Bazu Rokutonga: Guta Ramaruramiro Ebumbiro reMitemo uye Kutonga kwoMutemo

Bazu rinotonga rehurumende rinomira seshongwe yokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, rinoshanda nomutoro wakakomba wokududzira mitemo, kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro inodzorwa zvakanaka. MuUnited States, iri bazi rinoshanda somubiyaro anozvimirira kupfurikidza namapazu emitemo neanotungamirira, richigovera chenjero yakakomba pasimba rehurumende. Kunzwisisa chimiro, mabasa, uye denho dzedare rejaji kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mutemo unochengetwa sei uye kuti vagari vemo ̱ kodzero dzinodzivirirwa sei munzanga yakaoma kunzwisisa.

Kunzwisisa Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga ndirimwe ramapazu matatu akaumbwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., parutivi peChibvumirano chedare (chinoyera) nechaunga. Basa raro guru kutsanangura revo yemitemo, kupedza gakava pakati pemapati, uye kutema kana mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutonga zvichirwisana neBumbiro reMitemo. Basa iri, rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro yedare, rakaitwa mudare 1803 Marbury v. Madison uye rinoshanda sekona rejudiary ̱ simba. Kusafanana nemamwe mapazu, judiary yakagadzirirwa kuita chiito chapapuro paR12 hachigoni kuvamba kumirira zviitiko.

Gadziriro yokutonga inoshanda pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende, imwe neimwe ine dare rayo imene redare. matare eFederal anotonga nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye nhau umo hurumende yeU. Hurumende, mukupesana, dzinobata nhau zhinjisa dzehurumende nedzehurumende, kubatanidza nharo, kupesana kwemitemo yemhuri, kuputswa kwemotokari, uye kupiwa kwemhosva kwapamhiko. Iyi gadziriro yamativi maviri inovimbisa kuti ruramisiro inowanika pamwero inoverengeka apo inoremekedza kuparadzanisa masimba pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nedzehurumende.

Gadziriro Yebazu Rokutonga

Mutongi wehurumende akarongwa kuva dare rakajeka rematare, rimwe nerimwe rine simba rakasiyana nebasa. Mugadzirirwo wacho wakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mhaka dzinonzwiwa zvakakwana uye kuti zvikanganiso zvinogona kururamiswa pakukwirira.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States

Dare rapamusorosoro idare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika, rinoumbwa navatongi vapfumbamwe vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose. Basa raro guru nderokunzwa zvikumbiro kubva kumatare ehurumende akaderera uye matare makurusa panhau dzomutemo wehurumende kana kuti kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Dare rinosarudza chikamu chiduku bedzi chezviuru zvemikumbiro inochengetwa gore rimwe nerimwe ̬ nenzira inopfuura neche 80 nhau dzinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha kana kuti jambwa pakati pematare echiduku. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa ndezvokupedzisira uye zvinosunga pamamwe matare ose, zvichichiita mupi wezvigadziko yokupedzisira yerevo yebumbiro remitemo.

Matare Okukwirira eUnited States

Pasi peDare Rapamusorosoro pane 13 Dare reZvikwiriso (zvinonziwo matare edunhu). Aya matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaitwa namatare oruwa mukati medunhu rawo renzvimbo uye ane chiremera pamusoro pezvikumbiro zvinobva kumasangano ehurumende. Haasati achitora muedzo kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, boka ravatongi vatatu rinonzvera chinyorwa chinobva kudare rakaderera kuti vaone kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika izvo zvakatapura muuyo. Dare reZvikumbiro rinobatira somwero wapakati wehwirudzura uye rinoita basa rinotsoropodza mukuumba mutemo womubatanidzwa mukati mativi avo.

Matare Oruwa eUnited States

Matare eruwa ndiwo matare okutonga egadziriro yehurumende, umo mhaka dzinoiswa ndokutongwa pakutanga. Kune matare 94 oruwa munyika yose, imwe neimwe inobata nhau dzose dziri mbiri dzevagari vemo nedzoutsotsi pamwe chete nenhau dzakati dzinobatanidza kubhuroka, mutemo wemari, uye mhaka dzomubatanidzwa. Miedzo ingaitwa pamberi pomutongi kana kuti dare rinobetsera, uye zviwanwa zveidi zvinoitwa pamwero uno. Zvisarudzo zvedare reruwa zvinogona kukwirira kudare redunhu rakafanira.

Matare Anokosha

Mukuwedzera kumatare makuru, matare edare ehurumende anobatanidza matare chaiwo akadai seUnited States Court of International Trade, United States Court of Federal Points, uye United States Taxis Court.

Basa Rebazu Rokutonga Mukudzivirira Kodzero

Bazu rokutonga rinoshanda mabasa anokosha akawanda ayo pamwe chete anovimbisa kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kuperera kwegadziriro yepamutemo.

Kududzira Mitemo Nebumbiro Remitemo

Vatongi vanorondwa nokusarudza icho mitemo inoreva uye kuti inoshanda sei kumigariro chaiyo. Iri basa rinoda kunzverwa kwokungwarira kwomutauro wemitemo, donzo remitemo, nenheyo dzebumbiro-mitemo. Apo mutemo unorwisana neBumbiro remitemo, matare ane chiremera chokuurova seasingawinwiwiwiwiwiwiwiwiwiwiwi nemitemo̬ simba rinodzivirira zvakananga vanhu nehurumende pakudzivirira. Somuenzaniso, mu [FLT]BN v.[FLT]] [1954] [7], Dare guru rakadudzira dziviriro inowirirana yeGenetic Claus rePremicleasts kuti irambidze sharation revo revo revo revoruzhinji, ritenderesa prote protedmistssssssworking at produmps, &22222; iyi inowirirana nedzidziso inopfumisa sei.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Vatongi vanoita mabasa somuchengeti wekodzero dzinovimbiswa neBill of Rights uye kugadziriswa kwakatevera. Mitemo inobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye maruramiro emunhu oga kazhinji kazhinji inosvika matare apo vanhu kana kuti mapoka anozivisa kuti kodzero dzavo dzaputswa. Matare anopa nharaunda uko kutaura uku kunogona kunzwiwa uye uko mishonga inogona kurairwa, kubatanidza mirairo, kukuvadzwa, kana kuti kusashanda kwemitemo isiri yourongwa hwehurumende. Pasina dare rinozvitonga, kodzero dzinoiswa muBumbiro remitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende.

Kupedza Kusawirirana Kunoita Kuti Pave Norugare

Matare anopa nzira yakarongeka, isina masimba masimba yokupedza nayo rwisano pakati pavanhu, masangano, uye hurumende. Kupfurikidza nokugovera kusatora rutivi nokushandisa mitemo yakagadzwa yemiitiro noufakazi, vatongi vanobetsera kuchengeta nhevedzano yenzanga uye kuderedza muedzo wokutsiva kwomunhu oga. Kuvapo kwematare ehurumende nokuda kwemheremhere dzebvumirano, kutaura kwenzvimbo, uye mhaka dzokukuvara kwomunhu oga zvinovakira basa remari uye kuvimba negadziriro yemitemo. Matare eutsotsi, pari zvinoreva, kuva nechokwadi chokuti avo vanopomerwa mhosva vanogamuchira kutongwa zvakanaka uye kuti chirango chinopiwa pashure pokuva nechenge pasina kupanikira kwakarurama.

Kuongorora Simba Remamwe Mapazi

Zvichida judicary ̱ basa rinokosha zvikurusa nderokunzvera pabazu romutemo nerokutonga. Kupfurikidza nenzvero yokutonga, matare anogona kuzivisa mabasa eCongress kana kuti zviito napurezidhendi asingadzorwi, nokudaro achidzivisa kuunganidzwa kwesimba risina kudzorwa. Iri simba rakashandiswa nenzira inoshamisa mu [FLT]][1] United States v. Nixon[FLT]] [777]), apo Dare gurusa rakaraira Purezidenti Richard Nixon kubudisa zvinyorwa zvinorekodwa zvine chokuita nemhoshoo yenhau yeWater, kuramba kutaura kwake kweropafadzo yakakwana. Chisarudzo chakasimbiswazve kuti hapana munhu, kubatanidza purezidhendi pamusoro pejimendemu.

Ukoshi Hwokuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Kuti vatongi vaite mabasa avo nenzira inobudirira, vanofanira kuramba vakazvimirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, murangariro wavose, uye pesvedzero kubva kumamwe mapazu ehurumende. kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunovimbisa kuti vatongi vasarudze nhau dzakavakirwa chose chose pamutemo namaidi, kwete pakutyiwa kwokutsiva kana kuti tariro yetuso.

Kusarudza Nguva Yokurarama

Vatongi veFederal, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro, vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo. Iyi dziviriro inovadzivirira padzvinyiriro dzinoparadzanisa idzo dzingamuka kana vachifanira kutsvaka sarudza kana kuti chibvumiranozve. Mutongi asingatyi kurasikirwa nebasa ravo nokuda kwokupa chisarudzo chisingadiwi sezvingabvira zvikuru kutsigira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, kunyange mukurwisana nemirangariro mizhinji. Nguva yeupenyu inobvumirawo vatongi kukura unyanzvi kwamakumi amakore, kuchiparira kutsigarika nokusatendwa kwomutemo.

Dziviriro Pakubviswa

Vatongi vanogona kubviswa bedzi kupfurikidza nokudzorwa neHouse of Screaders nokupwiswa neDare, muitiro wakachengeterwa ̴ mhosva huru navarevi vasina kururama. ̵ ichi chivanze chakakwirira chinodzivisa mapazu makuru kana kuti emitemo kubvisa vatongi nemhaka bedzi yokuti havabvumirani nezvisarudzo zvavo. Munhau, vashomanene bedzi vatongi venyika vakabviswa nenzira inobudirira panzvimbo, uye hapana nokuda kwezvikonzero zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mashandisiro Emari Neanoshanda

Dare rinodzora bhajeti yaro rimene mukati megadziriro yezvirongwa zvehurumende, uye vatongi ’ mibhadharo haigoni kuderedzwa apo iri muhofisi. Iyi dziviriro inodzivisa mamwe mapazu kushandisa dzvinyiriro yemari yokushandisa kupesvedzera miuyo yedare. Hofisi yeHofisi yeUnited States yeDare inotarisira kushanda kwezuva nezuva redare rehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti matare ane zvinhu zvakakwana kushanda zvakanaka pasina kudzorwa nenze.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamuzinda Dzakaumba Mutemo weAmerica

Munhau yayo yose, Dare Rapamusoro rakapa chisarudzo icho chakachinja zvikurukuru mugariro wapamutemo nowenzanga weUnited States.Idzi nhau dzinoratidzira dare remitemo ̱ simba rokudzivirira maruramiro ndokurondedzera revo yeBumbiro remitemo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana chakazivisa kuti rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvehurumende rwakaputsa Actal Protection Claus ye 144th Amendment. Mukuru Mutongi Earl Warren akanyora kuti “ nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakaparadzaniswa hadzina kuenzana nenzira yemuzvarirwo, ̵ kuputsa muenzaniso wekare wakagadzwa mu Presel v. Ferguson [1896]). Kutonga kwakagovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwekodzero dzavagari vemo uye kwakatungamirira kuhwerengedzo yezvikoro nezvimwe zvivako zvavose munyika yose.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Muchisarudzo ichi 5̵4 Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti ropafadzo yeFindremment mukurwisana nokuzvitutumadza inoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero. Kodzero idzi dzinobatanidza kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara, nyevero yokuti chinhu chipi nechipi chakataurwa chinogona kushandiswa mudare, uye kodzero kugweta, kunyange kana vasingakwanisi kuwana imwe. Muuyo wePat#8220; Miranda yakava rutivi rwomupimo rwegadziriro yamapurisa eAmerica uye inozivikanwa sedziviriro inotsoropodza pakureurura.

Wade (1973)

Dare rakatonga kuti Gwendero reChibvumirano chaMarudzi Claus reMitemo ye 144 rinodzivirira mukadzi anenge ’ kodzero yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri, panenge paviri dzokutanga padanho. Chisarudzo chacho chakatanga gadziriro yepamutemo yekodzero dzokubereka idzo dzakagara makore 50 kusvikira yachinjwa [[[FLT:][FLT]][1] .Madobs [Vakadzi ̱ Sangano reUtano [[FLT:] [2] [202]] [202]. [[FLT:]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Muchisarudzo 5̵4, Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti varoorani vane maruramiro makuru okuroora muChiteshi cheChiteshi neFomatiraniso yaClaus. Chisarudzo chaida kuti nyika dzose dzipe marezenisi eroorano kuvakwanyina vounzenza vamwe chetevo nokuziva roorano dzinoitwa mune dzimwe nyika. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy Ù mifungo mizhinji yakasimbisa chiremera nechisarudzo chavanhu mukusarudza kuti varoore, kuratidzira rukundo rukuru rweLBGTQ+ maruramiro.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nebazu Rokutonga Nhasi

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo rinokosha, vatongi vanotarisana nezvinetso zvinoverengeka zvinokosha izvo zvinotyisidzira kubudirira kwayo uye chivimbo chayo choruzhinji.

Kupiwa Mutsa Kwechirongwa Chokugadza

Muitiro wokusimbisa vatongi vehurumende, zvikurukuru vatongi veDare guru, wazova unopesana nokukakavadzana. Mineine kazhinji kazhinji inonzverwa zvikuru nemirangariro, uye vhoti dzinosimbisa dzinowedzera kuderera mumitezo yebato. Uku kutsigira kunogona kutungamirira kunzwisiso yokuti vatongi vanongova zvavo vezvamatongerwe enyika vakapfeka nguo dzehondo, vachideredza mufungo weruramisiro. Kushandiswa kwechiFilicbuster, kubviswa kwedare rakaderera redare, uye kuramba kuva nenzwisiso (sezvakaitika naMerrick Garland muna 2016) zvose zvakaparira kurangarirwa kwechimiro chendangariro apo jadiary inorangarirwa negiramupikia.

Kuwana Ruramisiro Nemhinganidzo Dzemari

VaAmerica vazhinji havagoni kukwanisa kumirira pamutemo, kuparira mukaha mukuru pakati pezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvinogamuchirwa navanhu vamwe navamwe napakati nokuwanika kwezano risingabhadharwi. Masangano eyamuro apamutemo avagari vemo anosabhadharwa, uye mari yedare nendyiko zvinogona kudziviswa. Somuuyo, vanhu vanotarisana nokudzingwa, kubhuroka kwamabasa, masimba omumba, kana kuti muunganidzwa wechikwereti kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji unooneka mudare pasina gweta, mugariro unosekesa ruramisiro yemiuyo. Zvitanharo zvakadai senzvimbo dzokuzviyamura, miitiro yakapfavisa, uye kumirira kwakaganhurirwa zvinoongororwa, asi chinetso chinoramba chiri chakakomba.

Zvinofungwa Nevanhu uye Kuvimba Navo

Dare redare rinotsamira pachivimbo chavanhu nokuda kworumano rwaro. Apo zvisarudzo zvenharo zvinopiwa, zvikurukuru panhau dzinopisa dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzepfuti, kana kuti rusununguko rworudzidziso, zvikamu zvavanhu zvingarangarira Dare serakarerekera kana kuti serisingabatwi. Kuderera kwechivimbo chehurumende mumapazu ose ehurumende kunotapurawo matare. Kuchengeta ungwaru. Kucherekedza, kubudisa mifungo yakanaka, uye kuvimbisa mhatsa pabhenji zvose zvakaro yokuchengeta chivimbo. Zvitendero zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakadzikamiswa kukuva zvakaderera munhau, zvichiratidzira kudikanwa kwengwariro itsva kuchivimbo chavose.

Kukosha Kwehosha Nokubudirira

Matare ehurumende anobata mazana ezviuru zvenhau gore rimwe nerimwe, uye kunonoka kunogona kushatisa nguva yeruramisiro. Matare akakandwa anomanikidzirwa kutora unyanzvi hutsva nezvinoitika zviri kure, izvo zvakavandudza kushanda zvakanaka mumativi akati asi zvakamutsawo funganyo pamusoro pevara remiedzo inodokuva chaiyo nokuwana ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Vatongi vanopfuurira kuisa mari mumiitiro yokutarisira uye mitoo yokusarudza yokutsiva kuderedza zvirongwa zvenguva ndokuvimbisa kuti mhaka dzinopedzwa mugadziriro yenguva ine mufungo.

mhedziso

Bazu redare rinoramba riri musimboti wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, rimire sedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri uye mudziviriri wekodzero dzevanhu. Chivako charo, kubvira kumatare oruwa kusvikira kuDare Rapamusorosoro, chinovimbisa kuti mitemo inotsanangurwa nenzira isingachinji uye kuti ruramisiro inogona kutsvakwa navose. Kuzvimirira kwedare remitemo, kunochengetwa nokugadzwa kwenguva refu uye kudzivirirwa pakudzvinyirirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunokosha pakuita zvisarudzo zvisina rusaruro. Zvisarudzo zvenyika muAmerica yose zvakaratidza simba rematare okuwedzera rusununguko nokururamisa kusaruramisira. Zvisinei, vatongi havagoni kudzivirirwa kudzvinyiriro dzenguva ino: kugadzwa kwemasangano, miganhuro yehurumende, uye kudzivirirwa pakudavimbwa kwose navanhu vose. Nokunzwisisa izvi uye kutsigira kuti nhau dzokuzvitonga uye kukwanisa kuwanikwa, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuchengetedza mutemo wezvizvarwa kuti zvipfuukire.