Mubvunzo Usingaperi: Gadziriro Yemakeki Nedzikamo Inoshanda Here?

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo inomirira chimwe chemativi etsva zvikurusa nekurukurirano yegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Kwamazana maviri amakore, gadziriro iyi yakaitirwa kudzivirira kuti bazu rimwe rehurumende risave nesimba risina kudzorwa nepo ichivimbisa kuti kudzora kwacho kunoramba kuchibudirira zvakakwana kupedza zvinetso zvenyika. Nhau yokuti tsika ino inoshanda here kana kuti ichiri dzidzo yedzidzo yetendi yenyika yeAmerica. Inovhiringidza mwoyo wemashandiro ehurumende yeAmerica. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti gadziriro yacho yakadzivisa nokubudirira kudzora uye yakachengetedza rusununguko, nepo vatsoropote vachitaura kuti zvinhu zvematongeri zvinoshandura gadziriro yekare, magadzirirwo enhau, mashandiro chaiwo enyika, uye kunetsa nguva inotarisana negadziriro yokuongorora uye mamiriro ezvinhu enguva ino.

Kurongwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Nokuda Kwokuparadzirwa Kwesimba

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakagadzira hurumende yamasimba akaparadzana, vachiisa mabasa akasiyana kumapazu matatu akaenzana. Zvisinei, vakaziva kuti kuparadzana kwakanga kusingakwani kudzivirira simba kuti risabatanidzwa mubazi rimwe. James Madison akarondedzera mufungo mukuru Fidererist Nhaka., achipikisa kuti "chinodikanwa chinofanira kuitwa kuti chikurirei kuzvikudza." Muitiro wacho wakagadzirirwa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rive nezvose zviri zviviri sundo nezvishandiso zvemitemo kuti ridzivise kudzorwa navamwe.

Mavambo Edzidziso Mupfungwa Dzakajeka

Zvisakiso zvoungwaru zvekunzvera nokudzikamisa zvakatorwa zvikuru navazivi veEurope, zvikurukuru Montesquieu, ane basa rakajeka iro Mudzimu weMitemo (1748) yakataura kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika rwaida kuparadzaniswa kwemitemo, mukuru mukuru wehurumende, uye mabasa okutonga. Magariro eAmerica akafamba kupfuura Montesquie kupfurikidza nokuwedzera mashandiro chaiwo ayo bazi rimwe nerimwe raigona kudzivisa kana kuti kudzvinyirira mamwe. Rondero dzaJohn Locle pakodzero dzomusikirwo nebvumirano dzenzanga dzakazivisawo kupwisa simba rehurumende kuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuganhurirwa uye kuzvidavirira. Chinoitika chokutonga kwehurumende muBritain, apo korona yechiremera chakadzorwa nesimba, yakagovera chidzidzo chine simba pamusoro penjodzi dzesimba guru.

Kunzvera Kunoita Bazu Rimwe Nerimwe Vamwe

Kunzwisisa kana basa richiongororwa uye richidzikamiswa kunoda kurondedzerwa zvakajeka kwezvishandiso zvakati zvebumbiro remitemo zvinowanika kubazu rimwe nerimwe.

Mukuru Mukuru Anonzvera Simba Romutemo Nerokutonga

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, rinoshandisa nzvero dzinoverengeka dzinokosha mukurwisana namamwe mapazu. Simba reveto rinobvumira purezidhendi kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichigona kudzora nevoruzhinji vane zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Kupfuura dare, purezidhendi anobatira somutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, achipa pesvedzero yapamusoro panhau dzehondo idzo Congress anozivisa. Purezidhendi anosarudzawo vatongi vomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza Supreme Courts, vaidzoresa pesvedzero isina kunangamira padare redare redare kwamakumi amakore. Kuwedzera, purezidhendi anogona kubudisa mirairo yedare inotakura simba remitemo, kunyange zvazvo idzodzi dziri rondedzero dzokuhwirusa ganhuridzo.

Nzvero Dzomutemo Pasimba Roukuru Nerokutonga

Congress ine midziyo mirefu yokumanikidzira ose ari maviri mapazu avakuru vakuru navanotonga. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kudare, jaji rehurumende, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakwirira. Dare rina simba rechikwama, kureva kuti hapana chiito chokutungamirira chinogona kupfuurira pasina pamutemo. Bazu rewisciation rinogona kukunda dare ramabhishopi makuru anokwana. Zvikurusa, Congress ine simba rokubvisa purezidhendi, muteveri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe [[FLT: 0], chioko, kana kuti mamwe matsotsiro akakwirira uye mamwe utsotsi. . Dare rinogadzawo chimiro chedare redare renyika iri pasi pedare gurusaro uye rinogona kubvisa dare nenzira inobudirira.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Simba Roukuru Nerapamutemo

Bazu redare, kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro yedare yakagadzwa mu Madison (1803) , rinogona kuzivisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare guru uye zviito zvinoitwa nebazu risingawirirani. Iri simba rinoita kuti dare redare risave muchengeti anotsoropodza wemiganhu yemitemo. Vatongi vehurumende vanoshanda nguva dzose mutsika dzakanaka, inoidzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye inoibvumira kutonga mukurwisana nevakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakakurumbira kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende apo inoida. Chiremera cheDare repamusorosoro rokududzira Bumbiro remitemo remitemo chinoreva kuti zvisarudzo zvaro zvine revo nenzvimbo yehurumende yehurumende yezvizvarwa.

Zviitiko Zvakaitika Kare Mumamiriro Esimba

Nhoroondo yenzvero nedzikamo muUnited States inoratidzirwa nenhambo dzinokosha idzo dzakaedza kusimba kwegadziriro nechinjika. Izvi zvinoitika zvinozivisa zvose zviri zviviri simba nezvinopesana zvegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

Mapepa Anowirirana Nenharo Dzemari

Bumbiro reMitemo risati ratenderwa, vaAnti-Federalist vakamutsa zvirambidzo zvakakomba kuti gadziriro yecheki nedzinodzikama yakanga isingakwani kudzivirira rusununguko. Vakataura kuti purezidhendi akanga ane simba rakawanda zvikuru, kuti dare rehurumende raizova riri kure zvikuru navanhu, uye kuti Dare raizova mutumbi unotonga. Federalist Papers, zvikurukuru Nhamba 47 kusvikira ku51 yakanyorwa naMadison, yakapindura kupfurikidza nokutsanangura kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba negadziriro yechekero kwaizoshanda sei. Gakavaradhea rimene raizobatira somuedzo wapakuvamba wetsika, rinoratidzira kuti gadziriro yemitemo yaigona kukurira kuongororwa zvikuru uye kuvandudzika kupfurikidza naBill wekodzero.

Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review

Mutongo wenhau waMarbury new. Madison akatanga chiremera cheDare Gurusa kuti chipedze mitemo inorwisana neBumbiro reMitemo. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akatungamirira nokungwarira mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma mune zvematongerwe enyika, achisimbisa simba rokutonga achidzivisa kusangana kwakananga naPurezi Thomas Jefferson. Iyi chisarudzo chakashandura judicary kubva kusangano risina simba kuva sangano rinowirirana rinokwanisa kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri Congress and presidentine. Mhaka yacho inoramba iri mumwe wemienzaniso ine simba zvikurusa yenzira idzo nzvero nedzino dzinogona kushanduka nokududzira kupfurikidza nerondedzero yedare panzvimbo pekushandura kwomutemo.

Dambudziko Remvura Neutariri Hwedare

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate chama 1970 chakaratidzira simba retsika rokuva nekodzero yokuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwakabatana mumapazu akawanda. Nzvero dzeCongregation dzakazivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwakapararira kwesimba, kubatanidza kupaza, kurova, uye nhamburiko dzokudzivisa ruramisiro. Dare Gurusa rakarayira rimwe kuti Purezidhendi Nixon asunungure tepi yeWhite House, kuramba kutaura kweropafadzo yechiremera. Kutarisana neropafadzo yechiremera nekubviswa, Nixon yabviswa muna August 1974. Chiitichikamu chacho chakasimbisa gadziriro yevambishi veforoma, pasinei zvapo nokukurumbira kana kuti simba, zvakamira pamusoro pomutemo. Zvisinei, njodzi yacho yakaratidzawo kuti tsika inotsamira zvikuru paperero neushingi zvavanhu vari mukati bazu rimwe nerimwe, savanhu vakasununguka uye vanoshanda munzanga.

Basa Idzva uye Kukura Kwesimba Rinodzora

Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal yakaratidzira kukura kukuru kwechiremera chehurumende, zvikurukuru simba guru. Dare Gurusa pakutanga rakaputsa zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvikuru zvemitemo, richitungamirira Roosevelt kukarakadza gadziriro yake yenhau yedare inomutsa mpikiswano muna 1937. Kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yakakundikana, nhambo yacho yakaratidzira kunyanduka kukuru pakati pamapazu mukati menhambo dzenjodzi yenyika. Pakupedzisira, Dare rakabvisa jurisprudence yaro kuti rigadzire zvakawanda zveNew Decial, kuenzanisira kuti kunzvera uye ganhuriro zvinogona sei kudzora mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika nezvemari apo ichiri kuchengeta miganhuro yemitemo. Iyi nhambo inoramba ichirairairairairairai kuraidza kuti inzwisiso apo bazu renyika rinoita nokunyanyisa.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Kugadziriro Yacho

Vatsoropodzi vanoti zvinhu zviri munyika zvachinja, asi vatsigiri vanoti zviri kushanda sezvazvakagadzirwa, kunyange zvazvo zvichineteswa.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kudzika Mitemo

Kuparadzana kukuru kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti Congress aite mabasa ayo ebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza mitoro yayo yokutarisira. Apo kuvimbika kwebato kunodzikamisa kuvimbika kwesangano, bazi rewirogional ringazengurira kunzvera purezidhendi webato rimwe chetero. Nenzira yakapesana, apo Congress nedenderer zvinodzorwa nemapoka akasiyana, vadzori vanogona kudzivisa kupfuudzwa kwemitemo iri madikanwa. Vagadziri vaikarira kurwisana kwetsika asi havana kufanoona mwero wekusarudza pfungwa kwakaitika muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerechishanu. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kunyanyisa kwenzvimbo inodzokororwa nenzira idikabudirira, nepo vamwe vanoramba kuti kudzoka kuri rutivi rwegadziriro yemitemo, kwete chitsotsi.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akatendeukira nenzira inowedzera kumirairo yavakuru vakuru, mibato, uye zviziviso kuti vaite nharidzano dzemiitiro pasina bvumirano. Nepo mirairo yavakuru vakuru yave ichishandiswa chifo chokutarisira kweWashington, ukuru hwavo nokuwedzera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi kombamiro inosekesa kutsaura kwamasimba kupfurikidza nokubvumira purezidhendi kupedza pasina donzo. Vadziviriri vanopindura kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru iri madikanwa apo Congress inoramba kuita chiito pamusoro penhau dzinogombedzerwa uye kuti iyi mirairo inoramba kudzorwa kworutongeso nokuchinjwa nehurumende kwakatevera. Kukura kwehurumende, nokubatanidzwa kwayo kwemitemo, kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kwaparatasiti, uye mabasa okutonga mukati memapamasangano anotungamirira ehurumende, vanopa denho huru zvikuru kukuita pamutemo.

Kutsigira Kutonga Kunorwisana

Muitiro wevatongi vehurumende vanosimbisa wazova imwe yenzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa mune zvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Basa reDare mukugovera zano nokubvumirana padare rachinja kuva hondo huru umo kurwisana kwevatongi kunowanzofukidza zvikwaniriso zvokutonga. Kushandiswa kwechisakiso chedare, kuteverwa nechisarudzo chenyukireya chokuchibvisa nokuda kwemineine, kunoratidzira kurwisana kuri kuwedzera pamusoro pezvigadziko zvedare. Hondo idzi dzine migumisiro inopfuura zvikuru kurangarira kwezvikwaniriso zvedare. Kushandiswa kwechibvumirano chokutonga, kuteverwa nechisarudzo chakakwana chose chose, mano ejudicariary okushanda secherekedzo isina muganhu pamamwe mapazuro.

Kunzvera Zvirwere Mumakepi Azvino Uno Nedzikamo

Kuongorora zvakaitika panguva iyoyo kunonyatsoratidza kuti zvinhu zvinoongorora uye zvinodzikamisa sei zvinhu pazviri.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Unodhura Nerwisano Yokupindira

Kupfuvura, kuronga, uye kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kweAffordcable Care Act (ACA) pakati pa2010 na 2015 yakabatanidza mapazu ose matatu mukushanda kwakaoma kwesimba. Dare rakapfuudza mutemo wetsika yezvoutano pashure pekurukurirano huru. Bazu guru, pasi paMapurezidhendi Obama naTrump, rakaedza kushandura mutemo wacho pashure pezviito zvedare. Dare Rapamusoro rakahwirudzura ASA muzviitiko zvizhinji, zvikurukuru National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelus, (2020), apo Dare rinosimudzira chiremera sechirevo kushandiso kudzora kwomutero wedare mumwe nomumwe pasi peProngedzero yeClassicrace. Mhaka yacho ingagona kuratidzira gadziriro yakaoma zvikuru, kupfurikidza nokugadziridza mutemo webumbiro remitemo, uye kuhwirutsiridza nhevedzano yehondo.

Kurayira Kunoenderera Mberi Muzana Remakore Ramakumi Maviri Rokutanga

Kupomerwa kwaMapurezidhendi Bill Clinton, Donald Trump, uye muitiro wokusafunda umene zvakaedza gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokunzvera simba ravakuru vakuru. Clinton muna 1998-199 yakaguma nokuhesvurwa neDare, sezvakaita zvose zviri zviviri Trump yakava tsinhiro muna 2019-20201. Zviitiko izvi zvakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pechinoumba mhaka isingatenderwi uye kana kuvimbika kwechiClinton kwakaita kuti muitiro unoshanda pakusazvibata kwapurezidhendi. Vatsoropotedzi kuti kusava nomurwi kwazova chombo chakakwana, nepo zvinotsigira kuti kutongwa kwakaratidzira mutemo wedare kuti mhaka dzinonzi dzakashatirwa kwakaparira.

Ropafadzo Yakananga Nokutarisira Kwemasangano

Makakatanwa pakati pebazu guru neDare pamusoro pekuwana mashoko nouchapupu akawedzera mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Mapurezidhendi akasimbisa ropafadzo yapamusoro yokudzivisa magwaro uye kudzivisa vashandi vakuru vebazu kupupurira pamberi peDare, nepo matare edare akapinda mudare apindura nepopasi nezvinoshorwa. Idzi nharo kazhinji kazhinji dzinoguma mudare rehurumende, dzichimanikidzira vatongi kunongedzera miganhu pakati pechiremera chedare nechivandikano chavakuru vakuru. Chisarudzo cheidzo dzeidzi, kupfurikidza nokutonga kwedare, dare, kana kuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, chinoumba kushanda kwechekero nedzi dzehurumende yazvinotonga zvazvino uno.

Kuvimba Nehurumende uye Kupiwa Kwemitemo Nemasangano

Kushanda kwechekerero nedzikamo pakupedzisira kunotsamira pakuvimba kwavanhu mumasangano ehurumende. Apo vagari vemo vanovimba kuti tsika yacho inorurama uye kuti vakuru vakuru vachazvidavirira, mapazi angashandiswa zvikuru namasimba avo nenzira ine mufungo. Zvisinei, chivimbo chapachena chakaderera zvikuru[[ chibviro chama 1960, nechikamu chiduku bedzi chavaAmerica vanoratidzira chivimbo muCongress, Pentecien, kana kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro. Uku kuderera kwechivimbo kuderedza kuva noumhizha yemiuyo ine ngozi, kubatanidza tsigiro yezvigadziro zvechirevo chehurumende inotonga kana kuti kutora rutivi rwehurumende inotonga. Kudzorera chivimbo chavose hakudikangozvo bedzi kushanda nokudzika kwemari inowirirana asi kunorevawo vagarikaro uye uko vagari vemo yebumbiro remitemo.

Mugumo: Ko Simba Riri Kushanda Here?

Nhau yokuti gadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikamisa inoshanda haibvumi mhinduro iri nyore kana kuti kwete. Gadziriro yacho yakaratidzira kutsunga kunoshamisa mukati mamazana maviri amakore, kupukunyuka hondo yavagari vemo, kuderera kwemari, hondo dzenyika, uye kuchinja kukuru kwenzanga. Yadzivisa kubuda kweudzvinyiriri uye hurumende inochengetwa mubumbiro remitemo munhambo dzedzvinyiriro huru. Masangano anogadzirwa navanogadzira mafomu anoramba achishanda: Mapurezidhendi anonzverwa naCongress nematare, Congress anotarisana nenzvero yokutonga uye mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende, uye vatongi vanofanira kutsamira pamamwe mapazu kuti vapedze zvisarudzo zvavo.

Zvisinei, gadziriro yacho inotarisana nedenho dzakakomba idzo dzinoedza simba rayo rokushanda sezvaidiwa. Kukura kwesimba revakuru vakuru, kurongwa kwedare, uye kuderera kwechivimbo chavanhu zvose zvinotyisidzira dzikamo yakakomba inotangwa navanogadzira. Gadziriro yacho inoshanda zvakanakisisa apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa masimba aro nenzira ine mufungo, apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoisa kuvimbika kwesangano pamusoro pebetsero dzinodzorwa, uye apo vagari vemo vanochengeta mapazi ose anozvidavirira kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi ruzivo.

Mhinduro yokupedzisira ingava yokuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoda basa apo vanhu vanovaita kuti vashande. Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogovera gadziriro, asi kushanda kwegadziriro kunotsamira patsika nemhiko zvaavo vanoshanda mukati mayo. Munhambo yemapoka makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika nechinjo nokukurumidza, kuchengeta dzikamo yesimba kunoda kungwarira, kuvimbisana kwehurumende, uye kuzvipira kune tsinhirano kunheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Nhau yacho haisati iri bedzi kana tsika ichishanda, asi kana vanhu veAmerica vachizopfuurira kushanda mukati mayo kuchengetedza rusununguko rwavo namasangano avo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.