondo

Nokuda kwamagweta, vatongi, uye nyanzvi dzinoshanda mugamuchidzanwa redzidziso yapakuvamba, kushandiswa kunobudirira kwemashoko enhau kunoda ruzivo rwemiitiro yakarongeka:

  • [ Kuratidzira rugwaro rwakafanira namashoko arwo akapoteredza. Nguva dzose kuvamba namashoko chaiwoiwo eBumbiro reMitemo. Tarira kuruvara rwenyaya namashoko akapoteredza emashoko mukati mechinyorwa.
  • Manyuko enguva imwe cheteyo. Shandisa mapepa eFederal Mapepa, manyoro eAnti-Federalist, zvinyorwa zveConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo, uye kurukurirano dzehurumende. Dictionary netsananguro dzapamutemo dzenhambo yacho zvinokoshawo.
  • Kunzvera muitiro wapakuvamba. Zviito zveFirst Congress, zvisarudzo zvamabazu apakuvamba, uye mutemo wehurumende kubva muma 1790 kazhinji kazhinji zvinojekesa nzwisiso yapakuvamba.
  • Bvuma kusava nechokwadi. Apo chinyorwa chenhau chinenge chikanyarara kana kuti chisiri chakatanhamara, iva anodisa kubvuma kuti revo yapakuvamba ingasava yakajeka. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, dzimwe nheyo dzinodudzira sedzinononokerwa nemiitiro yedemokrasi kana kuti ruvimbiko pamuenzaniso.]
  • ngwarira dzidziso yechipameso. Dzivisa kufungidzira kuti mapoka azvino uno emapu nenzira yakatsvinda kusvika kumifungo yegumi nemisere yezana ramakore. Somuenzaniso, musiyano wazvino uno pakati pamaruramiro omunhu oga neezvemari ungadai wave usiri wazvino uno kuva kuva wezvikamu zveFramers.

Zvinhu Zvatingadzidza Zvakadzama

Manyuko anoverengeka ane chiremera anogona kubetsera avo vanonzvera basa renhau dzakapoteredza mumashoko apakuvamba:

mhedziso

Nhoroondo yenhau ndiyo inokosha pakuongorora kwemavambo emitemo. Pasina iyo, bhizimisi rokuwana revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo raisazobvira. Kubva pakurukurirano dzenhau dzemaFramers pamusoro pemaumbirwo ehurumende kusvikira kunhau dzakakwikwidzwa zvikuru dzesimba rehurumende, chinyorwa chenhau chinogovera mashoko asina kugadziriswa nokuda kwokurangarira kwepakuvamba. Asi mashoko akapoteredza haasi chinhu chinokosha chemashiripiti chinovhura mhinduro imwe yakarurama. Ufakazi hwenhau humwe chetehwo hunogona kutsanangurwa munzira dzakasiyana - siyana, uye kuperevera kwenhau yacho kunosiya mibvunzo yakawanda yakazaruka.

Kurerekera kumavambo, kwakanakisisa, kunobvuma idzi ganhuriro ndokushandisa mashoko akapoteredza enhau nokuzvininipisa, kuchiziva kuti rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo rwakanyorerwa nokuda kwenguva yemberi isinganzwisisiki. Basa romutangiri wacho harisi rokuisa chikomende mubumbiro remitemo muazheni asi kuripa revo yakatangira munguva yokuvamba kwaro apo rinenge richizaruka kubvirira bviro yokuti revo yavanhu yapakuvamba padzimwe nguva ingashivirira (kana kuti kunyange kutoda kukura.) Kupfurikidza nokurangarira mashoko enhau apakuvamba nenzira yakakomba, kunogovera mutoo wokududzira unoremekedza basa redeo redeo redeoruzhinji redio uye kugovera hwaro hwakatsigarika nokuda kwomutemo wemitemo. Zvinetsoro ndezveiwo zvazvino.