Kunzwisisa Bazu Rokutonga Mutsika yeAmerica

Bazu redare rehurumende rinodudzira mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress nezviito zvinotorwa nebazu guru. Kupfurikidza neiri basa rokududzira. Rinovimbisa kuti chiito chose chehurumende chinowirirana neBumbiro remitemo uye kuti kodzero yomunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa. Nepo bazi remitemo rinonyora mitemo nebazu rinotonga richiita kuti riite, bazi rinotonga rinomira seanotsigira kusatora rutivi kwekakavadzano dzemitemo. Iri basa rinoumba gadziriro yechekero nedzikamo izvo zvinodzivisa bazi rimwe nerimwe kuti risave nesimba rakanyanyisa. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa kuti mabasa edare rinokosha sei kuonga mutemo.

Tsigiro yeBumbiro Romutemo

Chikamu 1 chinoti: "Simba rorutongeso reUnited States, richaiswa mudare rimwe guru, uye muMatare akaderera akadai seCongress angagadzwa uye kutangwa. Rurimi urwu runopa chiremera chokuumba matare ehurumende akaderera zvikuru. Vatongi vanosiya mashoko akawanda kuti ashandiswe nezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi, vachiziva kuti basa redare rejajidhiya rezvizvarwa zvamangwana raizochinja nerudzi.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopawo vatongi vehurumende upenyu hunopfuura mukati me "Mufambiro Wakanaka" uye rinorambidza kuderedza mibhadharo yavo apo ivo vanobatira. Iyi dziviriro yakarongedzerwa kuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga/vatongi vaigona kupa zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo nehana panzvimbo pokutya matsive ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti dzvinyiriro yemari. Uku kuzvitonga kunorangarirwa kuva chinhu chinokosha chetsika yemitemo yeAmerica.

Zvivako zveDare Rehurumende

Dare redare rehurumende rakarongwa muboka ravafundisi rine mativi matatu, pamwero mumwe nomumwe unobata marudzi akasiyana- siyana enhau nezvikumbiro. Ichi chivako chinobvumira kutarisirwa kwenhau kwakakwana uye chinoparira nzira yakajeka yokukwirira.

Matare Oruwa: Chiyero Chokutonga

Matare eruwa ndiwo mabhiza egadziriro yehurumende. Kune maruwa 94 edare rehurumende, kubatanidza inenge imwe muruwa rwuri rwose, kubatanidza District yeColumbia nePuerto Rico. dare rimwe nerimwe roruwa rine chiremera pamhene dzemhosva dzehurumende nedzevagari vemo. Miedzo inoitiswa pamberi pomutongi uye, mumhaka zhinji, dare reruwa rinobata nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, gakava pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana (kutonga kwechibvumirano) apo chitsamachitsamachipo chinopfuudzira ma $75 000 (Z $75 000) uye nhau dzakati dzinobatanidza hurumende yeUnited States sebato.

Vatongi vedare reruwa vanotungamirira matare, vanotonga pamusoro pezviito, uye mitongo kana kuti rutongeso. Vanoita basa rinokosha mukukudziridza chinyorwa chechokwadi chenhau, icho chinokosha nokuda kwokukwirira kupi nokupi kunotevera. Nhau dzezvinoitika dzinonzwiwa pamwero uyu dzinobatanidza kukwidziridza kukwidzwa kwemirimo, kukwirira mhaka kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, kukakavadzana kwekodzero dzavanhu, uye kurovha basa.

Matare Okukwirira: Chiyero Chezvipo

Pamusoro pematare eruwa pane matare eUnited States Courts of Appeals, anonziwo matare edunhu. Kune matunhu 13 eApellette: 11 matunhu oruwa akaverengwa 1 kusvikira ku 11, District of Columbia Tturty, uye Federal, iyo ine chiremera munyika yose pamusoro penhau dzounyanzvi dzakadai somutemo wapamutemo wapamutemo uye zvinorwisana nehurumende yehurumende.

Dare rokukwirira hariiti nyaya itsva kana kuti kunzwa zvapupu. Panzvimbo pezvo, boka ravatongi vatatu rinohwirudzura nyaya dzedare roruwa kuti vaone kana zvikanganiso zvemitemo zvakaitika. Vanonzvera chinyorwa chenhau, vanoverenga mipfupi yakanyorwa yakapiwa nedare, uye vanonzwa nharo dzinotaurwa. Dare rinogona kusimbisa chisarudzo chedare repasi, kuidzorera, kana kuti kudzosa mhosva yacho nokuda kwokumwe kutongwa. Zvisarudzo zvinobva kumatare okukwirira zvinobatira matare ose eruwa mukati medunhu iroro, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanogadza mienzaniso inokosha inoumba mutemo munzvimbo iyoyo.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States

Dare rapamusorosoro idare rapamusorosoro munyika. Rinoumbwa nedare rinotonga pfumbamwe rinotonga dare rinotonga pfumbamwe nedare dzvuru risere rinenge richisarudzwa napurezidhendi uye richisimbiswa neDare. Basa guru reDare nderokuongorora zvisarudzo kubva kumatare ehurumende epasi nematare makuru ehurumende anobatanidza mibvunzo mikuru. Dare rinosarudza mhosva dzarichanzwa kupfurikidza nemuitiro wechisarudzo unonzi kupa mari yezvikumbiro zvecertiorari. Pazvinopfuura 7 000 zvinochengetwa shoko rimwe nerimwe, Dare rinobvumirana nokunzwa bedzi pamusoro penhau 70 kusvikira ku 80.

Apo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinopa chisarudzo, chinova chokupedzisira uye chinosunga munyika yose. Tsananguro dzaro dzeBumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende zvinofanira kuteverwa. Ikoku kunopa Dare simba rinoshamisa kuumba nzanga yeAmerica, sezvinoratidzirwa muzviitiko zvakadai Brown v. Dare reDzidzo [1954]), iro rakagumisa rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose, uye bergefell v. Hodges (20) [25], iro rakagadza maruramiro omutemo kumuchato mumwe chetewo wedekisi.

Kupomerwa uye Marudzi Emhosva

Matare makuru ane simba rakaganhurirwa − anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobvumirwa neBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mirau yehurumende.

muganhu wenhau unofukidza nhau dzinomuka muBumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano. Ikoku kunobatanidza kurovererwa mhaka nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, sutu dzinozivisa kuputswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, uye denho kumiraudzo yehurumende.

Kudzorwa kwechibvumirano kunobvumira matare ehurumende kunzwa nhau pakati pavagari vemo vehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana kana kuti pakati pomugari wemo weU.S. nomugari wokumwe, achigovera chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti varwi vanobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana vane nharaunda yenzvimbo uye havana tsveteko mumatare ehurumende.

Mukuwedzera, matare ehurumende ane simba rakakwana panhau dzakati, dzakadai sokubhuroka, kutaura kwokuva nekodzero dzokuita zvinhu nedzokubudisira pamutemo, kudzora basa routongi uye kutengesa mugungwa, uye nhau umo United States iri pabato.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Nemavambo Ako

Simba rinokosha zvikurusa rinoshandiswa nebazu rinotonga ihwirudzuro yokutonga,() chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvisina tsinhirano. Bumbiro reMitemo haripi simba iri zvakajeka, asi Dare Rapamusoro rakarisimbisa muchiratidzo Marbury v. Madison.

Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, achinyorera Dare, akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo mukurusa wenyika uye kuti rinofanira kuturikirwa nedare remitemo. Iye akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira, kuti: “Izviri zvakasimba ruwa nomusengwa zvedhipatimendi rokutonga kutaura chiri mutemo.. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa basa redare sebazu rehurumende rinoenzana uye rakagadzira nzvero ine simba pamapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru.

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri zviito zvehurumende nehurumende. Dare rakaputsa mazana emirau mumazana amakore, kuvambira pamirau yezvemari yeNew Deance kusvikira kumitemo yenhimbe yemitemo yemari netarisiro dzoutano. Iri simba rinoramba riri nhau yekurukurirano, navatsoropodzi vachiramba kuti rinopa chiremera chikurusa chavatongi pamitemo inoitwa nehurumende.

Vatongi Vehurumende: Kugadzwa, Kuparadzaniswa, uye Kutsaurwa

Muitiro wokusarudza vatongi vehurumende wakarongwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo: Dare rinogadza vada kutevera, uye Dare rinopa zano nemvumo kupfurikidza nevoruzhinji. Kuvatongi vedare rakaderera, gamuchidzanwa reDare rinowanzobvumira vamiriri vehurumende vehurumende kuvhara nomugadziriro ye "bhuruus". Dare guru rinonatsa nharo dzakatanhamara zvikuru uye rinokwezva nzvero hurusa yavose.

Vatongi vehurumende vangosimbiswa, vane nzvimbo dzavo dzoupenyu, vanokwanisa kuita zvakanaka.

Gadziriro youpenyu inobetsera kuzvimirira kwevatongi asiwo zvinoreva kuti purezidhendi mumwe anogona kuumba matare ehurumende kwemakumi emakore kupfurikidza nokuronga kwemibatanidzwa. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuwedzera kwemaganhu ezvamatongerwe enyika pakutonga, zvikurukuru kuDare Rapamusorosoro.

Uzivi Hwokududzira Tsika Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Vatongi vanoshandisa marenje euzivi akasiyana - siyana vachitsanangura nyaya dzemitemo uye pfungwa mbiri dzakakurumbira ndedzokutanga uye dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kurerutsa

Vatsigiri veConstitution vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa parevo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose yorugwaro rwaro panguva yarakatenderwa. Vanodavira kuti vatongi havafaniri kuisa mipimo yavo vamene kana kuti kuvandudza gwaro racho kuti riratidzire mirangariro yazvino uno. Chitendero chakabatana neruramisiro dzetsika dzakafanana nomushakabvu Antonin Scalia naClarence Thomas. Vatsigiri vanoipikisa kurambidza kushandisa dare rehurumende yehurumende uye kuremekedza miitiro yedemocraticism, nemhaka yokuti chinjo kuBumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kuuya kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuchinja, kwete kutsanangurazve dare.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu Rinosvika

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo benyu vanorangarira gwaro racho segadziriro yakapfava inofanira kuchinjira kutsika netsika. Vanodavira kuti mashoko makuru akadai se "kufamba kwapamberi" uye "dziviriro yakaenzana" anofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nemigariro yapanguva ino. Uku kuita kunowanzobatanidzwa nemitemo yakasununguka yakadai somushakabvu Ruth Bad Ginsburg naStephen Breyer. Vatsoropodzi vanopa rutongeso rwakawanda zvikuru uye vanosekesa mutemo kupfurikidza nokubvumira zvido zvomunhu oga kupesvedzera zvisarudzo.

Mubasa, ruramisiro shomanene dzinoomerera zvakasimba kuuzivi humwe; zhinjisa dzinoshandisa mubatanidzwa wekurangarira kwamashoko, nhau, uye kurangarira kwokufunga.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusorosoro dzeDare Netapuro Yaro

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvakaumba zvikuru upenyu hweAmerica. Nepo nyaya yokutanga ichidudza nhau nhatu, dzimwe dzakawanda dzinoda kufungwa. Pasi apa pane mimwe mitongo inokosha inoenzanisira basa reDare.

  • [ Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Yadzikisa nheyo yokuhwirudzura.
  • Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) – Afurtimed ukuru hwehurumende namasimba anorehwa eCongress, akabata nyika dzisingagoni kubhadhara masangano omubatanidzwa.
  • [FLT Scott] . Sandford v (187) - yakatonga kuti vaAmerica veAfrica havagoni kuva vagari vemo uye kuti Dare raisagona kurambidza uranda mundima; gare gare rakatendeutswa neRefedments yechi 13 ne14.
  • [FLT] PULEVE v. Ferguson [1896][FLT] - UTS] - UNITS, iyo inoitwa pasi pedzidziso ye "Isiyanidzo asi yakaenzana"; yakatendeutswa ne [[[FLT:]BN v. Board of Education.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966] - Kudikanwa kwamapurisa kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo dzokuramba vakanyarara uye kugweta pamberi pebvunzurudzo yekodzero.
  • [[FLT] New York Times Co. v. United States (1971] - kudzivirirwa kworusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau kupfurikidza nokubvumira kubudiswa kwePentagon Papers pasinei zvapo nezvinotaurwa nehurumende zvokuchengeteka kwenyika.
  • [FEC v. FEC (2010) – Hedeta kuti ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika yakazvimirira namasangano namasangano inodzivirirwa kutaura kwakasununguka, kudzoserazve mutemo wemari.

Ukama Huri Pakati Pematare Ehurumende Nehurumende

United States ine gadziriro yedare mbiri: matare akasiana ehurumende nehurumende anoshanda panguva imwe cheteyo. matare ehurumende anobata ruzhinjisa rwemhaka(hwuno dzinoda kusvika 95 muzana yemhosva dzose) kubatanidza mutemo wemhuri, nharo dzebvumirano, mhaka dzezvinhu, uye kupiwa mhaka kwapadare kwakawandasa. Matare eFederal anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende kana kuti mapoka anobva munyika dzakasiana - siana.

Gadziriro dzematare ehurumende dzinosiana, asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinoratidzira mugariro womubatanidzwa nematare edare, matare apakati, uye dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Hurumende imatare makurusa ezvokupedzisira anopa mhaka dzomutemo wehurumende, kutoti mubvunzo womubatanidzwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinogona kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende izvo zvinomutsa nhau dzemitemo kana kuti kutsanangura kwomutemo.

Iyi boka ravashandi rinobvumira gadziriro imwe neimwe kutanga unyanzvi munharaunda dzayo amene dzapamutemo nepo ichigovera dziviriro dzinopfuudzwa nokuda kwamaruramiro avanhu. Inoitawo kuti pave nemhatsa: vabati kazhinji kazhinji vanofanira kusarudza kana vachizounza nhau mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende, chisarudzo chinogona kutapura muuyo nenzira inokosha.

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nechivimbo Chavose

Kuzvimirira kwedare kunoreva kuti vatongi vanogona kusarudza nhau dzakavakirwa pamutemo namaidi pasina kutya kutsiva kana kuti nyasha. Iyi nheyo inokosha nokuda kweruramisiro isina rusaruro uye kutonga kwomutemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira kuzvimirira kupfurikidza noupenyu nedziviriro yomubhadharo, asi kuzvimirira kunotsamirawo pamipimo yesangano noruvimbo rwevoruzhinji.

Mumakore achangopfuura, vanhu vanotsoropodza vakataura kuti vatongi vanorwiswa nehurumende, vanotyisidzira kuchengeteka kwavo, uye vanoedza kuisa matare kana kuti kudzora nyika.

Kana vagari vemo vachifunga kuti vatongi vakarurama uye zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo, vangangogamuchira migumisiro ndokuteerera mirayiro yedare.

Nzvero Nedzikamo: Basa Rebazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga harishandi riri roga, masimba aro anoongororwa nemamwe mapazi maviri, uye rinoaongororawo.

Bazu guru rinomanikidzira mitemo yedare nezvisarudzo. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi, asi Dare rinofanira kuzvisimbisa. Dare rinogona kutanga kana kuti kuparadza matare ehurumende akaderera, kugadza nhamba yevatongi veDare Gurusa, uye kuronga zvibvumirano zvebumbiro remitemo kuti zvitonge kutonga. Dare rinodzorawo bhajeti uye rinogona kubvisa vatongi.

Iyi inzvero inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinotonga. Somuenzaniso, apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarova mativi eVoting Rights Act in Shelby County v. Horer (2013), Dare rapamberi pevhu raigona kuva rakashandura mutemo asi risati rasarudza kunzvera simba redare. Nenzira inopesana, apo Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akaramba kushandura matepi mukati mechino cheWatergate, Dare rapamusoro rakaraira kusunungurwa kwaro, uye Nixon akabvumirana.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvinotarisana Nedare Racho

Zviratidzo zvedare rehurumende zvinotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka dzenguva ino. Chokutanga, kutakura mhaka kwakura zvikuru, kuchitungamirira kukunonoka nokudzorwa. Nepo nhamba yezvisarudzo yakaramba iri yakabatana zvikuru, kuoma uye ukuru hwenhau kwakawedzera.

Chechipiri, kusimbiswa kwevatongi kwazova kwokunyanyisa. Dare Rapamusoro zvikurukuru razova nzvimbo dzokurwa dzinoparira kurwisana, nzvimbo dzinoitika mumakore esarudzo dzichiparira gakava guru.

Chechina, matare ezvokugadzira zvinhu anomutsa mibvunzo mitsva yepamutemo pamusoro pokuva woga, kutaura makasununguka, uye uchapupu hunoda kuti mutongi adudzire mitemo iripo mumabhuku matsva.

Kukwanisa kwaro kuchinja uku kuchienderana nenheyo huru dzokururamisira uye kuzvimirira kucharatidza kubudirira kwaro mumakore ari mberi.

Mugumisiro: Revo Isingaperi Yebazu Rokutonga

Bazu redare harisi muturikiriwowo zvake wemitemo asi muchengeti anoshingaira weBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nechivako charo `matare enhau, matare matunhu, uye Dare rapamusoro-soro (inogovera gadziriro yokupedza nharo uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu). Simba redare rinotonga, rinotangwa mu [[[FLT: 0]] Madison[[FLT]]], rinopa judicaria rebasa rokuchengeta chiyero chesimba pakati pamapazu matatu. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti bazu rinoshanda sei, vagari vemunyika vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani nheyo dzedemocracy yeAmerica nerevomhio renyika. Nokuda kwokuravazve, dare re [FOct:] .[FFF] [F] [5]