Masangano eUnited States anodzorwa namasangano eDemocratic and Republican, asi vada kubhabhatidzwa vakazvimirira uye vari chikamu chechitatu vakaita basa ramatevedzero uye kazhinji kazhinji rine pesvedzero mukuumba sarudzo nehurukuro dzezvematongerwe enyika. Nepo ava vanokwidza basa guru vasingawanzohwinwi, kuvapo kwavo kunosunda mapoka makuru kuti akurukure nhau dzinofuratirwa, kuchinja simba rokuvhota, uye kutanga nharo pamusoro pekuchinja kwemajeri. Nyaya ino inonzvera midzi yenhau, zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye migumisiro inooneka yavazvimiririri uye vapapatiri vechitatu, vachitora mienzaniso mikuru uye mashoko kubva munhau yezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica.

Nhoroondo Yaiitika Nezvekuzvimirira uye Zvikamu Zvechitatu

Masangano echitatu ave ari rutivi runodzokororwazve rwezvamatongerwe enyika zveUnited States chifo cheRepublic yapakuvamba.

Mapati Echitatu Apakuvamba (Zana Ramakore Rechi 19)

Party Anti-Masonic (1828-1838) yakanga iri chikamu chechitatu chikuru, ichiisa kusava nechivimbo kumasangano epachivande kwakapararira. Yakatanga muitiro wokuva nekokorodzano dzorudzi, tsika yakagamuchirwa gare gare namapoka makuru. Free Solil (1888:854]) yakashora kukura kwouranda mundima dzokumadokero, ichitsigira kubva kumativi ose ari maviri okumusoro Democrates ne Whigs. Kunyange zvazvo isina kutongowana nzvimbo inodzorwa, chikuva chayo chakabetsera kubvisa gakava renyika yose uye pakupedzisira kuumbwa kweRiphabliki. Mumwe muenzaniso mukuru wakanga uri chiwiriranwa [Foptic: 35] Chikamu chaMabvalk [5] Chikamu [5] [5] Chikamu chamarevo) [18] Chikamu chamato chamarukira pamutemo, kunyange zvazvo chisina kubuda mukuparodzodzodzodzodzo yakaitwa mumarudzi akawanda, mashoma.

Mapati Ezana Rechitatu Remakore

[[FLT: 0] Party yeChiteshi chaMakurusa [[[FLT: 1] [12], ichitungamirirwa naaichimbova Purezidenti Theodore Rooseverow Wilson, inoramba iri imwe yenhimbe dzechitatu dzinochetura. Roosevelt yakashatisa mubato wemumubatanidzwa weRepublic William Howard Taft, kuwina 27% wevhoti yakakurumbira na 88 inovhota mavhoti. Kunyange zvazvo akarasikirwa neDemocratewoodwal Wilson, “Bull Moose" [5] [1] kubatanidza suffge, awa se8, uye kudzorwa kwemari inodzorwa kwemasangano kuti igamuchire namarudzi makuru okuwedzera. Gare gare gare gare, [FFFot] chikamu chamasvoluendimu chikashandurudzo chama.[194]

Matambudziko Akasangana Navanhu Vanozvimirira Nevanopinda Munzvimbo Dzechitatu

Vanoda kuzvimirira uye chikamu chechitatu vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzakawanda dzezvivako nedzemifungo izvo zvinoita kuti kuwina basa kuve kwakaoma nenzira yechienzi. Idzi mhinganidzo hadzina tsaona; dzinobva mumitemo nemirairo zvinotsigira mapoka makuru maviri.

Ganhuriro Dzokuwana Dzinodzorwa Nebharuti

Hurumende imwe neimwe inogadza mitemo yayo imene nokuda kwokupinda, uye yakawanda inoisa zvinodikanwa zviduku, mitengo yokukumbira, uye misi yakagadzwa. Somuenzaniso, muna 2020, mugoverani wechitatu wapurezidhendi anoda zvisaini zvinoda vanenge 300 000 kuti zvioneke pabhorati muruwa dzose 50, basa rinodyira mazana ezviuru zvemadhora. Manyika akafanana naTexas, Georgia, uye Ohio ane mitemo yakaganhurana, inoda kuti mutendi aunganidze nhamba inoenzana neyosengwa yevhota yokupedzisira yegartaria. Iyi miganhu yakagadzirirwa kuderedza kurongedzesa asi kuvhara zvinobudirira kuvana vapfumi vemabato makuru. Maererano ne[FOLD:]

Kutsigira Mari Yakasiyana

Vanoda kupiwa mari inosanoumbwa vanobetserwa nemibatanidzwa yemari inoiswa, PCs huru, uye gadziriro dzemari dzavose idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinobvisa mativi echitatu. Federal Evolution Commission inoda kuti padavi 5% yevhoti yakakurumbira murusarudzo rwakapfuura ikwaniriswe nokuda kwemari yavose yavose. Kuvada kuzviisa pasi, chikumbaridzo chakatokwirira zvikuru. Muna 2020, Trump naBiden zvakakwikwidza mabhiriyoni $4, nepo Liberian nonricee Jorgen akamutsa inenge $5.5.5.8.5a reshiyo yemari inenge 1.

Zvinobudisa Nhau uye Kuonekwa Kwavose

Nhepfenyuro huru dzenhau dzinoda kufukidza sarudzo senhangemutange yemabhiza maviri, dzichipa vada kutora chikamu chechitatu nguva shoma kana kuti nzvimbo yokudhinda. Nzvero ya2016 yakaitwa neBerkman Klein Center paHarvard yakawana kuti kufukidzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau kwavakada kupera kwechitatu mukati merusarudzo rwavose kwakanga kusingatombovipo, kazhinji kazhinji kunowirirana nokunzvera kunopfuura daro rebhiza retatu rezvikamu kuti vaigona here kana kuti mugumisiro. Pavangafukidzwa, kazhinji kazhinji munzwi rinodzikira kana kuti rinotsoropodza. Uku kushaikwa kwokufutunukira kunosimbisa kuti vapatu vedaviri havagoni kubetsera.

Kupindura uye “Kutaura Kwakavhiringidzwa”

Zvichida mhinganidzo ine simba zvikurusa ichitendero chakapararira chokuti vhoti yomunhu akazvimirira kana kuti chikamu chechitatu “yakasimbiswa.” Mumukundi anotora gadziriro yose yokuvhota, vavhoti vanozengurira kutsigira muvhoti anoratidzika kuva asingakundwi, vachitya kuti vhoti yavo ichabetsera kusarudza muvhoti mukuru wavasingadi zvikuru. Uku kuvhota kunosimbiswa nemapoka makuru uye namapepanhau. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti yapurezidhendi 2000, Ralph Nader Nader akagamuchira 2,7% yevhoti yenyika, uye Democrats zhinji dzakamupomera mhaka nokuda kwokukunda A Gore muFlorida. Kana kuti ikoko kwakanga kwakarurama, kurondedzera pfungwa iyoyo yechitatu inotakura ngozi huru.

Kubatsira Kunoita Kusarudza uye Hurukuro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Pasinei zvapo nemhinganidzo idzi, vanoda kuzvimirira uye chikamu chechitatu vanopesvedzera purogiramu, mitoo yokuvhota, uye pane dzimwe nguva vanomanikidza vanhu vakuru kuti vachinjire kana kuti kunangana nemigumisiro yokusarudza.

Kuchinja Agenda Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Vanoda kupiwa chikamu chechitatu vanowanzonangidzira ngwariro nhau idzo mapoka makuru anoramba kana kuti kuzvidza. Simbiso yeGreen Party pachinjo yomugariro wokunze mukuvamba kwama 2000 yakabetsera kusimudzira muitiro wemhoteredzo panzvimbo yeDemocratic pure. Musi waRoss Perot 1992 ngwariro papereve renyika yakamanikidzira Bill Clinton naGeorge H.W. Bush kubudisa zvirongwa zvemari inoiswa mari inoiswa murutivi rwapasi. Vaiti veLibertrian Party yeIrty yet yechinjo dzemirimo, ruramisiro yeutsotsi, uye bhizimisi rapachena rapesvedzera nzvimbo dzose dziri mbiri kumativi ezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo boka rechitatu rinoita kuti riwane zvirongwa zvikuru zvokubvisa mativi aro okudzoka shure.

Mugumisiro Wokushatisa

Mumhikano dzakasanokwikwidza, vada kutora vechitatu vanogona kuchinja muuyo kupfurikidza nokunyora vhoti kubva kumumwe mugovera mukuru. muuyo wezvisarudzo une simba zvikurusa apo mutengi wechitatu anoteterera kunzvimbo inotsamira kuboka guru. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Ralph Nader muna 2000 (sezvingabvira kuparira kuti Gore sarudzo), Jill Stein muna 2016 (zvikamu zvinosiana patatiswo dzake), uye George Wallace muna 1968 (kubatanidza vhota redhiyo yeDhemocratic). Nepo vhiti yakapambwa ichiwanzova inokatutsiridza, iitiro chaiyoiyo inogona kumisa kutsigira kubva kumapati echitatu uye kutungamirira nokuda kwokuvandudza.

Vari Kuvhiringidzwa Nenyongori

Vavhoti vechitatu vanogonawo kusimudzira muvhoti kupfurikidza nokupinda vanhu vanonzwa vakaparadzaniswa namapati makuru. Muna 1992, nhimbe yaRoss Perot yakasimbisa mamirioni avavhoti avo vakanga vambogara pamusha, ichi chichiva mutsivi mukurusa wevondi mumakumi amakore (55.9% wechiverengero chavagari vemo vevhoti panguva yacho). Nenzira yakafanana, Libertrian naGreenter anenge akopa vaduku navaongorori vegadziriro yemativi maviri. Chibvumirano chakawedzerwa ichi chinogona kuva nemiuyo yenguva refu pakutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange kana boka rechitatu risingawinzveri.

Fundo Yenhau Yavanhu Vanongozivikanwa Nedzinoyera Nedzinoumba Zvikamu Zvechitatu

Kuongorora zvirongwa zvakati kunoratidza nzira, kubudirira, uye kutadza kuzviita pasina anozvimirira uye paanenge achida kuita chimwe chikamu chechitatu.

Ross Perot (1992, 1996)

Ross Perot, muzvinabhizimisi webhiriyoni, akakunda semunhu akazvimirira muna 1992 uye gare gare seReform Party nominee muna 1996. Nhimbe yake ya1992 yakapedza inopfuura mamiriyoni 60 emari yake amene, ichimubvumira kutenga hafu yeawa yake yemari uye kushandisa sangano munyika yose. Akawina 18.9% yevhoti yakakurumbira yechitatu yairatidzwa neTheodore Roosevelt kubvira muna 1912. Chikwereti chikuru chaPerot chakanga chiri chikwereti chaikura chenyika yose, uye akashandisa mashati okutsanangura migumisiro yayo refu yenguva. Basa rake rakasimba rakamanikidzirwa kupindura mutoro mukuru. Muna 1996, Perlot 8.4% yevhoti, asi pakupedzisira panhau yeRevota.

Ralph Nader (200 000, 2004, 2008)

Mutsigiri weSangano raMarudzi Ralph Nader akamhanya saGreen Party nominee muna 2000 na2004, uye seaizvimirira muna 2008. Nhimbe yake ya 2000 yakanangidzira ngwariro pasimba resangano, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye kutarisirwa kwezveutano hwepasi pose. Akagamuchira 2,74% yevhoti yerudzi, asi muFlorida, hurumende yakasarudzwa ne537, Nader . Nader akagamuchira mavhoti anopfuura 97 000. Democrates akapikisa kuti Nader “ard". Sarudzo yeAl Gore. Nader amene akapikisana izvi, achinongedzera kuzvimwe zvinhu sechisarudzo cheDare guru reBash muBash v. Endai uye nhamba huru yeDhemocracratic cover uyo akavhoverse yairira mhaka yenyonganiso. Pasinei zvapo nokukanwa kwenhau yenhau yenhau renyika yose.

Jesse Ventura (1998)

Jesse Ventura, aichimbova mutsigiri wemibatanidzwa weFoto yeReform Party nokuda kwagavhuna weMinnesota muna 1998. Achivakira pakangaidziko nemapoka makuru maviri, akakwidza nhimbe pachikuva chedaviti yedanga refiscal, rusununguko rwenzanga, uye kuchinja kwehurumende. Akawina 37% vevhoti munhangemutange yenhangemutange yenhano nhatu, achikunda vose vari vaviri veRepublican ne Democratic in Cumbertants. Rukundo rwaVentura rwakaratidzira kuti muteshi wechitatu wezvikamu zvehurumende yaigona kuwina nzvimbo yose mumugariro wamakwikwikwi makuru. Sagarire, akaita mutero wenzvimbo yebhizimisi wechirongwa chemari uye akasimudzirazve bhizimisi, kunyange zvazvo akakunda kurwisana kwenharo yenharo yenharo uye asina kutsvaka kuhwina budiriro yezvipfumi zvehurumende.

Basa Rezvikamu Zvechitatu Mukuvandudza Mitemo

Kupfuura nhimbe dzakaitwa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe, mativi echitatu akabatira kare samarabhoritari emitemo ayo gare gare anogamuchirwa zvikuru. Chikumbiro chePopulist Party chemutero unofambira mberi nokusarudza kwakananga kwavanemitengi chakava kugadziriswa kwemitemo yebumbiro-siseko muna 1913. Kusimbiswa kwechikwata cheNacional Party nokuda kwemaawa masere ebasa, inishuwarensi yeurovhasi, uye Social Security yakagamuchirwa neNew Deactive. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Liberian Party’s kuss recureation, rusununguko rwezvokurapa, uye kuvhinzi rweFederal Reservel Reservey yakapesvedzera mapoka ose ari maviri makuru. Green Parvet inosimudzira kusimba resitorendiyo, uye kugadzirirwa kwemari yakawanawo muturakiti rezvikamu. Mukuwirirana neP.[FF]

Kuchinja Kunoita Vanhu Neramangwana Revanhu Vanozvimirira

Kupfuurira kwevanoda kuzvisarudzira nevechitatu, kwakakuchidzira zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja mavakirwo. . RANDV inovhota-choice. Iyi tsika inoderedza “chinetso chepoler”, sezvo Revolution ichigona kutsigira chikamu chechitatu chenzvimbo yavo pasina kutya kuvhota. Mu 2020, Alaska C, kana pasina mutengi anowana mukuru, uye 2022, Mary Certacrates anowana. Gamende inoderedza kuvhota. Sangano inoderedza kudzorwa kwe “chipori, sezvo Revota inogona kutsigira frate-kamu chitatu pasina rutyo kuvhotera kwavo. Mune 202, anogamuchirwa neboka rimwe chete. Mune chiverengero chakaoma chinobvumirwa kuvhotera. Mune dzimwe nguva dzose dzinoda kufanana naSarse.[2]

Zvikarakadzo zvakadai sokuderedza zvikumbaridzo zvokupinda, kugovera mari yavose nokuda kwamativi matatu, uye kugamuchira mimiriri yemibatanidzwa yezvigaro zvewirirano inovavarirawo kuenzanisa nzvimbo yokutamba. Fairvote inoramba kuti chinjo dzakadaro dzingawedzera chisarudzo chavavhoti nokutora rutivi nepo dzichideredza muganhu wepasi. Zvisinei, chinjo huru dzinotarisana nechishoro chakasimba chinobva kumapoka makuru maviri, ayo anobetserwa negadziriro yazvino.

Kufamba Kwezvirongwa ZvechiNgezi Nezvikamu Zvechitatu

Muma2020, mafambiro matsva echitatu amuka. [[FLT: 0] Party yeLubériarian yakabvunzurudzwa nguva dzose mu 1-3% mukusarudzo kwapurezidhendi, naGary Johnson achiwina 3.3% muna 2016. Garty Party yakatarisana nerwisano dzomukati asi inoramba ichishanda pamwero womunzvimbomo. Mu202020, “vadatendi, saKanye West, vakaedza kuwana blat, kunyange zvazvo vazhinjisakundikana. Ukokukura, kukwira kwezvinobudisa nhau kwakabvumira vapangiri vemanyuko akasununguka kudarika vateshi, mari uye kuvaka vatengidzira mari muboka ramakurusaidzoro, uye kutevera kupfurikidza neTwikbe, Tkik, uye Tokik, Token, Toeven, Took, Tove.[5]

mhedziso

Vazvimiriri navagoverani vechitatu havasi vapamberi pezvisarudzo zveAmerica. Vane nhau yakapfuma yokuunza nhau itsva pamberi, vachipesvedzera zvikamu zvikuru zvenzvimbo dzapamberi, uye vachiwana nguva nenhambo. Zvikanganidzo zvavo zvenzvimbo dzekuwana , kutsigira miganhu, kutsigira, kusava nehanya, uye kusava nechokwadi. Sezvinoramba inotyisa, asi kusagutsikana kuri kukura nenzvimbo inogarwa nenzvimbo yezvikamu zvinopesana. Electoral projectal, zvikurukuru kuvhotera kwakarongwa, kunogona kuderedza muuyo weparation, uye kuita kuti vapangi vetatu vezvikamu zvipfurira vashave vari nani. Sezvinoita kuti nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzive dzinovandudzikandwa, dzakazvimirira uye dzechitatu dzinopfuurira kubatira secherekedzo parutivi rweduro, zvimwewo kuti dzirambe dzichidzorwa.