Nyika iri yose inofanira kusarudza kuti icharonga sei hurumende yayo ndokusarudza vatungamiriri vayo. Mitemo miviri mikuru yakabuda munyika yose igadziriro yeparamende negadziriro yapurezidhendi. Iyi gadziriro inosarudza kwete bedzi kuti sarudzo dzinoitwa sei asi kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei, kuti mitemo inogadzirwa sei, uye kuti vatungamiriri vanozvidavirira sei. Nepo masangano ose ari maviri akatsunga kugovera udzori hwakatsi nohunomirira, anoshanda panheyo dzakasiana zvikuru pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba, chiremera chavakuru vakuru, uye ukama pakati pamapazu emitemo namapazu ehurumende. Uku kunzvera kwakakudzwa kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri mumasangano emitemo, kuchinjwa kwenyika, zvishandiso chaizvoizvo, uye kugadzirwa kwenyika chaiyo, uye mavakirwo anoitwa mugadziriro imwe neimwe.

Mavambo Egadziriro Yeparamende

Mugadziriro yeparamende, bazu guru rinowana maruramiro aro kudare remitemo (paramende) uye rinozvidavirira zvakananga kwariri. Mutungamiriri wehurumende − sezvinooneka anonzi Mutungamiriri wePrime(inowanzova mutungamiriri webato) kana kuti mubatanidzwa uyo anoraira voruzhinji muimba yakaderera yeparamende. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kunoreva kuti mapazu echiremera nemitemo anobatanidzwa panzvimbo pokuparadzana.

Zvinhu Zvinoumba Mavako

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunokosha pakuenzanisa mashandiro azvo masangano neanoitwa napurezidhendi.

  • Fusion of Masimba: Mutungamiriri anotorwa kudare remitemo. Vakuru vakuru veCabinet vanodokuva mitezo inogara nguva dzose yeparamende, inodzikatidza musiyano pakati pokuita pamutemo nomutemo.
  • Mushumiri soMutungamiriri Mukuru:[[FLT: 1] Mutungamiriri Mukuru anobatira somusoro wehurumende, nepo musoro wakasiana wenyika (mambo kana kuti purezidhendi wetsika) kazhinji kazhinji aripo nokuda kwamabasa okufananidzira nomufananidzo.
  • Holy Refidence: Paramende inogona kubvisa Mutungamiriri weHurumende nekabhini yose kupfurikidza nevhoti yakapfava. Iyi nzira inovimbisa mukuru mukuru anoramba achigamuchira chibvumirano.
  • Chiratidzo cheDzidziso: Gurukota guru (kana kuti musoro wehurumende pazano reMutungamiriri wehurumende) anogona kunyandura chaizvoizvo paramende ndokudana sarudzo dzapakuvamba, achiita nzvero yapakarepo.
  • Hurumende yeCoalition neMinodity: Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro shomanene dzeparamende dzinoshandisa kuwanda kwenhengo imwe yoruwa, hurumende dzakabatanidzwa dzakakurumbira. Mapoka akawanda anofanira kukurukura kuti atange hurumende, inogona kusimudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira asi inoitawo kuti kuve nokusawirirana.

Nyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, India, Germany, Australia, uye Japan dzinoita kuti pave noutongi hweparamende.

Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzeparamende

Vatsigiri vehurumende yeparamende vanotaura nezvesimba rinoverengeka rokuvaka rinogona kubudisa utongi hunobudirira uye hunodavidza.

  • Kushanda kwapamhene: Nemhaka yokuti mutarisiri anodzora purogiramu yemitemo uye anoraira voruzhinji (kana kuti mabasa okuvaka imwe), mabhiri anogona kupfuudzwa nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura mumasangano akakamuraniswa epurezidhendi. Ikoku kunokosha zvikurukuru mukati menhambo dzekurumidziro kana kuti dzinoda chinjo inokurumidza.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwapakarepo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende nedare rehurumende zvinooneka nguva dzose pamberi peparamende kupindura mibvunzo, kudzivirira miitiro, uye kunzvera chiso. Muitiro wokuvhota woruzvimbidzo unopa nzvero yakananga neyapakarepo pasimba revakuru vakuru, ine simba zvikuru kupfuura mibato inosakiswa mumasangano mazhinjisa apurezidhendi.
  • Kuchinjika nokugadziridzwa: Apo Mutungamiriri wehurumende anorega kana kuti anorasikirwa nevhoti yechivimbo, vatungamiriri vatsva vanogona kuiswa nokukurumidza zvikuru pasina sarudzo yavose yakazara (kutsamira pamitemo yebumbiro remitemo negadziriro dzebato). Ikoku kunogona kudzivisa mashairere ezvamatongerwe enyika akarebesa.
  • Kubatanidza Mumarongerwo akawanda, hurumende dzakabatana dzinogona kumirira mhatsa huru yefariro kupfuura kutarisirwa kwapurezidhendi kune chikamu chimwe. Zvikamu zvine miganhu yeruwa, yedzinza, kana kuti yepfungwa zvinofanira kukurukura mirau inobvumiranwa, ingagona kuderedza perevedzo.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzegadziriro dzeParamende

Pasinei nemasimba aya, masangano eparamende anotarisana nezvinetso zvinonyorwa zvakanaka zvinogona kukanganisa kugadzikana uye kubudirira.

  • Njeresa nokuda kwokusazvidzora: vhoti dzekusavimba nguva dzose, zvibvumirano zvisina kusimba, uye sarudzo dzapakuvamba dzinogona kuparira kudzokororwa kwehurumende kunokurumidza. Italy, somuenzaniso, yakawana hurumende dzinopfuura makumi matanhatu chifo cheHondo yeNyika II, ichiratidzira kuti matongerwe enyika eparamende anogona kuva.
  • Tsitsiro yePropotionete yeProties: Mukurukurirano dzakabatana, mapati maduku anogona kushandisa simba rinoparirwa pamusoro petsigiro yawo yakakurumbira. Vangatora ganhuriro dzemiitiro dzisingaratidziri zvisarudzo zvezvisarudzo zvikuru, zvikurukuru apo vanova nedzikamo yesimba.
  • Kuzvidavirira kweBlureded: Vatambi vangaparapatika kupa chikwereti kana kuti mhaka apo mapoka akawanda anogoverana simba mumubatanidzwa. Kunogona kuva kusingajekesi kana Mutungamiriri wePrime, mubiyake wemubatanidzwa, kana kuti dare rinotonga riri kuparira muuyo womuitiro wakati.
  • Kuparadzaniswa kwaMasimba kwadzikwa: Kubatanidzwa kwamapazu ehurumende nemitemo kunonetesa nzvero dzomukati nedzinodzikama. Boka rakawanda rinorangwa rinogona kudzora mapazu ose ari maviri, kuchigona kuderedza manzwi echishoro uye kuderedza utarisiri hwemitemo.

Kusiyana Kwemasangano omuParamende

Hadzisi gadziriro dzose dzeparamende dzinoshanda zvakafanana. Kumwe kukura kunobatanidza rudzi rwegadziriro yevhotal (kumirira kwechikamu chenyika, kusanganiswa kwenhengo imwe), bidameral kana kuti unicameral yeparamende, masimba etsika emusoro wehurumende, uye kuvapo kana kuti kusavapo kwebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, muenzaniso weWestminster muUnited Kingdom unosimbisa chikamu chimwe chehurumende huru yakavhengana noudzori hwakasimba, nepo muenzaniso webvumirano muGermany neScandinavia unotsamira pamite yemite yetsika, kudzora kwakabatana, uye kuongororwa kukuru kwedare. Uku kudzorwa kunotapura zvikuru kuti tsika inoshanda sei mukushanda.

Hwaro HwePurezidhendi

Gadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzinorondedzerwa nokuparadzana kwakajeka uye kwakamanikidzirwa nebumbiro remitemo pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anobatira panguva imwe cheteyo somusoro wehurumende, anosarudzwa ari oga nedare, uye anobatira shoko rakagadzwa risingagoni kumiswa nevhoti yemitemo isina chivimbo. Ichi chivako chinoparira gadziriro yamasangano akaparadzana anogoverana masimba, panzvimbo pokubatanidza nhevedzano yeparamende yemirau.

Zvinhu Zvinoumba Mavako

Mufananidzo wapurezidhendi wakavakirwa pamativi esangano akagadzirirwa noune kugadzira cheki nedzikamo pakati pamapazu akaenzana ehurumende.

  • Kuparadzanya kwaMasimba: Mapazu avakuru navanotonga akasununguka mubumbiro remitemo. Munhu haagoni kubatira panguva imwe cheteyo mumapazu ose ari maviri.
  • Kusarudzwa kwaPopuresa: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anosarudzwa navavhoti (kana kuti kupfurikidza nekoreji yakasarudzwa) mumuitiro wakaparadzana nezvisarudzo zvemitemo. Ikoku kunopa Purezidhendi murairo wakazvimirira wehurumende.
  • Chitatiso chakavhengana: Mapurezidhendi anobatira shoko rakarondedzerwa mubumbiro remitemo (anowanzova makore mana kusvikira kumatanhatu) uye haagoni kubviswa nemhaka bedzi yokuti dare remitemo haribvumirani nemitemo yavo. Kukumbira kunobvirira bedzi nokuda kwomufambiro wakakomba wakadai sokupandukira hurumende, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mhosva dzakakwirira.
  • Veto Simba: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress kana kuti paramende. Kunyanyokwidziridza vaveto kunoda chaizvoizvo mukurumbira mukuru, kupa mukuru mukuru chishandiso chakasimba chokudzivisa zviito zvemitemo.
  • Kuzvimirira kweCabinet: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogadza mitezo yedare (vavachengeti vemitemo kana kuti vashumiri) avo vanowanzosava nezvigaro zvomutemo. Vanobatira pamufaro waPurezidhendi uye havafaniri kuraira chivimbo chechigaro.

Mienzaniso yakatanhamara yegadziriro dzapurezidhendi inobatanidza United States, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, Philippines, uye nyika zhinjisa muLatin America. imwe neimwe inochinja muenzaniso mukuru kukuwirirana nemamiriro ayo emitemo, nemisiano musimba ramajeri, miitiro yokugadza, uye chiremera chomutemo.

Betsero Dzegadziriro Yapurezidhendi

Vadziviriri vehurumende yapurezidhendi vanosimbisa simba retsika rokuterama, kuzvidavirira kwakajeka, uye kunzvera kukuru kwesangano.

  • Chitsigiso chePurezimet Throm Greads: Mutungamiriri haangabviswi nevhoti yemitemo yakapfava, inodzivisa kudzongonyedza kukurumidza kwehurumende mugadziriro dzeparamende. Voters vanoziva chaizvoizvo apo sarudzo inotevera ichaitika, ichigovera kufanodeya kurongwa kwemiitiro neukama hwamarudzi ose.
  • Kubvisa Kuparadzana kweMasimba necheki: Kuzvimirira kwamapazu ehurumende nemitemo kunoparira mifungo mizhinji inogona kudzivisa mutemo wokukurumidzira kana kuti usingafungisirwi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine kurudziro dzokuchengeta maruramiro aro rimene, kusimudzira tarisiro yavose.
  • Kuzvidavirira ku Voters: Sarudzo yakananga yaPurezidhendi inoparira dare rakajeka rokuzvidavirira. Vadzori vanogona kutusa kana kuti kuranga Purezidhendi pabhokisi rakavakirwa pabasa, pasina kujeka kwomutoro webatanidzwa.
  • Mutungamiriri weProfecture Releader: Mutungamiriri ane murairo wakajeka wenyika anogona kuita chiito nenzira yakananga, zvikurukuru mumuitiro wokumwe nechengeteko yenyika. Mutungamiriri mumwe anogona kutaura nenzwi rimwe nokuda kworudzi, mukupesana noutungamiriri hweboka rehurumende yekabhineti.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzegadziriro Yapurezidhendi

Gadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzinotarisanawo noutera hwakakomba hwokuvaka hunogona kudzivisa kudzora ndokusekesa nheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

  • Gridrock yeIndaneti: Apo purezidhendi nedare rinotonga zvinodzorwa namativi akasiana----phasiana (hurumende yakapesana), rwisano inogona kudzongonyedza muitiro wemiitiro. Mutungamiriri weProfesi angaramba kusimbisa kugadzwa kana kuti kupfuudza miraudzo, uye mitemo mikuru ingadzorwa kwamakore. United States yakawana kumira kwakawanda kwapashoma nebhajeti yemari inopfuurirwa somuuyo.
  • Kuiswa kweSimba roUkuru:[[FLT: 1] Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji anoraira chiremera chikuru chokudzora nechehondo. Pasina kunzvera kwevhoti isina kuzviisa pasi, vangatonga pasina muganhu gare gare kupfurikidza nemirayiro yavakuru vakuru, chinjo dzehurumende, uye zviito zvemiitiro yokumwe, zvingadzivisa mubatanidzwa wemitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanogona kubvisa nzvero dzehurumende yedemocracy munguva inopfuura.
  • Kubvisa Purezidhendi asingafiki: Muitiro unonetswa zvikuru uye unodzorwa uyo usingatongoshandiswi nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwomufambiro usina kufanira ushomanene wemhosva huru. Mutungamiriri wehurumende asina simba, ane ushati, kana kuti anorasikirwa netsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika anogona kuramba ari muhofisi kwamakore nemitoo yakaganhurirwa yetsika yokubvisa.
  • Zero-Sum Electoral Politics: Sarudzo dzapurezidhendi dzinowanzova dzinokunda makwikwi ose ayo anotsiva nyika dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Rutivi runorasika runganzwa rusingatsivikirwi chose chose musimba, kuchitungamirira kukuderedza chivimbo mumasangano edemokrasi uye kukurira kudzoreswa kwezvirongwa zvechirongwa. Iri simba rinoziviswa zvikurukuru mumagadziriro echirongwa chokutanga chenyika inosarudzwa.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Kudzika Mitauro

Kuenzanisa gadziriro dzeparamende nedzemapurezidhendi kunoda kunzvera kuti dzinoita sei mumativi akawanda ehurumende. Hapana gadziriro iri pamusoro penyika yose; gadziriro yakanakisisa inotsamira patsika dzenyika yezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka enzanga, mashoko enhau, uye simba resangano.

Matongero uye Tsika Dzematongerwe Enyika

Gadziriro dzeParamende dzinokurudzira kubatira pamwe, kutungamirira nemhaka yokuti mukuru mukuru anofanira kuchengeta chivimbo chedare. Hurumende dzemasangano dzinoraira kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pakati pemapati. Ikoku kunogona kuparira kuita miitiro yakawanda inowirirana asi kuchiitawo chisarudzo zvishoma muzvikamu zvakakamukana. Gadziriro dzapurezidhendi, nokupesana, kazhinji kazhinji dzinosimudzira ukama pakati pomukuru mukuru nedare remitemo, zvikurukuru pasi pehurumende yakakamukana. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunogona kuparira "masangano akaganhurirwa, kugoverana masimba" anoda kuti aenderere mumibatanidzwa wamarudzi ose.

Masangano Akanaka Nemifananidzo

Gadziriro yevhota inosarudzwa mumiuyo mizhinji zvikuru. Gadziriro dzemiuyo yehurumende dzinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kushandisa kuwirirana kwemitemo yePR kana kuti gadziriro dzemitezo yakavhengana, idzo dzinoita kuti pave nemisiano yakasiana--chinja inoratidzira zvisarudzo zvakasiana--chinja. Idzo dzinomirira imhatsa yakafara, asi kuumbwa kwakabatana kunogona kunonozetsa kuumbwa kwehurumende ndokuparira kusawirirana kwemitengo yematunhu. Masangano apurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa uzhinji hwenhu hweruwa kana kuti kuvhota, izvo zvinokombamira kuderedza nhamba yemapoka anobudirira uye kubudisa kudzora mumwe purezidhendi. Ikoku kunogona kuita zvibvumirano zvakajeka zvikuru asi kungasiya zvikamu zvavagari vemo pasina kunyorwa. Kudzoreka pakati perefashoni yegadziriro inodzoro yePR inodzorwa pamwe chete nokuumbwa neboka rimwe rePy Kru.

Kutsiga uye Kuchinjika

Gadziriro dzeParamende dzinogona kuva dzinochinjika zvikuru mukupindura njodzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika: Mutungamiriri weHurumende akarasikirwa anogona kutsiviwa nokukurumidza, kana kuti sarudzo dzapakuvamba dzinogona kupedza njodzi. Zvisinei, uku kuchinjika kunogonawo kuparira kusagadzikana kana hurumende dzikachinja kazhinji zvikuru. Gadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzinopa mashoko akatsiga ayo anovimbisa ruramiso yehurumende asi anogonawo kubata nyika nomutungamiriri asingafarirwi kana kuti asingashandi. Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, gadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzingabudisa rwisano kupfurikidza nesimba rinopa ngwariro muhofisi imwe bedzi inogona kukunda, nepo masangano eparamende angabatanidza nyore nyore nyore zvikuru mapoka akawanda mugadziriro dzamasimba.

Michina Inozvidavirira

Gadziriro dzeParamende dzinopa kuzvidavirira kwakasimba kwezuva nezuva kupfurikidza nenguva dzemibvunzo, kunzvera kwedare, uye kusavimba. Nemhaka yokuti mukuru mukuru anofanira kutarisana nedare remitemo nguva dzose, pane muitiro unopfuurira wokururamisa nokutarisira. Masangano apurezidhendi anotsamira pakunzvera kwakarongwa kwakadai seveto, kunzvera kwemitemo, kuongorora kwemitemo, kuongorora kwedare, uye kusarudza kwapanhambo nenhambo. Nepo izvi zvicherekedzo zvinogona kuva nesimba, zvinoshanda nguva dzose uye zvingasadzivisa kudzoreka kweboka pakati pezvisarudzo. Muitiro wacho, kunyange zvazvo uchitongovapo, unoshandiswa nokuda kwokusabvumirana kwemiitiro. Nenzira yakafanana, ganhuriro yedare inogovera simba rokunzvera asi pasinei zvapo nokushanda, izvo zvinogona kuguma nenguva yokuzvinoita.

Utsanana Negadziriro Dzechemberedzo

Nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzemhute dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvemienzaniso yose iri miviri mukuedza kubata simba radzo rinenge richidzikamisa utera hwadzo. Hurukuro hunozivikanwa zvikurusa igadziriro yapamberi pevhu, umo Purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga aripo parutivi pePurezidhendi nakabhineti vanozvidavirira kudare. France muenzaniso wakatanhamara: Purezidhendi anobata mirauriro yokumwe nechengeteko yenyika, nepo Mutungamiriri weProfester anotarisira nhau dzemhuri uye ane mutoro kuGungano yeNational Assembly. Iyi inogona kubudisa udzone kana kuti udzorwa panzvimbo yePrezidenti inodzosa. Paidzoka isati, "Kugarwa" kunoitika, naPrezidhente webato rimwe nemukuru weboka renyika, anobatira simba uye mubatira pamwe chete.

Mimwe mienzaniso inobatanidza Russia, umo Purezidhendi ane simba guru, uye Portugal, Finland, neTaiwan, umo dzikano pakati paPurezidhendi naMutungamiriri weHurumende inosiana. Mitemo yeSemi-presidential inopa nzvimbo yapakati asi inogonawo kuparira kujeka pamusoro pokuti ndiani zvirokwazvo anozvidavirira nokuda kwemiuyo yemitemo, uye iyo inoisa njodzi rwisano dzebumbiro remitemo pakati pavakuru vakuru vakuru vaviri. Rubudiriro rwavo runotsamira zvikuru pamitemo chaiyoiyo netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika mukati madzo.

Dzimwe Gadziriro Dzakabemerwa

Dzimwe nyika dzakatanga mibatanidzwa yechienzi nedzokudzora. Federal Council yeSwitzerland ivakuru vakuru vanomwe vanosarudzwa neparamende asi vachibatira nguva yakatsiga, vachibatanidza utungamiriri hweboka nechisarudzo cheparamende. Gadziriro yeSouth Africa inosarudza Purezidhendi kubva pakati pemitezo yeNational Assembly asi inopa Purezidhendi zvose zviri zviviri miganhu yenhau neyomusoro wehurumende, ichishanda mumugariro wemireza yemutestamende nezvamatongerwe enyika. Izvozvi zvinoratidzirwa kuti musiyano mukuru pakati peparamende negadziriro dzapurezidhendi idia izivikanwo; mabumbiro enyika chaiwoiwo anopa Purezidhendi magariro adzo ose ari maviri enhau nerefesitorendi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera Kusarudza Gadziriro Yetsika

Chisarudzo chenyika pakati pegadziriro yeparamende kana kuti yapurezidhendi hachisi chisarudzo chemitongero younyanzvi. Chinoumbwa zvikuru nenhaka yenhau, mapoka ehurumende, mapoka enzanga, kundikano dzinofungwa kuti dzinobudirira kana kuti budiriro dzehurumende dzakapfuura. Nyika dzinobuda mukutonga kwechiremera kana kuti rwisano dzinotarisana nenharo huru pamusoro pegadziriro ichasimudzira kutsigikano yakanakisisa, kubatanidzwa, uye kuzvidavirira. Masangano eparamende angakwezva zvikuru munzanga nemapoka akawanda edzinza kana kuti erudzidziso ayo anoda kugoverana simba kupfurikidza namasangano akaoma. Masangano apurezidhendi angada kufadza apo pane chishuvo chakasimba, utungamiriri hunozvidavirira nokuparadzana kwamasimba masimba kuti adzivise kubatana kwemotokari. Kushanda kwegadziriro yetsika dzose pakupedzisira kungatsamira pamhoteredzo yesangano renyika, kubatanidza judican, nzanga yakasununguka, tsika dzamagariro dzehurumende, uye tsika dzehurumende dzehurumende.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzeSangano reParamende napurezidhendi dzinomirira nzira mbiri dzakasiana zvikuru kuronga udzori hwedemokrasi. Miitiro yeParamende inosimbisa kubatanidzwa kwesimba rehurumende neromutemo, ichigonesa kuita chisarudzo nokukurumidza nokuzvidavirira kwakasimba kupfurikidza negadziriro isina kujeka, asi inogona kutambura nokusagadzikana uye pesvedzero dzamasangano. Masangano apurezidhendi anosimbisa kuparadzanisa masimba nemirairo yakajeka yokuzvidavirira, asi anoisa mungozi kukurumidza nokuwedzera kwechiremera chechiremera chehurumende. Mienzaniso yakanyanyisa kuedza kufambisa zvinhu izvi nokubatanidza zvinhu zvamagamuchidzanwa ose ari maviri, kazhinji kazhinji nebudiriro yakati apo yakarongedzerwa kukwazvo kuti ikodzei mamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa mufungo wetsika yenhau, uye kushanda kwegadziriro yetsika imwe neimwe inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kugadziriswa kwehurumende yehurumende. Miedzo yemitemo idzodzodzodzo dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga dzoga kuti idzorwe sei, vapfumidzerodzorodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzo inoitwa sei.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro peidzi misoro, rangarira kunzverwa kwe Constitute Project nokuda kwemitemo yebumbiro-mitemo, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral helpation (IDA)[FL:3] nokuda kwemitengo yegadziriro yetsika yokuvhotera, uye kurapa kwedzidzo kwakadai se [[FLT:]] Juan Linz's refanceism yengozi dzedialigist [ nokuda kwemifungo yakadzika mifungo. Izvi zvinogovera mibato inokosha nokunzvera nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mabasa akasiyana- siyana munyika yose ishandei.