Basa Rokuronga Mutemo Wemitemo Wapanguva Yacho

Murangariro we donzo remavambo unopfuurira kuumba dudziro yokutonga yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., uchibatira sechinhu chinokosha mukurukurirano pamusoro pomuitiro webumbiro remitemo. Uku kududzira kuti matare anofanira kusarudza revo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokunzvera izvo zvipfeko namaratifiero zvakada apo vakanyoresa nokugamuchira chinyorwa. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvakabatanidzwa nejurisprudence, vavariro yapakuvamba yakatendeukira kudiro yakatanhamara yerondedzero yapamutemo ine revo dzinoshanda nokuda kwenhau dzazvino uno.

Hwaro Hwoudzori Hwapakuvamba Hwakasimba

Kurondedzera Mashoko Apakuvamba Nezvinorehwa Namashoko Apakuvamba

Kunokosha kusiyanisa donzo rapakuvamba nerevo yavanhu yemavambo. Nharidzano yokutanga inonangidzira ngwariro pazvinangwa nevavariro zvemaforamendi, nepo revo yavanhu vose yapakuvamba ichinzvera kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yacho aizova akanzwisisa sei rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo. Vatangi vazvino uno vanowanzoda kutsigira kusvika kwapashure, sezvo inodzivisa chinetso chevavambi vamanyoresi vakasiyana - siyana uye vawirirane nenheyo dzemipimo yemipimo yeminyorero. Vatsigiriki vakadai saMutongi Antonin Scialia akatsigira revo yavanhu vose, vachipikisa kuti kutsigarika kweTsition kunotsamira parevo yadzo yakateswa panzvimbo pezvinodiwa zvokutonga.

Kutanga Munhau Kwedzidziso Yapakuvamba Yakatenderwa

Mavambo evavariro apakuvamba anosvika kudzokera shure kuRepublic yapakuvamba. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall mu [FL: 0] Marbury v. Madison (1803) akanyora kuti Dare rinofanira kusarudza revo yeBumbiro remitemo, kureva dikanwo yokunzwisisa pfungwa yaro yapakuvamba. Muzana ramakore rechi19, matare aiwanzodudza nharo dzevamiriri neFederast Paper senhungamiro dzinodudzirwa. Sangano razvino uno razvino rinofanira kuwana pesvedzero mu 1970 na 1980s, rinotsigirwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadai saRobert Bork naRao Berger, uyo akataura kuti vavariro yapakuvamba inogovera, nheyo dzokusatora rutivi rwomutemo. Iri sangano rakadenha "bumbiro remitemo inopfumbira mukati muganhu wokwamiteveri renyika".

Kutanga Kududzira Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro Romutemo Razvino Uno

Kuumba Nharo: ChiShona chinopesana. Kudavira Bumbiro Romutemo Kupenyu

Gakava riri pakati pevavariro yapakuvamba nebumbiro remitemo rinoramba riri chinhu chikuru kuhurukuro yapamutemo yenguva ino. Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vanotsinhirana kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kuchinjira kutsika netsika, richidudza mashoko akafara echinyorwa akadai se "muitiro wokukurumidza" uye "kudzivirira kwakaenzana" vanopesana kuti kuchinjika kwakadaro kunosekesa mutemo uye kunopa vatongi simba risingadzoreki kumanikidza mirangariro yavo yomunhu oga. Iyi haisi kurukurirano yedzidzo bedzi; inopesvedzera miuyo muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza maruramiro epfuti, kubvisa mimba, simba rapamusoro, uye udzori.

Vatsoropodzi vanowanzonongedzera kuNinth Amendment uye maropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira mashoko semienzaniso umo kunzvera kwenhau kuri madikanwa kudzivisa kuita chiito chokutonga.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapanyika Dzapamberi Pedare

Ruwa rwaColumbia v. Heller (2008)

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Heller inomira sechiratidzo chazvino uno chepfungwa dzepakuvamba. Mumurangariro 5-4 wakanyorwa neMutongi Scalia, Dare rakaramba kuti Second Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu yokuva nepfuti yake amene mumusha. Voruzhinji vakaita kunzvera kukuru kwenhau kwerugwaro rwechinjo, kutanga kunzwisisa, uye kutsinhira kwapashure. Scalia akanzvera mutemo weChirungu, mitemo inodzorwa navanhu vose, uye kurukurirano kubva kunguva yokutanga kumhedziso kuti "chakarurama chavanhu" chinonongedzera kukodzero dzevanhu, kwete kukodzero dzavo. Hurumende yaStevention, yakatsigirawo zvikuru renhau, revo rekare, rinowirirana nechipikirwa zvebasa. Scalia akanzvera mutemo wechiNgezi, pamutemo wechiNgeri, mamiriro ezvinhu enhau dzekare, kunyange pamiitiro yenhau yekare.

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022)

Kuvakwa pa Heller, Dare mu Bruen rakataura muedzo mutsva weMitemo yeChipiri yeMitemo yePramende yakavakirwa parugwaro nenhau bedzi. Mutongi Thomas akaramba murangariro wezvokutsiva kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwekurangarira kana murairo wazvino uno uno uno unowirirana negamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfumburu. Iyi chisarudzo chinosunda vavariro yapakuvamba kuidzorwa kwemitemo yemitemo, ichida matare akaderera kuti aite nzvero huru. Vatsoropotete iyi inoisa mutoro usiri wechokwadi pahurumende uye maruramiro echinyakare, nepo inorumbidza nokuda kwokudzorera kutendeseka kwebumbiro remitemo.

Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Chisarudzo chapamhindi parurimi rwechiNgezi [[FLT:] Roe v. Wade uye [[FLT]]][[FLT]]] yakakangwawo zvikuru pamiitiro yemavambo echinjo. Mutongi Alto akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harisati richipa kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri nemhaka yokuti harina kudzika midzisa zvikuru munhau yenyika negamuchidzanwa. Murangariro wakanzverwa weChirungu, miramiramira, uye pamutemo kubva kunguva yamavambo muzana ramakore rechi19, kugumisa kuti kubvisa mimba hakuna kudzivirirwa nokutevererwa kwechi. Tsipiti yeGenetic Tho. Thomateme anokarakadza kurangarirazve, kana kuti kutsanangurazve kutsanangura mashandiro azvo.[5]

Kutanga Mumatare Echibharo Akaderera

Kupfuura Dare rapamusorosoro, kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakazara mifungo yedare yakaderera, zvikurukuru mumatunhu ane vatongi vane tsika dzakatsiga. Munhau dzinobatanidza rusununguko rworudzidziso, kodzero dzezvinhu, uye muitiro woutsotsi, vatongi vanowedzera kududza miitiro yenhau namanyuko okuvamba. Iyi kombamiro yakatungamirira kuboka rinokura re "nhau negamuchidzanwa" jurisprudence, inoda kuti vatsigiri vaparidzire ufakazi hukuru hwenhau. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT: 0] Shunicience Clausce zvinetso, matare akanzvera kana mitoro yakafanana yorudzidziso iripo pakuvamba kutema nzvimbo yokudzivirira. Chinjo iyi yakanyandura kubatira pamwero mukuru pakati pomutemo nenhau, nyanzvi dzinobva mumigovedza yose iri mipamugoto yezvikamu zvedzidzo zvedzidzo zvedzidzo.

Kuitisana Nharo Kwenyanzvi Nemazita

Chinetso Chokufunga Kuda Kuziva

Vatsoropodzi vanomutsa denho dzinoverengeka kurondedzero yedonzo rapakuvamba. Chokutanga, mafream akanga asina mirangariro yakasiana- siyana uye yaiwanzopesana. Kubvumirana kwakadzikamiswa muBumbiro remitemo . zvakadai seTsatu-fifth Clause kana kuti Electoral Colleges yezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pezvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuda kudimburwa "ivavariro" kunoda kuti nzvimbo idzi dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi tsve, idzo dzinogona kuva dzinofungwa nenzira yadzikarirwa. Chechipiri, chinyorwa chenhau hachina kukwana. Tine zvinyorwa zvakabva kuConstigate Convention, zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzechakavanzika. Mapepa anopesvedzera, neposeitwero yemite yemite yemite yemitengo yazvino unovakwa nazvinopfuutsa kumira mberi kwemitenziro yebasa?

Kufunga Kwokutanga Nechinetso Chokutanga

Chimwe chirevo chinonetsa ukama hwemavambo nechekurangarira. Chitendero chapakuvamba chakachena chingakarakadza kuti chisarudzo chipi nechipi chinopesana nerevo yapakuvamba chinofanira kudzorwa. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kwenguva refu ukoshi hwemipimo yefariro nechekutsamira. Vatongi avo vari vatangi kazhinji kazhinji vanofanira kushandisa kusawirirana: kuvimbika kwomuenzaniso kuwirirano nerevo yapakuvamba. Mutongi Scialia akabvuma iyi dzvinyiriro mumurangariro wake wakaparadzana [[FLT:] [FLT:[FFF:1]], kwete kuti mienzaniso mirefu yokumira (se [FLT:]]]]].[5]

Chido Chokutanga Chokuchinja Kwegumi Negumi

Nzvimbo yakakwikwidzana zvikurukuru inzwisiso yapakuvamba yeKineth Amendment. Yakasimbiswa muna 1868, kugadziridzwa kune Nhevedzo yeChiteshi chaMadokero chaClaus, Eult Clause, uye Ropanonio kana kuti Immunion Claus. Mukati mekurukurirano dzeConconionational, Repadentionals yakaratidzira chinangwa chapakuvamba chokutonga Dred Scott v. Sandford[[FL]] [[FLT] [1] uye kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo evoruzhinji. Zvisinei, mwero chaiwo wedziviriro iwayo inofukidza rusununguko rwemari, uhurengo, kana kuti roorano youhurego. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti varododokeri vadzore kubatanidza kodzero dzaMagariro avanhu vose muChibvumirano chavagari vemo chavanhu. Zvisinei, kupfupikisa maruramiro echipoka apakuvamba, kupfupikisa maruramiro echibvumirano chedzinza.

Somuenzaniso, mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), murangariro mukurusa wakapa kodzero yokuroorana kwevatano yakafanana muGuertive Claus, uchisimbisa kuti rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo runoshanduka. Ruramisiro Scalia yakaseka iyi se "kurarama mubumbiro remitemo" uye yakaomerera kuti vavariro yapakuvamba yeGamende-Premende ye14th yakanga isina chinhu chokuita neroorano imwe cheteyo. Nhevero dzinokwikwidzana dzinosimbisa kuti vavariro dzapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinotungamirira kumigumisiro inowirirana nemigariro ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika; vamwe vapakuvamba vakareve vanotsigira nokuda kwedziviriro huru yakavakirwa paufakazi hwenhau.

Nhamburiko Dzinoshanda Dzokushandisa Mutemo Wapakuvamba Wapanguva Yacho

Kutapura Kurayira uye Mutemo Unodzora

Nhevedzo yedonzo rapakuvamba haisati ichingopesvedzera bedzi hwirudzuro yedare asiwo kuronga kwemitemo nokudzorwa kwemitemo. Vaiti vemitemo pane dzimwe nguva vanodudza nzwisiso yapakuvamba yesimba rehurumende pasi peChongedzero Claus kana kuti Nhete naSano Claus kuti varuramise kana kuti vadzore chiito chehurumende. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, denho kuAffordcable Care Act uye mimwe mitemo yehurumende zvakakumbira nharo dzapakuvamba pamusoro pechiremera chakagadzwa chehurumende chakagadzwa. Chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro rehurumende mu NFIB v. Sebelius[FLD][FLT] [202], izvo zvakaganhurira bhizimisi rokudzivisa kufukidza kushanda, kuratidzwa kwenheyo yemitemo yapakuvamba kunyange sezvo voruzhinji vakatsigira murairo mumwe nomumwe pasi pemitero. Nenzira yakafanana, dzidziso yomutemo yazvino unopesana yazvino uno unoumbwa kuzivisa simba rapa pamutemo kupfurikidza neGungano.[8]

Kutanga Kuronga Kutevedzerwa Nemitemo yeHurumende

Dare guru rehurumende rinoshandisawo donzo rapakuvamba, kunyange zvazvo mabumbiro emitemo kazhinji kazhinji ari nyore kushandura uye angabatanidza magamuchidzanwa akasiyana. Mamwe matare ehurumende akagamuchira zvakajeka revo yavanhu yapakuvamba somutoo wavo mukuru. Mu McDonald v. Guta reChicago[ (2010), Dare Rapamusoro rakabatanidza Second Amendment mukurwisana nenyika, asi rakacherekedza kuti nyika dzinochengeta kuchinjika mumipimo yadzo yadzo imene. Hurumende yapakuvamba inogona kutungamirira kusiana miuyo panhau setsinharo dzedzidzo, kodzero dzezvinhu, uye muitiro woutsotsi, rinobvumira nokuda kwerapidhi reskope remitemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yaiva Yakarongerwa Pakutanga

Kubudirira Kwenyika Nemadhipatimendi

Nzvero dzeNyanga dzeNyanga dzinobatanidza rondedzero yemavambo nokuda kwezvitsoropodzo. "New astriciation" kufanana naRandy Barnett naLawrence Solum vanosimbisa revo yapakuvamba yavanhu panzvimbo pedonzo renhau, uye vanobatanidza mirangariro yakafanana nokuvakwa kwebumbiro remitemo (apo magwaro anopera) kuti vataure nezveincikisino. Dzimwe, kufanana naJack Balkin, dzinokarakadza kuti "mascripy yapakuvamba," dzirongedzei revo yeConstitution kuti revo yebumbiro remitemo ipfuure kutsanangura kwapanguva ino. Iyi donzo rokushandura pakuvamba rinobvumira kuchinjika nokuchinja kwaro apo rinoramba kuzvipira kuTsinjo yakatsiurwa. Zvisinei, vatsoropo vanoramba kuti kutsauka kupi nokuoma kwepfungwa dzepakuvamba dzinoruramisa: kururamisa.

Hurukuro Yavose Nokuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika

Chinangwa chokutanga chazova chokukurudzira mumashoko ezvematongerwe enyika. Mapurezidhendi anowedzera kugadza vatongi vanotaura kuti vakavimbika kumavambo, uye kusimbiswa kwedare kuongorora kuzvipira kwedare kunzira yacho. Uku kurongeka kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti vavariro dzapakuvamba dzinobatira sechidhingisi chapamutemo chapachokwadi kana kuti sechombo chezvombo chemigumisiro yehurumende. Nzvero dzechiEmpidhia dzinokarakadza kuti vatongi vapakuvamba havazivikanwi nguva dzose; pane dzimwe nguva vanoparira miuyo inobvumiranwa mukutonga kwoutsotsi kana kuti maruramiro ezvinhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, murangariro wavose kazhinji kazhinji unobatanidza mavambo etsika nedzidziso dzetsika.

Kutarira mberi, vavariro yapakuvamba sezvingabvira icharamba iri simba guru mumutemo webumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru rinopiwa kuumbwa kwazvino uno kwedare remitemo rehurumende. Varavi navatsi vanofanira kuva nyanzvi pakutaura kwenhau, uye nyanzvi dzichapfuurira kunatsa rondedzero. Chikumbiro chinopfuurira chedonzo rapakuvamba chiri muchipikirwa charo cherevo yakatsiga, democracy-gracy regoricism, kunyange sezvo kushandiswa kwacho kuchiramba kuchikwikwidzana zvikuru.

mhedziso

Pfungwa yevavariro yokutanga, pasinei zvapo nokutsoropodza kunopfuurira, inoramba iri chinhu chehwaro hwetsananguro yebumbiro remitemo muUnited States. Zvinopesvedzera zvisarudzo zvedare gurusa, kuumba hondo dzokusimbisa, uye kutungamirira kududzira kwepamutemo. Kunyange zvazvo pasina nzira imwe yokududzira inorayira kugamuchirwa kwepasi pose, vavariro yokutanga inopa gadziriro yakasimba yokuumba mutemo wemitemo munheyo dzenyika. Sezvo chaunga chinochinja uye zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka, kurukurirano inopfuurira pakati penyanzvi dzokutanga netsoropodzi vadzo vachapfuurira kurondedzera miganhuro yerevo yemitemo. Nokuda kwavana vazivi vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vemo, kunzwisisa basa redonzo rapakuvamba kunokosha kubatanidzwa nemitemo inoshanda sechinhu chipenyu.