Muuyo woutsotsi unowanzova nguva inokangaidza neinotambudza nokuda kwomunhu ari wose anobatanidzwa($victims, vanonyumwira, zvapupu, uye nzanga yakafara. Muitiro wapamutemo unotevera unoitirwa kudzikamisa kurondwa kweruramisiro nedziviriro yekodzero dzomunhu oga. Kuziva chokukarira kunogona kunyaradza nyongano ndokupa simba avo vanofanira kuwirirana negadziriro. Nyaya ino inogovera tsananguro ine udzame, nhano nenhano yechinoitika pashure pokunge utsotsi hwaitwa, kubva kudanidzo yokutanga kusumo yokupedzisira.

Kupindura Kwokutanga Kuutsotsi

Muitiro wapamutemo unotanga nhambo inoshumwa. Kakawanda kazhinji ikoku kunoitika nomushanyo 911, kunyange zvazvo mimwe mishumo ichipinda nekambani yamapurisa kana kuti mirau isingazivikanwi. Mutumire wekurumidziro anobvunza mibvunzo inokosha kuti aone kuti chiitiko chacho ndechei uye kuti ndechekurumidziroi: nzvimbo, rondedzero yekakakariro (s), kuvapo kwezvombo, uye kana munhu upi noupi achikuvadzwa.

Angotumwa, vakuru vakuru vanorinda vanosvika panzvimbo yacho nezvinoiswa pakutanga zviviri: yakakotsekana nokuchengeteka. Chokutanga, vadzivirira nzvimbo yacho kudzivisa zvimwe zvinokuvadza(ichochi chinogona kureva kuvharidzira vafungidziri, kudana betsero yezvokurapa, uye kuendesa vamiriri. Chechipiri, vanotanga kunzvera kwokutanga. Vakuru vakuru vanotsvaka ufakazi huri pachena, kutaura navanyajambwa, uye cherekedza mugariro wenzvimbo yacho. Vangaparira mushumo wemapurisa uyo gare gare gare unova hwaro hwenhau yose.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vakuru vakuru vanodikanirwa kurava majekerwe kunyumwiro ipi neipi inoiswa muchitokisi, kunyange zvazvo iyi nhano inowanzoitika pashure pokusungwa panzvimbo pechiono chokutanga. Mhinduro yokutanga inoisa ratidziro nokuda kwokunzvera uye inogona kuva inotsoropodza mukuvaka mhaka yakasimba.

Nzvero

Vanoona, kazhinji kubva mumapoka akadai sokuponda, kubiridzira, kana kuti utsotsi hwepakombiyuta, vanoshanda pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzezvematsotsi, vanoongorora utsotsi (CSIS), uye vanoongorora zvivako zvevarabhoritari.

Ufakazi hwakaunganidzwa hwakarongwa. Ufakazi hwemuviri hunobatanidza zvikamu zveminwe, magiramu eDNA (kubva muropa, bvudzi, kana kuti masero eganda), nzira dzematai, nhekwe, uye zviratidzo zvezvishandiso. Mapoka eFernsic anotora mifananidzo uye anonyora chinhu chiri chose pamberi pokuunganidza zvinhu mumidziyo isina kusvibiswa. Ufakazi hwemakombiyuta hwazova hunokosha zvikuru: vanzveri vangatora makombiyuta, mafoni, uye madhirogiramu akaoma, uye ipapo kushandisa purogiramu yekombiyuta yegore kuti vabvise mafaira, mashoko, kutsvaira nhau, uye mashoko enzvimbo.

Vanyajambwa vangakumbirwa kutaura nomurevereri anyajambwa kana kuti mutikitivha akarovedzwa zvikuru anobata nhau dzinotapura (dzakadai sedenho yevatano). vachenjeri vasati vava mutorongo vangakumbirwa kupinda nokuda kwebvunzurudzo yokuzvidira, kunyange zvazvo vane maruramiro okuramba vakanyarara ndokukumbira gweta.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chokunzvera i `dis registrate'. Kana vaongorori vachida kupinda mumusha, motokari, kana kuti bhizimisi, vanofanira kuwana gwaro kumutongi, vanoratidzira chisakiso chinobvira. Varwi vanofukidzawo kupfuudzwa kwoufakazi sezvinyorwa zvebhangi kana kuti matanda orunhare. Kana nguva ichibvumira, kuwana rugwaro kuvimbisa kuti ufakazi hunoshanda pakutongwa.

Zvichitsamira pakuoma kunzwisisa kwoutsotsi, kuongorora kunogona kutora mazuva, mavhiki, kana kuti kunyange mwedzi.

Kusungwa uye Kubatwa Pamberi Pezviito

Kana vaongorori vakawana uchapupu hwakakwana hunoratidza kuti munhu anenge apara mhosva yacho, munhu anogona kusungwa netsamba yakanyorwa nomutongi, kana kuti pasina mutongo kana mukuru mukuru wacho akapupurira mhosva yacho kana kuti zvimwe achikwanisa kudavira kuti yaparirwa.

Panguva yokusungwa, anonyumwirwa anoziviswa nezvamaruramiro avo (_kakurukuru Miranda [: maruramiro okuramba akanyarara, kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chakataurwa chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana navo, uye maruramiro kugweta. Kana anonyumwirwa akakumbira gweta, kubvunzurudzwa kwose kunofanira kumira.

Kuunganidza uye Kuoneka Pakutanga

Izvi zvinosanganisira kurekodha mashoko omunhu oga, kutora mifananidzo, kunyora mafingaidhi, uye kuongorora magwaro akatanhamara.

Mukati mekuoneka kwokutanga (kunonziwo kudzorwa mune dzimwe nyika), anonyumwirwa anotaurwa nenzira yapamutemo nezvemhosva uye anoziviswa nezvekodzero dzavo. Mutongi achataura babail[] (chitsama chemari kana kuti migariro zvinoda kusunungurwa pamberi pokutongwa). Zvisaririra zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinobatanidza ngozi yokubhururuka, ngozi kunzanga, batano nenharaunda, uye upamberi hwemhosva. Nokuda kwemhosva duku, dzinofungidzirwa dzingasunungurwa padzinozivana. Nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, bhera ingarambwa.

Kuwandisa Kwemutoro

Panguva ino, muchuchisi anosarudza kuti imhosva ipi. Vanoongorora ufakazi ndokurangarira zvigadziko zvapamutemo. Muzvimwe zviitiko, kusungwa kwamapurisa nokuda kwemhosva imwe asi muchuchisi gare gare anoderedza kana kuti kuderedza. Muchuchisi angapindawo dare redare ravakuru mudzimwe nyika kuti aone kana pane ufakazi hwakakwana hwokuita. Vatongi vakuru iboka ravagari vemo vanonzwa ufakazi ndokusarudza kana vachipa mhaka.

Kufamba Kwapamberi Pezviito Nokuwana

Nhambo pakati pechitarisiko chokutanga nokutonga yakabatikana nehwaro hwapamutemo. Ndiyo muitiro umo mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana ufakazi. Kupomera kunofanira kuzivisa ufakazi hupi nohupi hwokupa uchapupu (hwupi) ndiko kuti, ufakazi hungagona kubetsera dziviriro. Kudzivirira kunogovera chaizvoizvo ufakazi hwakwo umene nandaza youchapupuwo.

Magweta ezvokudzivirira angaisa mibato yenhau [ kudenha mativi akasiana-- siyana enhau. Kufamba kunozivikanwa navose kunobatanidza:

  • . . . . . . . . . [[FLT] Ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti kubvuta (kugamuchirwa kwekodzero dzeChina dzeFirstment).
  • COTION] kudzinga[ yakavakirwa paufakazi husina kukwana kana kuti kuputswa kwamaruramiro okutonga anokurumidza.
  • [Motion kuchinja nzvimbo kana kuzivisa kwapamberi pedare kwaita kuti kutonga kwakarurama kuve kusingabviri munzvimbo yapakuvamba.

Kupa mhaka rutivi rukuru rweiyi nhano. Mumativi akawanda, mhaka zhinji dzeutsotsi dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nebvumirano panzvimbo pokuenda kukutonga. Muchuchisi angapa pomero dzakaderedzwa kana kuti mutongo wakareruka mukutsinhana nokuda kwokukumbira kwokuva nemhaka. Gweta rinodzivirira rinopa zano mukwirirwi panjodzi nebetsero. Kana kukumbira kuchisvikwa, mhaka yacho inoguma yatongerwa mhaka zvakananga.

Kutonga

Apo nhau inoenda kukutonga, inotevera mutoo wakarongeka wakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi. Miedzo inogona kuva bhn miedzo (inosarudzwa nomutongi) kana kuti Miedzo (inoitwa neboka ravagari vemo). Mukwirirwi ane maruramiro okusarudza rudzi rupi.

Kusarudzwa Kwajury

Vatongi vanobvira vanodanwa ndokubvunzwa namativi ose ari maviri mumuitiro unonzi voir . Nharidzano ndeyokuziva rusaruro rupi norupi rungadzivisa mutongi kuva asingasaruri. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kushandisa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chedenho (chinodzivisa mutongi pasina kupa chikonzero) nedenho dzisingaganhurirwi nokuda kwechisakiso (umt., mutongi anoziva amene amene mupomeri).

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Muchuchisi anotanga kutaura kuti uchapupu hucharatidza chii. Kuzvidzivirira kungapa mashoko okuzarura nokukurumidza kana kuti angaachengetera gare gare. Kutaura kwokuzarura hakusi kupikisana chete.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Muchuchisi anoongorora zvakananga, ozoongorora muchinjikwa. Izvi zvinoramba zvichiitwa nezvapupu zvose. Uchapupu hunoratidzwa sezviratidzwa uye hunoratidzwa vatongi.

Mutongi wacho anovimbisa kuti uchapupu husingabvumiki hunongosvika kudare racho chete.

Mupomeri haafaniri kupupurira, uye vatongi vanorayirwa kuti vasataura mashoko akaipa kubva pakunyarara.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Iyi ibanza rokunyengetedza vatongi kupfurikidza nokusimbisa simba renhau yavo noutera zvechishoro. Vachuchisi vanotaura kutanga, ipapo dziviriro, uye ipapo kukwirira kunopa tsinhiro.

Mirayiridzo Nekushandisa Bvumbiro

Mutongi anoverenga mutongi mutsetse wemirayiridzo yepamutemo inotsanangura mutemo unoshanda kunhau yacho, rondedzero yemhosva, uye mupimo woufakazi (pamberi popanikiro ine mufungo). ipapo vatongi vanorega basa kuvhotera muchivande. Kusarudzwa kunogona kutsamira pakuoma. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo chakabvumiranwa, idare rinoita dare rinobetsera , uye mutongi angazivisa kukanganisa. Kana vakasvika mutongo, unoziviswa mudare.

Jeri

Kutonga kunobvira kune mhaka kana kuti hakuna mhaka kunoreva kuti kuroverera mhaka hakuna kubvumikisa mhaka yako ($8) hakurevi hako kuti mupomeri haana mhaka.

Kutongerwa

Pashure pechisarudzo chine mhaka kana kuti chikumbiro, nhambo yokutonga inovamba. Mutongi anogadza musi wokutongera, kazhinji kazhinji mavhiki anoverengeka gare gare, kubvumira nguva yenzvero ye yapamberi-yakare] [ [PSI]. Mukuru mukuru anonzverwa anoitisa PSI, anobvunzurudza mukwiridziri, anohwirudzura nhau youtsotsi, uye anotaura navanyajambwa. Mushumo unopa mutongi mufananidzo wakakwana kuti abatsire kusarudza mutongo wakanaka.

Zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kutongerwa zvinobatanidza ukombi hwoutsotsi, chinyorwa choutsotsi chomukwirirwi, kuvapo kwemigariro inoderedza (munzira idimbu, kumanikidza, chirwere chendangariro, kuzvidemba) kana kuti migariro inonyandura (munzira idi, kushandiswa kwechombo, kuvadziko kunyajambwa asingatapurwi, rutivi rwoutungamiriri mugen’a).

Vanyajambwa vane maruramiro okutaura pakutongera kupfurikidza nokutaura kwesimba. Vanogona kurondedzera kuvadziko yemirangariro, yenyama, uye yemari utsotsi hwakavawira. Mukwirirwi anewo maruramiro okutaura kudare (kuuraya).

Vatongi vanosarudza munhevedzano yemitsetse zvichitsamira panhungamiro dzehurumende nedzehurumende:

  • Kuisa mujeri (kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwemitemo mipfupi) kana kuti jeri (kureva mitauro mirefu). Mamwe mativi anobvumira mitongo yakapatsanurwa apo rutivi rweshoko runobatira muchengeteko uye rutivi pakusunungurwa kunotarisirwa.
  • Chirango[ chinobvumira mukwirirwi kurambira munzanga mumigariro yakadai secheki dzenguva dzose, kunzvera mirimo, uye nguva dzokusvika pamba.
  • [ Mitaro neripo [ inoda kuripirwa kuhurumende kana kuti zvakananga kuvanyajambwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa.
  • Basa rekomunikiti, purogiramu dzokugara panzvimbo imwe , kana honzeri dzeimba [ nechemagetsi.

Mumhosva dzakakomba, zvikurukuru dzinosanganisira kuponda kana kuti mhosva dzechisimba, mitongo inogona kuva upenyu mujeri kana kuti kunyange rufu (munzvimbo dzine chirango cherufu chinobvumirwa nemutemo).Mutongi anofanirawo kuwana kana mitongo yakawanda ichiitwa panguva imwe chete kana kuti ichitevedzana.

Kukwirira Nokubatsira Kunopa Vanhu Vakafa

Mukwiri ane kodzero yokukwirira kudare repamusoro, zvikurukuru munguva pfupi pashure pokunge apiwa mutongo.

Zvimwe zvikonzero zvinozivikanwa zvinobatanidza:

  • Vatongi mumiraidzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi iyo inosiyanisa mutemo.
  • kubvuma kwakafanira kana kuti kubvisa ufakazi hunoputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.
  • [ Rubatsiro runoshanda rwezano kana kuita kwegweta rinodzivirira kwakadzika mupimo une mufungo uye kunofungira mano akaipa nhau yacho.
  • Tsika dzisina kunaka [, dzakadai sokurega kuisa ufakazi hwokuranga kana kuti kuita tsinhiro dzisina kufanira mukupfiga.

Gadziriro yedare inotanga nokunyora mipfupi kubva kumativi ose ari maviri. Dare remashoko ringaronga. Dare reappellate rinogona kusimbisa kupwiswa (rinokuita), kurichinja (rikudzosa), kana kuti kudzosa nhau yacho kudare rokutonga nokuda kwezvimwe zviitiko (zvakadai sekutonga kutsva). Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, dare ringagadzirisa mutongo wacho.

Kana kukwirira kwakananga kusingabudiriri, mukwirirwi angaronda purofiti yepabudiso kupfurikidza nehabeas zicelo mumatare ehurumende kana kuti ehurumende. Izvi zviito zvehurumende zvinodenha kuva pamutemo kwetorongo. Kukumbira kunogona kumutsa kutaura kwokuputsa mutemo kwaisataurwa pakwirira kwakananga, zvakadai soufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa kana kuti kusava nemhaka chaikoiko.

Kukwirira kwacho kunogona kutora makore akawanda, kuchipa dziviriro inokosha, kuchiva nechokwadi chokuti gadziriro yemitemo inoruramisa zvikanganiso zvayo imene uye kuti hapana munhu anowanirwa mhaka nemhaka yemitoo isina kururama.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa chinoitika pashure pokunge utsotsi hwaitwa kunobetsera kubvisa gadziriro inogona kuratidzika kuva yakaoma neinotyisidzira. Kuvambira pamhinduro yokutanga yamapurisa kukukwirira kwokupedzisira, nhano iri yose inotungamirirwa nemitemo inodzikamisa kuzvidavirira nekodzero. Kuvanyajambwa, muitiro wacho unopa nzira kururamisiro nokuvharwa. Nokuda kwomupomerwi, unopa dziviriro pasimba rehurumende roudzvinyiriri.

Kana iwe kana kuti mumwe munhu waunoziva akava anobatanidzwa mumhaka youtsotsi ($[FLT: 1]] senyajambwa, kana kuti mukwidziridzwa) kunorumbidzwa zvikuru kutsvaka zano remitemo. Gweta rine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rinogona kugovera nhungamiro inogadzirirwa ndokubetsera kutungamirira mativi akaoma egadziriro. Nokuda kwokuravazve, ] National Justice Reference Service[[FLT:]]] [FLT]]] inogovera mifungo ine udzame, uye [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]