Kurondedzera Kururama kweHurumende

Hurumende ndiyo pamutemo inheyo yetsika netsika dzinoruramisa kodzero yedare rinodzora kushandisa chiremera pavagari vemo. Inopindura mubvunzo wokuti nei vanhu vachifanira kuteerera mutemo ndokugamuchira zvisarudzo zvakaitwa nehurumende. Kutendeseka kwakasiana nemitemowo zvayo: hurumende ingava yakaumbwa nepamutemo asi isina kuva yapamutemo mumaziso avagari vayo. Igarwe rinobatanidza gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika pamwe chete, richishandura simba risina kurongwa kuva chiremera chakarurama. Vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kuna Plato Raybles vakarwisana namanyuko omutemo, uye nhasi inoramba iri pfungwa huru mukunzwisisa dzikamo nokushanda kwehurumende.

Hurumende yapamutemo inowanzofarikanya kuteererwa nokuzvidira nevagari vemo vayo, kwete nemhaka yokuti vanotya chirango, asi nemhaka yokuti vanodavira kuti tsika yacho yakarurama, yakarurama, uye inofanirwa netsigiro.Musiyano uyu pakati pokumanikidza nokubvuma unopa hurukuro yose papamutemo. Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira hurumende yavo seyapamutemo, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanotora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende, vanobhadhara mitero, uye vanodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu munguva dzenjodzi.

Mavambo Apamutemo

Gamuchidzanwa Renzanga

Pfungwa yebvumirano yenzanga ndeimwe yegadziriro dzinogara zvikurusa dzenzwisiso. Vafungi vakaita saThomas Hobbes, John Locke, naJean-Jacques Rousseau vakarangarira kuti hurumende yapamutemo inomuka kubva mubvumirano yapamutemo kana kuti yakajeka pakati pavanhu kuti vape rusununguko mukutsinhana nokuda kwechengeteko nenhevedzano. Mumurangariro uyu, chiremera chehurumende chine ganhuriro — kana mutongi akaputsa zvibvumirano, vagari vemo vane maruramiro okubvisa rondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga, yakadai seiyo yakaitwa naJohn Rawls, inosimbisa kuti maruramiro anoda kuti masangano ave akarurama uye kuti varatidzire nheyo dzokuti vagari vemo vakasununguka uye vakaenzana vaizobvumirana nemigariro yakarurama.

Zvikamu Zvitatu Zvechiremera chaMax

Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Max Weber yakakurumbira zvikuru kuyera pamutemo mumarudzi matatu akanaka, rimwe nerimwe rakavakirwa pahwaro hwakasiyana hwezvinotaurwa kuva kutonga:

  • Chiremera cheRegational: Simba rinoshandiswa mukuwirirana nemitemo yakagadzwa nemiitiro. Ichi chimiro chikuru muhurumende dzazvino uno, umo chiremera chinobatanidza hofisi, kwete munhu. Mutemo womutemo nomuitiro wakafanira ndezvinokosha.
  • Chiremera chenhau: Mutemo uri pautsvene hwetsika dzekare nechitendero mukururama kwavatongi vegamuchidzanwa. Mamisiri namachinda edzinza mienzaniso yakakurumbira. Rudzi urwu runogona kuva rwakatsiga kwemazana amakore asi runowanzodzivisa chinjo.
  • Chiremera chechikomende: Chiremera chinobva musimba romunhu oga namavara echienzi omutungamiriri. Vaporofita vorudzidziso, vatungamiriri vanopandukira, uye vanhu vesekete kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa chiremera chesimba resimba. Chinotsamira pakukumbira kunopfuurira kwomutungamiriri uye zvikurukuru chinofanira kuiswa muzvimiro zvepamutemo kana kuti zvegamuchidzanwa kuti chirarame.

Typsy’s yeweber inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba chokunzvera zvose zviri zviviri hurumende dzenhau nedzenguva ino, kunyange zvazvo hurumende chaidzoidzo dzenyika dzichibatanidza kazhinji kazhinji zvinhu zvamarudzi ose matatu. Somuenzaniso, United States inobatanidza miitiro yokubatanidza pamutemo nemiitiro yakasimba yechiremera chegamuchidzanwa (g., kuremekedza Bumbiro remitemo) uye utungamiriri hwesimba resimba renhambo nenhambo.

Kupiwa Mutemo Nebasa

Kupfuura Weber, masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika azvino uno anoziva kuti kuva pamutemo kunogonawo kuitwa kupfurikidza nokudzora kunobudirira. Kutendeseka kwemiitiro - pane yokushanda iyo pane dzimwe nguva inonzi kuva pamutemo kwebumbiro remitemo kunonongedzera kupfungwa yokuti hurumende ine maruramiro kusvikira kutambanuko yokuti inopa zvinhu zvinokosha zvavose: chengeteko, kukura kwemari, gadziriro dzemipimo, uye garikano. Ikoku kunonyanya kuva kwakafanira muhurumende dzine chiremera umo sarudzo dzingava dzine zvikanganiso kana kuti dzisipo. Hurumende yeChina, somuenzaniso, yakawana mukurumbira wayo mukuru mukubudirira kwokukurumidza uye kuvandudza mipimo youpenyu. Mupimo unogona kukurumidza kushatisatisa kana hurumende ikakundikana kusvitsa kariro, sezvinoonwa mukati ngwavaira dzemari kana kuti ngwavaira dzomusikirwo.

Basa Rokubvuma Nokutora Rutivi

Kutendera

Kubvuma kwakananga zvikurusa inzira iyo vanhu vanopa nayo pamutemo kuhurumende. Kuzivisa muvhoti dzapachena nedzakarurama, kusaina chibvumirano chenzanga, kana kuti kupika mhiko yoruvimbiko mabasa ebvumirano yakananga. Rondedzero yeDemocratic inodavira kuti sarudzo yenguva dzose, yamakwikwi anogovera gadziriro yokuti vagari vemo vabvumire kana kuti vadzore. Apo miitiro yesarudzo inorangarirwa seyakarurama uye inojeka, hurumende inopa muuyo unofarikanya murangariro wakasimba woune, kunyange pakati paavo vanovhotera nokuda kwokurasikirwa.

Kubvuma Kwakakwana uye Kwechibharo

Somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokugara mumiganhu yenyika, kupfurikidza nokushandisa miganhu yayo yavose, kana kuti kugamuchira dziviriro dzayo, munhu mumwe nomumwe angaonekwa seabvuma chose chose chiremera chake. Uyu murangariro, zvisinei, unokwikwikwidzwa: vatsoropodzi vanogona kucherekedzwa kuti vanhu vazhinji havagoni kusiya nyika yavo nyore nyore, uye kuti kubvuma kwokusangwarira kazhinji kazhinji kunomanikidza vagari vemo kupinda muchibvumirano chisingadiwi nehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, rondedzero yokusataura inobetsera chikonzero nei vanhu vazhinji vachiwirirana nehurumende dzavo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vasingatongobvumiri zvakananga.

Kudzora Kudzora Kwehurumende uye Kuregerera

Mumufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika wenguva ino, kuva pamutemo kunobatanidzwa nenzira inowedzera kwete bedzi kurusarudzo asi kukuvara kwokurangarira nokutora rutivi. Jurgen Habermas akatanga mufungo wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoda pamutemo, achisimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvinofanira kuvambira mukuzaruka, kusingabatanidzwi, uye kurukurirano ine mufungo pakati pavagari vemo kana kuti vamiririri vavo. Uyu murangariro unosimbisa kuti muuyo unoshanda (kana chisarudzo chiri chakanaka) unokosha zvishoma kupfuura kuva pamutemo (zvizvichisarudzo zvacho zvakasvikwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakarurama).

Matambudziko Kumutemo Wehurumende

Uori Nokuparara Kwemasangano

Uori ndichimwe chetyisidziro dzine simba zvikurusa kukuva pamutemo. Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoshandisa simba ravo nokuda kwokupfumisa kwomunhu oga, chipikirwa chehwaro chechiremera chapamutemo – icho chinodzora chinoshanda zvakaenzana kumunhu ari wose – akaputsika. Vagari vanorasikirwa nokukurumidza nokutenda mumasangano asingagoni kuparira vatungamiriri kuzvidavirira. ] Traxatement International[ Uoridzo] Hunoratidza nguva dzose kuti nyika dzine mwero yakakwirira youori, dzakadai seVenezuela neAfghanistantiquence, dzinotambura nenjodzi dzakakomba dzakadzika zvikuru nedzisingatsiginyiki. Kunyange muRepublicracration, mashato anogona kushatisa chivimbo; chinyadzo chemvura muUnited States, somuenzaniso, zvakakuvadzwa zvikuru kutenda muPucellaces neCong.

Kupokana Nokusateerera Kwehurumende

Kurambana kwevanhu kwenguva refu kunoratidza kuperevedza kwetsika. Kumukira kwechiArabia Springs kwa2019, kuratidzira kwe 2019 kweHong Kong, uye 2020 Black Live Matter zvose zvakaratidzira chitendero chakapararira chokuti hurumende dzakanga dzisiri kumirira fariro dzavanhu vadzo. Kana kutsutsumwa kukava kukuru uye kunopfuurira, dzinopanikira chiremera chetsika chehurumende. Hurumende dzinogona kuita chimwe chinhu nokudzvinyirira, kungadzorera kurongeka asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunokudza chinetso chacho.

Kusaenzana Kwemagariro Evanhu Nezvemari

Kusaenzana kunogona kusekesa maruramiro kupfurikidza nokubvisa chitendero chokuti tsika yacho yakarurama. Apo vakakwirira vashomanene vanotora mugove mukuru wepfuma nesimba, apo vamwe vanoparapatika kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvikuru, chibvumirano chenzanga chinoputswa. Kumuka kwamasangano epupulist muhurumende dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinotonga nokutonga kwehurumende dzokuMadokero imhinduro kufungidziro yekusaenzana uye murangariro wokuti tsika yacho inodzorwa. Hurumende dzinokundikana kupedza ngozi yokusaenzana dzinorasikirwa nekodzero youkwakakodzera pakati pezvikamu zvikuru zvevagari vemo, zvichitungamirira kukuderera kwezvamatongerwe enyika nekusagadzikana.

Kuzivikanwa Kwamarudzi Ose Nomutemo

Hurumende dzinotsamirawo pamaruramiro okuzivikanwa munzanga yamarudzi ose. Kuzivikanwa kwehurumende kwechiAsplatavia, mitezo mumasangano akafanana neChibatanwa chaMarudzi, uye kuwirirana nomutemo wamarudzi ose zvose zvinobetsera kumira kwehurumende iri kunze kwenyika. Apo hurumende inoshurikidzwa zvikuru sesiri yapamutemo, zvakadai sehurumende yeTaliban muAfghanistan (hakusati kuchizivikanwa nehurumende zhinjisakawanda) kana kuti hurumende yeAssad muSyria (inozviisa pasi pokuranga nokushurikidzwa), inotarisana neganhuriro dzakakomba mukutengeserana, mari, uye chengeteko. Mitengo yemarudzi ose inogona pane dzimwe nguva kutsigira hurumende inoshaiwa tsigiro yedzimba dzomumba, kana kuti nenzira inopesana, inogona kuratidzira utongi.

Kupesana Nemitemo.

Chimwe chezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa murondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika ndechokuti pakati poururami napamutemo. Hurumende ingava yapamutemo – ndiko kuti, ingava yakatangwa mukuwirirana nemitemo iripo ino – bva inokundikana kuedzwa kwounengwe. Somuenzaniso, Germany yeNazi, yakasvika pakudzora kupfurikidza namasangano apamutemo, bva utsinye hwayo hwakaiita kuti ive isiri yapamutemo zvikuru mumeso enyika yose uye, pakupedzisira, kusatendeseka. Nhamo dzose: mutemo unofanira kuve wakarevererwa nenzira isati iri yapamutemo asi ichitaura kuva norumano rwakakwirira zvikuru. Vapanduki veAmerica vakaumba Contical Congresssions mud shoid yomutemo mukurwisana nomutemo weBritain vakataura kuti zviito zvavo zvakanga zvapamutemo nemhaka yokuti vaimirira kubvumira kudzorwa. Iyi dzvinyiriro dzose dzinotambudza: mutemo unofanira kuva dzakadzika mipimo, kwete imwe nzira yakapoteredza.

Nzvero Dzomumatare Yenguva Ino Mumutemo

United States: Nhamo Yakaoma Kunzwisisa

United States yave ichirangarirwa somuenzaniso woururami hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, yakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo, mutemo, uye sarudzo yenguva dzose. Zvisinei, denho dzenguva ino – kubatanidza kudzorwa kwehurumende, mitemo yokuvhota, pesvedzero yemari mumatongerwe enyika, uye muuyo wemagakava 2020 echisarudzo – yakaedza kuti kuva pamutemo. Vagari vazhinji zvino vanoratidzira kusavimba mumasangano makuru, kubatanidza Dare rapamusoro, purogiramu yakasarudzwa, uye zvinobudisa nhau. Kuvhozhozhotera kwaCapitol pana January 6, 2021, kwakamirira denho yakananga pakuitwa kwegadziriro yokuvhota. utongi hunotonga hweAmerica hunoramba huripo, asi kubviswa kwezviratidzo zvokuvimba izvo zvisingagoni kugamuchirwa.

Venezuela: Kutonga Munjodzi

Venezuela inogovera muenzaniso wakasimba wokuwa kwapamutemo. Pashure pokuva hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nesimba kwamakumi amakore, hurumende yeHugo Chávez uye gare gare Nicolás Maduro inoita sarudzo, uye yakadzvinyirira chishoro. Sarudzo ya2018 yapurezidhendi, umo Maduro yakaziviswa kuva mukundi pakati pemibato yakapararira neshurikidzo yamarudzi ose, yakashurikidzwa sezvisina kusununguka kana kuti zvisina ruramisiro. Nyika zvino inotarisana nenjodzi yehurumende mbiri: chivako chapamutemo (National Assembly Convention) pasi pomutungamiriri anoshora Juan Guaidhoó, apo Maduro akachengetwa mukudzora kwechirongwa chehurumende. Hurumende dzamarudzi akawanda zvikurusa, kubatanidza United States neEurope Union, dzinozivikanwa seGuido sea purezidhendi wehurumende, asi hondo yakaramba yakavimbika kuMaduro. Iyi imonisai yokukwirira kutsika kwehurumende.

China: Kupiwa Mutemo Paboka

Chikwata chechiKomonisiti cheChina (CCP) chinovakira maruramiro acho zvikurukuru pakubudirira kwemari nokukurumidza kukura, kuderedzwa kwourombo, uye kugadzikana kwenzanga - vamba - batanidzwa negadziriro yepamutemo inoisa basa routungamiriri hwebato. Kusafanana nehurumende yeWestern democracy, hakuna makwikwi anotongana pakutonga nyika yose; panzvimbo pezvo, hurumende inosimbisa mano ayo okubudisa miuyo nokuchengeta uchangamire hwerudzi. Hurumende yakakudziridzawo pamutemo kupfurikidza nourudzi uye nhau yenhau inoisa CCCP somudzori wekukura kweChina. Tsvunga dzinoratidzira mwero mikuru zvikuru yokuvimba navanhu vose pamwero mukurusa, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kungasundwa nokugutsikana kwechokwadi uye kushaiwa kuvhotera kwapachokwadi. Chinetsoro cheChina chingava chinokwanisa kudzorwa nomugariro wemari yemari inodzoro, njodzi yenzanga yenzanga, kana kuti kurwisana nenyonganiso huru yenzanga.

European Union: Mutemo Unopfuura Rudzi

European Union (EU) inotarisana nedenho yapamutemo yechienzi nemhaka yokuti isangano ramarudzi ose risina kubatana ramaumbirwe aro (vanhu). Vagari vemo vazhinji vanonzwa vari kure kubva Brussels ndokunyunyuta pamusoro pe “perevedzo yedemocratic” – pfungwa yokuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nokusarongwa kwemibato. Utongi hweEU hunotsamira pamano ahwo okuparira rugare, budiriro, uye mipimo yavose, asi njodzi yemari ya2008, chikwereti cheYurone, uye Brexit zvose zvinofumurwa. EUNICOS yapindura nokuedza kusimbisa basa reEurope negadziriro dzavagari vemo, asi kunyandukarira pakati poumambo hworudzi nehumwe hwose hunotonga.

Kuyera Mutemo: Tinoziva Sei?

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshandisa zvose zviri zviviri mitoo yequantitititititition negiratitititis kuyera pamutemo. Nzvero dzinobvunza pamusoro pechivimbo muhurumende, gutsikano nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kudisa kuteerera mutemo zvinogovera mashoko akavanzika. World Values Survey neGallup World Poll zvinotevera zvimiro izvi mupasi rose. Imwe nzira ndeyokunzvera zviratidziro zvetsika: muvhoti yetsika (kunyange kuderera kungareva kugutsikana kana kuti kusagutsikana), kutera mutero, uye kutora rutivi mukuramba. Mudiro, unoratidzika kuva mukuru asi kwete mumitevero; mumitengo yakashata, ibhishopiso inodzorosa uye inochinja. Murangariro we “kuvhotera kuzviisa pasi. Yakaisirwa naDhivhotirori yakapfuurirwa naDergen Haabnermas kurondedzera nguva apo hurumende haigoni kutsigira nguva yakakwana kupfupikisa mumapa ayo.

Nharo DzamaFilosofi: Kubvumirana, Ruramisiro, uye Kuenzana

Uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwapanguva ino hunopfuurira kuvandudza migariro nokuda kwoururami. John Rawls inosimbisa kuti kuva nomurayiro kunoda kuti chimiro chikuru chenzanga chive chakarurama – chinoreva kuti chinowirirana nenheyo idzo vanhu vakasununguka navakaenzana vangabvumirana muchimiro chapakuvamba. Robert Nozick, mutsigiri wemitemo, akapikisa kuti pamutemo hunosungwa nekodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kuti hurumende inogona kuva yapamutemo bedzi kana ichiganhurira imene kudziviriro yepfuma yapachivande uye kuchengetwa kwezvibvumirano. misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakafanana naDavid naSeyla Bebib vakanzvera kuti kuva pamutemo kunogona kutambanurwa sei kupfuura nyika yose. Uku kurwisana hakungovi zvako kupfurikidza nokuziva: ivo vanodzidzisa nyika yepasi pano pamusoro pemiganhuro yesimba, kodzero dzevatami vehurumende, uye kuzviisa mumisengwano kumutemo.

Mugumisiro: Kusimba Kwemitemo

Kutendeseka kwehurumende hakurevi kusingawirirani kana kuti kunozviitikira. Kunofanira kuwanikwa nguva dzose kupfurikidza nokuomerera kumutemo, kupindura kuzvinodikanwa zvavose, uye kugadziriswa kwamasangano akarurama. Manyuko oune pamutemo – kuiswa mupamutemo, magamuchidzanwa, madhimoni, uye mabasa akavakirwa panzvimbo yavose, uye simba resimba rehurumende anogona kurwisana kana kuti kutsigirana. Munyika yose, kuva pamutemo kunodzorwawo nemitemo yenyika yose, uye kuva vagari vemo vanodzorwawo zvavo. Vadzidzi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika nehurumende vanobetserwa nokunzwisisa kuti kuva noumhizha munzanga inotsamira pakupedzisira pazvitendero nezviito zvavanhuwo zvavo. Utano hwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika hunotsamira paizvo avo vane simba vanogona kusangana nezvikariro dzetsika uye zvinoshanda zvavagari vemo vavo, uye kana vachinzwa kuva vagariswi vokwa voga vehurumende dzavo vanowana kuzvidavirira. Sezvinoratidzwa nhau yenhau, kunyange kudzoro, kunyange hurumende huru yehurumende inoparara.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Encyclopedia yeFilosofi pamusoro poururami hwezvamatongerwe enyika, marudzi matatu eMax Weber’s echiremera [, uye [[FLT]] Tractal Uorist International Perceptions Index[[[FLTL:5] nokuda kwemashoko anopikiswa pamusoro pezviratidziro zvoukwane.