Kunzwisisa Basa Rematare Ehurumende Mumutemo

Matare ehurumende ndiwo shongwe huru dzegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, dzinobatira senzvimbo huru umo kukakavadzana kwakawanda kwapamutemo kunogadziriswa uye umo mitemo inogadzwa pamwero wenyika inodudzirwa, kushandiswa, uye kumanikidzwa. Kusafanana nematare ehurumende, ayo anobata nhau dzeitiro renyika nemutemo, matare ehurumende anobata nyaya dzakawanda dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo hwezuva nezuva: kubva pakutyora mutemo uye kusawirirana kwemhuri kuti zvibvumirano zvekukwikwidzaniswa kwemitemo. Zvisarudzo zvawo hazvisi kupedza kurwisana kwemunhu oga oga asi zvinoumbawo mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo makuru enyika munyika imwe neimwe, kugadza miganhuro inotungamirira remangwana uye chiito chemitemo. Nyaya inoongorora basa rehurumende rakasiyana - siyana mukuchengeta mitemo, kuongorora kudzora, kudzorwa kwemitemo, kutongwa kwemitemo, uye zvinetso mukutonga matare.

Kupomerwa Nechiremera zveMatare Ehurumende

matare ehurumende anowana chiremera chawo mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende nemirau. kupomera mhaka kunotambanukira kunhau dzose dzapamutemo dzinomuka mukati memiganhu yenyika, kutoti zvichichengeterwa zvikurukuru matare ehurumende neU.S. Constitution kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. Uku kupiwa kwakafara kwechiremera kunobvumira matare ehurumende kubata matare enyika akarongwa anoumba pamwero mukuru webasa rokutonga renyika.

Nhau Yemhosva

Matare ehurumende ane muganhu wenhau yehurumende, kureva kuti anogona kunzwa rudzi rupi norupi rwenhau kutoti rwawira pasi pedzose yehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza:

  • [ Nhau dzorusaruraganda – kuputswa kwemitemo yeutsotsi hwehurumende, kubva kuzvikanganiso zvakafanana nokuba zvinhu zviduku kusvikira kuzvivi zvakadai sokuponda.
  • Zviratidzo zveCII - kukakavadzana pakati pebato vakavanzika vanobatanidza zvibvumirano, torts (kuvadziko yomunhu oga, kusvibiswa), zvinhu chaizvoizvo, uye nhau dzebhizimisi.
  • [ mutemo wemhuri [[[FLT: 1] – chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, kurera mwana, uye masimba masimba omumba.
  • [[[FOR:0] probate nenhau dzenzvimbo[ – zvido, zvitendi, ngarava dzinotarisira, uye kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo.
  • Zvisakiso zvechimurenga - misikanzwa nezviito zvokutsamira zvinobatanidza vaduku.
  • Traffic uye mutemo kutyora mutemo – kubatanidza kudarika nokupara mhosva duku.

Kuzvinyima Kwomunhu Oga uye Kuzvinetsa

Dare rehurumende kuti rinzwe nhau, rinofanirawo kuva nechiremera chavanhu pamativi anobatanidzwa. Ikoku kunowanzoda kuti mukwiridzirwe ave neonano dzakakwana nehurumende, zvakadai sokugara ikoko, kuitisa bhizimisi ikoko, kana kuti kuparira kuvadziko mukati memiganhu yayo. Kuwedzera, vee miraudzo inosarudza nyika kana kuti ruwa apo mhaka inofanira kuchengetwa, kazhinji kazhinji yakavakirwa paikaitika chiitiko chacho kana kuti apo mapoka anogara. Iyi miraudzo inovimbisa kuti nhau dzinonzwiwa munzvimbo yakanaka neyakakodzera, kusimbisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Hurumende iri yose inoronga matare ayo nomutoo wechiremera, zvikurukuru unobatanidza:

  • matare ehurumende akaganhurirwa (munzira, matare emisiparati, matare emigwagwa, matare enhau duku) – kubata nhau duku.
  • matare ehurumende ehurumende (munzira, matare makuru, matare oruwa, matare amatunhu) – kunzwa mhaka dzoutsotsi dzakakomba uye gakava guru revagari vemo.
  • [ matare eInterpresette matare [ – hwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare anotonga kururamisa zvikanganiso zvomutemo kana kuti idi.
  • Sango rematare makurusa – dare rokupedzisira reyakananga nhau dzemitemo yehurumende, ine mirau inosunga pamatare ose ehurumende akaderera.

Ichi chirongwa chinogonesa matare ehurumende kubata chiverengero chikuru chenhau apo anochengeta mabanza ehwirudzuro ine revo. Nokuda kwoudzame hwakawanda pazvivako zvedare, [[FLT: 0] National Center for State Courts[[FLT: 1] inogovera zviteshi zvakawanda.

Kumanikidzwa Kuita Mutemo Nokurevererwa

Basa guru rematare ehurumende ndiro rinopa mutongo - muitiro woufakazi hwokunzwa, kushandisa mutemo, uye kupa chisarudzo chinosungisa. Kupfurikidza neiyi nzira, matare anodzika mitemo kupfurikidza nokusarudza mhaka kana kuti mhaka, zvirango zvinoraira, uye mishonga. Basa rawo rinotambanukira kupfuura kuiswa kwerabha mumitemo; anofema upenyu mumirau kupfurikidza nokuturikira mutauro wakajeka, kuzadza miganhu, uye kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inoshandiswa nguva dzose uye nenzira yakarurama.

Kumanikidzwa Kwomutemo Woutsotsi

Mukutonga kwoutsotsi, matare ehurumende ane mutoro wokuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vanopomerwa kuputsa mitemo yehurumende vanogamuchira kutongwa kwakarurama.

  1. Kutonga [ - Mukwiri anoziviswa nezvepomero ndokupinda chikumbiro.
  2. [ mibato yePrequence [ - kubatanidza nhepfenyuro dzokudzvinyirira ufakazi, kudzinga pomero, kana kuti kuchinja nzvimbo.
  3. Trial[ - Pamberi pomutongi kana kuti dare rinobetsera vatongi, hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka kupfuura kusava nechokwadi kune mufungo.
  4. Kuisa mhaka [ – Kana yakawanirwa mhaka, dare rinoisa zvirango zvinovambira pafaindi nokuedzwa kusvikira kutongerwa mutorongo uye, mune dzimwe nyika, chirango chorufu.
  5. [ Appals – vakwirirwi vangadenha kupwiswa kwavo kana kuti mutongo mumatare emhosva.

Matare anotarisirawo nhau dzakadai sekutongwa kwemhosva uye kubviswa kwemhosva, achivimbisa kuchengetwa kunopfuurira kwemitemo yeutsotsi kunyange pashure pokunge nhambo yokutonga yaguma. Hofisi ye yoUtungamiriri yeU.S. Dare[ inogovera enzanisiro inobetsera yehurumende negadziriro dzoutsotsi dzomubatanidzwa.

Kumanikidzwa Nomutemo Wehurumende

Munhau dzehurumende, matare ehurumende anosimbisa mitemo inodzora ukama pakati pebato.Mienzaniso inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • [[FOLT:0] Kukakavadzana[ - Dare rinosarudza kana chibvumirano chapamutemo chiripo uye kana paine parakaputsa mashoko acho, ipapo mibairo kana kuti kurayira kuita kwakananga.
  • [ anotaura kuti – vanhu vamwe navamwe vakakuvadzwa nokuregeredza kwomumwe kana kuti chakaipa chamaune vangatsvaka muripo nokuda kwendyiko dzokurapa, mari yakarasika, uye marwadzo nokutambura.
  • [ Kukakavadzana [ - Dare rinopedza kukakavadzana kwemiganhu, zviito zvokudzinga (mutapi asingabvumirwi nomutemo), uye kutaura kwezita.
  • dziviriro yeCumumer[ - Nhau dzinobatanidza miitiro yokunyengera yokushambadzira, kunyengera, kana kuti kuputswa kwevimbiso.

Kupfurikidza neidzi nhauro dzavagari vemo, matare ehurumende nenzira inobudirira anoita kuti mutumbi mukuru wemirau yehurumende nenheyo dzomutemo. Kuwanika kwe kwechiito chekirasi [ kunowedzerazve kusimbisa mano ematare okuita kuti mitemo itsigire mufambiro wakapararira, wakadai sezvigadzirwa zvisina kutsarukana kana kuti utsotsi hwebhizimisi.

Basa Remberi

Dare rehurumende rinoshanda mudzidziso ye stare decis - nheyo yokuti matare anofanira kutevera nhau dzakatongwa kare apo nhau dzapamutemo dzimwe chetedzo dzinomuka. Ikoku kuparira mhoteredzo yakadzikama neyakadeya kunguriranwa yapamutemo, inobvumira vanhu namabhizimisi kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo nemisengwa. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende anewo simba rokutonga mamiriro ezvinhu ekare apo migariro yechikaro kana kuti mipimo yapamutemo inochinja. Uku kubatana pakati peterano nenjo yemitemo yehurumende chiratidzo chetsika dzehurumende.

Macheki Nedzikamo: Matare Ehurumende Savachurudzi Vebumbiro Remitemo

Basa rinooneka zvishoma asi rinokosha zvakaenzana rematare ehurumende riri kushanda secherekedzo pamamwe mapazu ehurumende. Kupfurikidza ne judicial hwirudzuro [, matare anonzvera kuva kwemitemo yebumbiro remitemo inopfuudzwa nedare rehurumende nezviito zvinoitwa nebazi guru. Kana mutemo kana kuti murau mukuru uputsa bumbiro remitemo, dare rinogona kuiparadza, kuchengetedza nhevedzano yebumbiro-mitemo uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura Mumatare Ehurumende

Nepo Dare Gurusa reU.S. richizivikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwesimba raro rehwirudzuro, matare makurusa anotaura chiremera chakafanana pasi pebumbiro remitemo rawo amene. Kutaura idi, matare ehurumende anogona kugovera dziviriro dzakazvimirira nedzine simba zvikuru [ nokuda kwekodzero dzomunhu oga kupfuura zvinoda Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende.

  • Mamwe matare ehurumende akadudzira urongwa hwemitemo yehurumende kuti zvikoro zvehurumende zviwane mari yakaenzana, zvichitungamirira kumitemo yemari yezvikoro yakakurumbira.
  • Matare ehurumende akaputsa mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzepachivande, yakadai sokuongorora kusina pamutemo kana kuti ganhuriro pachisarudzo chokubereka kudarika ganhuriro dzehurumende.
  • Vakaputsa zvirongwa zvehurumende zvemitero zvinoremedza zvisina kururama mapoka akati kana kuti kuputsa zvitsama zvemitemo zvakafanana.

Iri basa sebazu rakaenzana rehurumende rinokosha mukuchengeta paradzano yamasimba. Pasina mutongi mukuru anokwanisa kuhwirudzura zviito zvemitemo nezvomukuru mukuru, dzikamo yesimba yaizorembera nenzira ine ngozi kuvoruzhinji kana kuti vakuru vakuru. Se American Bar Association inotsanangura, matare anoiswa munzvimbo dzakasiana kudzivirira maruramiro mashoma pazvishuvo zvakakurumbira.

Ganhuriro Pakuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare reHurumende harina kuganhurirwa musimba raro. Dzinongonzwa bedzi mhaka idzo dzinopa “nhau kana kuti gakava chairoiro” – hadzipi mirangariro yenhema. Uyezve, matare anowanzozviisa pasi pedare panhau dzemitemo, kurova mitemo bedzi apo inoputsa zvakajeka bumbiro remitemo. Iyi murairo webumbiro remitemo [ unovimbisa kuti matare haasati ava pamutemo mukuru. Kunyanguvezvo, apo mitsetse yapamutemo inodzorwa, matare ehurumende ane zvose zviri zviviri chiremera nebasa rokupindira.

Matambudziko Nezvatisingakwanisi Kuita Mumatare Ehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rawo rinokosha, matare ehurumende anoshanda mudzvinyiriro huru idzo dzinogona kudzivisa mano awo okuita kuti mitemo iteererwe nenzira inobudirira uye nenzira yakarurama.

Kuwanda Kwemhosva Nevadzori

Dare rehurumende rinobata chiverengero chikuru chenhau gore rimwe nerimwe – kazhinji mamirioni pahurumende imwe. Iyi dzvinyiriro yedocket inogona kutungamirira ku inodzorwa nemitemo, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaguta. Kunonoka kunotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vamiriri vari kumirira kutongwa mutorongo (pamhosva dzoutsotsi) kana kuti kutsvaka mirairo yedziviriro muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo. COVID-19 dendalm yakatsiva idzi matare akawanda anomisa kutonga kwemwedzi mizhinji. Kunyange nguva yepandemu yedare redare redare redare redare.

Kutadza Kuwana Mari

Dare rehurumende rinobhadharwa mari kupfurikidza nebhajeti rehurumende, idzo dzinowanzova pasi peganhuriro dzezvematongerwe enyika. Mitemo mizhinji yedare inorwisana nevashandi vasina kukwana, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwechinyakare, uye zvivako zvisina kukwana. Kupfuudza maperero [ kunogona kuguma: vatongi vashoma zvikuru kuti vabate nyaya dzinokwira. Kuwana kune ganhuriro kuvadziri vehurumende kana kuti yamuro yapamutemo, kunoderedza kodzero yezano. Kukwanisa kushandisa gadziriro dzokutarisira nhau dzazvino uno dzinovandudza budiriro pamutemo. Kurovedza kwokuva vatongi navashandi vedare panhau dzinomuka (g., ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, nokuda kwoufakazi).

Brennan Center for Justice yakapupurira kusekesa kwenguva refu kunotyisidzira kusvika kumatare ehurumende munyika yose.

Kusarudza Kutonga Nokuzvimirira

Masarudzo anoitwa vatongi vehurumende - kana kuti kupfurikidza nesarudzo, kugadza, kana kuti maruramiro anotapura kuzvitonga kwavo. Munzvimbo umo vatongi vanotarisana nesarudzo, funganyo pamusoro pemipiro inopesvedzera zvisarudzo dzinopfuurira. kuzvitonga kwechiJUDHA] kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo kusina rusaruro; pasina iko, matare angapesvedzerwa nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti murangariro wavose panzvimbo pokuva nomutemo. Nharo hurusa dzinobva pakuzvidavirira dzinogona kutungamirira kukusava nechangarati kana kuti kuzvidavirira. Kutaura kwakawanda kwakagamuchirwa kusarudzwa kwomutemo; kana kusina kudaro, matare angapedzerwa kukuva anodzorwa kweidzo, asi pamusoro pomuitiro wemitemo yakanakisisa.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Musiyano mukuru uripo pakati pezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvakaderera nezvinogamuchirwa zvine mwero vanhu vamwe navamwe uye kuvapo kwamabasa apamutemo anobhadharika. Mumatare ehurumende, chikamu chikuru chezvikamu zvinooneka pro (kana pasina mumiririri wegweta), zvikurukuru mumutemo wemhuri, kudzingwa, uye nhau duku. Pasina kunyorwa kwapamutemo kwapamutemo, ava vanhu vangarwisa kunzvera miitiro yakaoma, zvinoguma nezvibereko zvisina kururama. matare akagamuchira kupfurikidza nokuita nzvimbo dzokuzviyamura, kupfavisa, uye kugadzira zvigadzikiso zvemichina zvinoyera, asi mukaha unoramba wakafara.

Ukama Huri Pakati PeHurumende Nematare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende harishandi mukuparadzaniswa; rutivi rwegadziriro yamatare maviri ayo anogoverana chiremera nematare ehurumende.

Kurayira Kwenguva Yacho

Nhau dzakawanda dzinogona kuiswa muimwe dare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mhatsa dzenhau dzeugari hwemo (uko mapoka anobva kunyika dzakasiana uye chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000) chinogona kutongwa mudare rehurumende asi zviri mudare rehurumendewo. Nenzira yakafanana, nhau dzehurumende (dziri pasi pedare reU.S. Constitution kana kuti mutemo wehurumende) dzinogona dzimwe nguva kuunzwa mudare rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo matare ehurumende ane chiremera chapoga chenzvimbo dzakati sehumbi neregeredzo. Apo mhaka inoiswa mudare rehurumende asi ingagona kuunzwa mudare rehurumende, mhaka inopomerwa inga “mubatanidzwa”. iyi gadziriro inoumbwa nehurumende inogona kubvumirwa nokuda kwezvidzoresoko asi inoitawo kuva yakaoma.

Supremacy uye Kuedzwa

Apo mitemo yehurumende neyomubatanidzwa inorwisana, kuva mutevedzeri wemitemo yaClaus weU.S. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti matare ehurumende ashandise mutemo wehurumende uye kusava nesimba romutemo wehurumende unorwisana. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende anodudzira ndokushandisa mutemo wehurumende muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nezvinotaurwa nebumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo, uye kudzoserazve. Dare gurusa redare pakupedzisira rinohwirudzura dare redare rehurumende rinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende yehurumende, kuvimbisa kubatana kwomutemo wenyika munyika yose. Kunzvera uku kunobva pakakwirira kunosimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende.

Kuva Munhu Wose uye Kutenda Kwakazara Nebanza

Matare ehurumende anobatira pamwewo mumativi marefu – Hurumende imwe neimwe inofanira kuremekedza kutonga kwedzimwe nyika pasi pe Kutenda kwakazara neCurbe Claus. Somuenzaniso, murairo wechatanuro wakapiwa muCalifornia ungazivikanwa muTexas. Iyi nheyo inodzivisa kuganhurirwa kusingagumi mumitsetse yenyika uye inotsigira kuchengetwa kwemitemo munyika yose. Mukuwedzera, pasi pedzidziso ye kubatana , matare angabatira kuzvimwe zvisarudzo zvedzimwe mirangariro nemhaka yokuremekedzana, kunyange zvazvo mwero wokuzviisa pasi perefureji inosiyana.

Kutapura Sosaiti Nokushanduka - shanduka Kwomutemo

Kuchinja kwakawanda kwemitemo kwakatangira mukutonga kwehurumende, kubva mukuva nekodzero dzeroorano (Obergefell asati asvika) uye kudzivirirwa kwemhoteredzo kuti zvivhoteredze kodzero uye kuti ruramisiro igadziriswe.

Kuvandudza Kupfurikidza Nezvisarudzo zveDare reHurumende

Nemhaka yokuti matare ehurumende anodudzira mabumbiro emitemo nemirau nenzira yakazvimirira, anogona kuedza nemitoo yakasiana kuzvinetso zvapamutemo. Iyi dimikirano yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu [[[FLT: 1] inoshanda kumatare sapane masangano. Somuenzaniso:

  • Mamwe matare ehurumende akaziva zvisakiso zvakadai so “kupa nhamo yendangariro kwamanomano” kana kuti“ kupindira kwokuva woga kupfurikidza nokupinda paumwe” mirangariro iyoyo isati yawana nhevedzano yorudzi.
  • Zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende pamusoro pokutenda kwakanaka kwechibvumirano uye kutengeserana kwakarurama zvakapesvedzera mutemo wezvokutengeserana munyika yose.
  • Zvisarudzo zvokutonga pamusoro pokubatana kwechikoro uye mari yechikoro inotsigirwa nenzira yakaenzana zvakaparira chinjo dzemitemo munyika dzakawanda.

Iyi mirau inoratidzira kuti matare ehurumende haasati ari vamanikidzi vasingaiti basa asi vatori rutivi vanoshingaira mukutangwa kunopfuurira kwechirevo chapamutemo.

Kuvimba Nehurumende uye Kururamisira

Kushanda kwekuchengetwa kwomutemo kupfurikidza nematare ehurumende pakupedzisira kunotsamira pakuvimbwa navanhu. Kana vagari vemo vachirangarira matare seakarurama, asingasaruri, uye ane unyanzvi, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanowirirana nemirairo yedare ndokuremekedza mutemo. Nenzira inopesana, fungidziro dzinorangarirwa kana kuti kusakwanisa kushata kunokanganisa kuva pamutemo. matare ehurumende anoisa mari yakawanda mu [ mapurogiramu edzidzo [ kuti avake kuvimba, kubatanidza nzanga, kubatanidza makambani, marusarudzo edare, uye zvishandiso zvokuratidza napaipi. Kuchengeta chivimbo ichocho idenho inopfuurira, zvikurukuru munhambo yokupanikira kunzvimbo dzinowedzera.

mhedziso

Dare reHurumende ndiro mabhiza ebasa edare renyika dzeAmerica, anoshandisa udzori hwakafara kumanikidza mitemo murutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu. Kuvambira pakukwikwidza kwoutsotsi kusvikira kukakavadzano dzavagari vemo, kuvambira pakuhwirudzura kwebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kunhau dzemhuri, ivo vanovimbisa kuti kutonga kwomutemo kunoshanda pamwero wehurumende. Chiremera chavo, nepo chikuru, chinodzorwa neganhuriro dzepfuma, dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuoma kwemiitiro yedare. Bva, basa ravo rinoramba riri madikanwa: vanogovera nzvero yeruramisiro yehurumende, uye manyuko ebasa repamutemo. Kunzwisisa nzvimbo yakazara yebasa ravo kunobetsera vagari vemo vanonzwisisa basa rehurumende rinona kudzorwa mukuchengeta nhevedzano, kudzivirira, uye kufambira mberi zvakanaka.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende netapuro yaro, rangarira zviwanikwa zvinobva ku Brennan Center yeRuramisiro paState Courts ne Center yeNational for State Courts.