Chiremba chimire serimwe ramatanho anokosha zvikurusa neanomutsa nharo mumatongerwe enyika echiAmerica. Iyi gamuchidzanwa reDare rinorangarirwa zvikuru serimwe ramativi akatanhamara makurusa enzvimbo, bva rinoumba zvikuru mano avamiriri vakasarudzwa kuti vaise mitemo ndokupindura kuzvinodikanwa zvavo. Kunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo, shanduka-shanduka-shanduka-nyama, uye regirama rediginew yechichichichichichichimburu kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti democracy yeAmerica inoshanda sei, uye dzimwe nguva inokundikana kushanda.

Kunzwisisa Zvazvinobatsira

MuDare redare, nhumbu inhamburiko yokunonotsa kana kuti kuvhara vhoti parutivi rwomutemo kana kuti tsigiro. Kubatanidza kushandiswa kupi nokupi kwemazano okudzivisa kuvhara chiyero kupfurikidza nokuidzivisa kusvika kuvhota. Nepo vaAmerica vazhinji vachifungidzira mutengi akamira panzvimbo inopa hurukuro dzenhare dzenharo yakakwirira yakakurumbira namabhaisikopo nenhambo dzenhau dzinoshanda zvakasiyana zvikuru nouyu murangariro wegamuchidzanwa.

Shoko rokuti filbuster (kubva mushoko rechiDutch rinoreva "pirate") rakava rakakurumbira muma1850, rinoratidzira kuti musene anobatanidzwa muiyi nzira zvikurukuru anotora sei uriri hweDare. Shoko racho rinobva mumuvhenganiswa wemavambo eDutch neSpain, kureva "freebooter" kana kuti "piteate," rinoshandiswa mumashoko emitemo nemhaka yokuti mumwe munhu akabatikana mukuva nedecillbuster adzora uriri hweimba, kufanana zvikuru nomubati wetsotsi angabvuta udzori hwengarava mugungwa.

Mubati aripo nemhaka yokuti mitemo yeDare inoisa ganhuriro shomanene pakodzero dzaSenator nemikana mumuitiro wemitemo. Zvikurukuru, Mutungamiriri anotsvaka kuzivikanwa kazhinji kazhinji ane maruramiro kuuriri kana pasina mumwe Mutungamiriri ari kutaura, uye ipapo kuti Sinator angataura kwenguva refu sezvaanoda. Iyi ropafadzo isina muganhu inosianisa Dare neImba yavamiririri, iyo inodzora zvakasimba kufamba kwaro rebhizimisi.

Chitendero cheMitemo Nechomutemo cheFilibuster

Kwete Mubumbiro Remitemo

Tsinga inodudzwa kupi nokupi muUnited States Constitution. Zvinodikanwa zvishanu bedzi zvikuru zvakabatanidzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba reUnited States, kubatanidza kupwiswa kwemutezo (zvikamu zviviri nezvitatu zvavasande varipo), vachibvumirana nechisarudzo chezano uye kubvuma kubatanidzwa kwechibvumirano (zvikamu zviviri muzvikamu zviviri zvevatambi varipo), kudzinga mutezo weCongress (zvikamu zviviri nezvitatu zvemitezo yokuvhotera muimba yacho munhau), vapfumi vehurumende vabhii (zvikamu zviviri nezvitatu zvokuvhota zvemitezo yose iri miviri).

Chikumbaridzo chamakumi matanhatu chinodikanwa kukurira mwana hachisi pakati pezvinodikanwa zvikuru zvebumbiro remitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa voruzhinjiwo zvavo simba rokugadza mitemo yetsika kupfurikidza nerevo yamashoko yakaipa. Ikoku kunoreva kuti Dare rine chiremera chapamutemo kutanga mitemo yaro rimene yetsika, kubatanidza iyo inodzora gakava.

Kusikwa Kwetsaona Kwenharo Dzisina Magumo

Chiremba haana kugadzirwa noune asi panzvimbo pezvo akabuda netsaona kubva muchinjo dzomutemo weDare. Pasi pemirairo yeDare yapakuvamba, kugura kurukurirano kwaida kufamba kwakapfuudzwa navazhinjiwo zvavo. Asi muna 1806, pashure pokunge Mutungamiriri wehurumende Aaron Burr, pashure pokunge Mutongi Ausnail ataura kuti mutemo wacho wakanga wakatsiviwa, Dare rakarega kushandisa kufamba. Ichi chinjo nenzira isingazivi chakapa vasande kodzero kukurukurirano isina muganhu, kureva kuti vangagona kunonotsa zvhoti kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi kutsigira kuvhoti.

Nzira yokushandisa hurukuro refu kunonotsa chiito pamutemo yakaoneka murusando rwokutanga rumene rweDare, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakanga risina muitiro wakarongwa wokubvumira voruzhinji kugumisa kurukurirano ndokumanikidza vhoti pamutemo kana kuti kunyorwa.Mutongi wePennsylvania William Maclay akanyora mudhayari rake musi waSeptember 22, 1789, pamusoro pavazivi vaiedza ku "bvisa nguva yacho" kudzivisa mutengo kupfuudza.

Kutonga kweDare XXII: Mutongo Wepamutemo

Mutoo wapamutemo wokugumisa nhumbu unoitwa muUtongi hweDare XXIII, unozivikanwawo somutemo wegundamari. Kutonga XXII kweMitemo Mikuru Mirefu yeUnited States kunobvumira Dare kuvhota kuganhurira kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kuruma kugadzirwe pamubvunzo waimirira. Uyu mutemo hauna kugamuchirwa kutozosvikira muna 1917, kureva Dare rakashanda kwerinopfuura zana ramakore pasina mutoo upi noupi wetsika kugumisa kurukurirano.

Muna 1917, Dare rakagamuchira mutemo kubvumira voruzhinji vaviri mutatu kugumisa nhando yechinobereka, muitiro unozivikanwa se "chinoitika". Ichi chinjo yakasvika nokukangaidzika kwakawedzera uye pakukurudzira kwaPurezidhendi Woodrow Wilson, pashure peboka ravanamakurukota vakatendeudzira mutemo wokuisa zvikepe zvokutengesa pamberi peHondo yeNyika I. Kudzorwa kwavose mukurwisana neiyi njodzi mukati menjodzi yechengeteko yorudzi kwakamanikidzira Dare kuita chiito.

Muna 1975 Dare rakaderedza chiverengero chavavhoti vaidikanwa nokuda kwokurumata kubva kumatatu evane mitezo yokuvhota kuvatatu vezvikamu zvose vakasarudzwa nenzira yapamutemo uye vapikisi, kana kuti 60 veDare remitezo 100. Ichi chinjo yakanga ichiitirwa kuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuparadza vanavaviri, kunyange zvazvo sezvatichaona, icho chakanga chine miuyo isingakarirwi.

Kushanda Kunoita Filibuster Mumuitiro

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu

Dare Rwunotonga XXII rinogonesa vatongi kugumisa nhubu panhau ipi neipi inopanikirika Dare riri kurangarira. Vatenator 16 vanotanga uyu muitiro kupfurikidza nokutanga chiito kuti vapedze gakava. Mumigariro mizhinjisa, Dare harivhoti kufamba uku kusati kwaita kusvikira zuva rechipiri repurogiramu pashure pokufamba. Ipapo, rinoda vhoti dzedzinenge nhatu dzeSanitors (zvinowanzo kuva 60 vhoti) kuti rikombere.

Mugumisiro mukuru wokuita kuti maronda arambe aripo pamibvunzo mizhinji ndewokuisa mamwe maawa 30 okuwedzera kuti tifunge mubvunzo uyu. Iyi nguva yemaawa 30 yokufunga nezvayo inosanganisira nguva yose inoitwa nevhoti, foni dzemubatanidzwa, uye zvimwe zviito, uyewo nguva inoshandiswa kukurukura. Pashure pokunge vagadziri vava kukwanisa kugadzirisa zvinhu, vagadziri ndivo chete vanogona kupa utachiona uye vakanyorwa pasati paitwa vhoti yemaronda echikafu.

Mapilibuster Akawanda Pabhiri Rimwe

Muuyo wefilbuster unotambanukira kupfuura mhinganidzo yakapfava yoruvhotoro rwokupedzisira. Zvikwereti zvizhinjisa zvinogona kuva pasi pezvinenge zvikomba zviviri pamberi pezvisarudzo zveDare panzvimbo yokupedzisira: kutanga, chipfuro chechinoumba chirevo chenhau kupfuurira kurangaridzo uye, chechipiri, pashure pokunge Dare rabvumirana neuku kufamba, muvhiyi mukuru papepa amene. Zvikwereti zvizhinjisa zvinoiswa pasi pezviviri kana kuti zvitatu zviduku pamberi peSaruti anogona kuvhotera panzvimbo.

Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange apo bhiri rine tsigiro yakawanda (kana kuti kunyange tsigiro hurusa yemari) inogona kutarisana nenonozeko huru. Kunyange zvikwereti zvinotsigirwa navasenter 60 kana kuti kupfuura (pamwe nokupfuudza) naizvozvo zvinganonotswa nemonitorbuster.

FILIBUster inotaurisa.

VaFilibuster vaibatanidza hurukuro refu umo mumwe mutenzi akaedza kudzivisa vhoti kupfurikidza nokuramba kubudisa uriri. Kuratidzira "kutaura" kwakadai kwanguruko, mubati aibata uriri kupfurikidza nokumira nokukurukura kwenguva refu sezvavaigona, pane dzimwe nguva usiku.

Mitemo inodzora kutaura vanambuya. Kana mutezo wangomuka kuti ataure, angasabva pauriri, asingatomboshandisi chimbudzi. Havagoni kugara, uye havagoni kudya. Vanotenderwa bedzi kunwa mvura kana kuti mukaka. Dare Rinotonga XIX rinoganhurira vakurukuri vaviri pazuva remitemo, rinorondedzerwa senguva kubva pakutanga kwebhizimisi kusvikira Dare rabviswa. Irori rinozivikanwa sedare redare reMitemo reSanihena.

Zvisinei, Dare razvino uno rinoshanda nenzira yakasiana zvikuru. Reforms dzakatangwa naSenator Mike Mansfield muna 1972 dzakatanga gadziriro ye "move" kuDare romutemo. Kuvambira ipapo zvichienda mberi, Dare raigona kuparadzanisa rudungwe rwaro kuti rirangarire nhairubuster panguva imwe mukati mezuva, uye ipapo kuita bhizimisi raro renguva dzose panguva yakasiana. Ikoku nenzira inobudirira kwakagumisa simba reimwe Senator kana kuti boka raSenators kuti rimise bhizimisi rose mukamuri mukati menhamburiko yechipfuro cheRebinbuster.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa kuti kuchinja kwacho kungava kwakaparira kumuka kwevanabuster vakanyarara kana kuti vanoba, apo pasina mutevedzeri anochengeta uriri nokusingaperi asi mwana anoratidzirwa nokunonoka kweprocededtural. Mwero unganonotswa nomubati anoisa simba pahuri. Muchiitiko chino, mutungamiriri haasati achizoedza kufambisira mberi mwero wacho kutoti kana kutokumbirwa pauri, kazhinji kazhinji navazhinjisa vane 60 vorudzi.

Pane kuda simba rokubata uriri kwemaawa, mutarisiri wekambani zvino anongoda kuratidza kuti anoshorwa, uye mutoro wacho unochinja kuruzhinji kuti uwane mavhoti 60 okusvota.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Nevanhu Vanozviziva Vasingacherechedzwi

Vaviri Vapakuvamba Nechisimba Chokuchinja

Muna 1841 vapfumi veDemocratic vakaedza kubvisa wachi yacho papepa rokugadza bhangi renyika. Varamwa weWhig vakakangaidzika, Henry Clay akatyisidzira kuchinja mitemo yeDare kuti idzore. Chikarakadzo chaClay chakasunda vamwe kunyevera nezvevanyaruki varefu zvikuru kudzivisa chinjo ipi neipi kumitemo. Iyi rwisano yapakuvamba yakavamba mutoo waizodzokororwa munhau yose yeDare: kuedza kuganhurira chitsauko chavana vaParinbuster kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana netyisidziro yaVanebuster vamene.

Vaviri vaigara vachingogara vachingotaura nezvokupera kwezana remakore rechi19 uye kutanga kwerechi20, zvichiita kuti pave nenharo dzakakomba pamusoro pemitemo yeDare iri kuchinja kuti irege kushandiswa.Panguva iyoyo Dare rakanga rakura uye raita basa rakawanda, uye basa rakawanda raifanira kuitwa muchikamu chimwe nechimwe raireva kuti mutezo wevana vaingogara vari vana waigona kukanganisa kufambira mberi kwomuviri uye kubvumiranisa zvinhu zvakanaka.

Nhau Yedzinza yeFilibuster

Chimwe chinhu chinotambudza zvikuru munhau yevanasekuru ibasa rayo rakakura kumisa mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu. Vatsoropodzi vevaNeribuster vakanongedzera kunhau yaro yourudzi (kubatanidza kushandiswa kwayo kwapakuvamba muzana ramakore rechi 19 nevanopamba vezvouranda vaibatanidza John C. Calhoun weSouth Carolina, uyo akaishandisa kudzivirira fariro dzavagari vemo veMadokero vachena vaitsamira pakushanda kwouranda.

Kugadzwa kwoMutemo XXII muna 1917 kwakamutsa dare razvino uno revanabuster, iro rakashandiswawo kuvhara mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo yaJim Crow. Kutaura idi, ikoku kwakanga kuri kumwe kwokushandiswa kukuru kwemonilbuster mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20. Mukuwirirana nenzvero yakaitwa navezvezvamatongerwe enyika Sarah Binder naSteven Smith, pamatanho 30 ayo akadzorwa nedivi rediabuster pakati pa 1917 na1994, hafu chaiyo yawo yakabatanidza maruramiro avagari vemo.

VaFilibuster vakavhara matanho akadai semabhiri anorwisana nemari anobhadharwa akakarakadzwa muna 1922 na 1935; Civil Rights Act ya1957; uye mutemo waizodai wakarambidza mitero yokuvhota nokusarura kunorambidzwa mumabasa, dzimba, uye kuvhota. VaFilibuster vakabvumikisa kuva vanobetsera zvikuru kuvamiri vemitengo yokumaodzanyemba vakatsvaka kumisa mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza zvikwereti zvinodzivisa kuvhota.

Mapilibuster Akakurumbira

Vatungamiriri vanoverengeka vazova vakakurumbira nokuda kwokutaura kwavo kwedaro refu. Mukati mema1930, Senator Huey P. Long akashandisa nenzira inobudirira mugari wehomoni pamabhiri ayo aifunga kuti aifarira vapfumi kupfuura varombo.

Kwamakumi amakore, Strom Thurmond filbuster yeSouth Carolina yakaita maawa 24 namaminiti 18 mukurwisana neCivil Rights Act ya 1957, ichigadza icho chakarangarirwa kuva chinyorwa nokuda kwokutaura kukurusa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Zvisinei, Mutungamiriri Cory Booker akaitisa kutaura kwamaawa 25 namaminiti 5 kuvambira paMarch 31, 2025, kusvikira April 1, 2025. Ichi ndicho kutaura kukurusa munhau yeDare, asi hachirangarirwi sechinomborangarirwa kuva chirevo chapamberi chenhau sezvo hakuna mutemo wakananga wakarangarirwa apo hurukuro yakaitwa.

Mutongo Wekodzero Dzevagari Vemo wa1964: Nguva Yokuchinja

Muna April 1964, boka ravaSenators veSouthern Senators rakatungamirirwa naRichard Russell, Strom Thurmond, Robert Byrd, William Fulbright naSam Ervin vakatanga musi 60 wezuva kumisa Chibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha 1964. Nhamburiko yacho pakupedzisira yakakundikana. Pasinei zvapo namaawa anopfuura 100 okuwedzera kurukurirano youriri, Dare rakapfuudza chiito muna June 1964. Irori rakamirira nguva yakachemeswa, zvichiratidza kuti kunyange vana vakatsunga vanaclibberster vaigona kukurirwa nechido chakakwana chezvamatongerwe enyika netsigiro yavose.

Zvakasiyana Kujini: Apo Mapepa 60 Asati Achidikanwa

Nepo chikumbaridzo chamabhii 60 chazova chinodikanwa chapakarepo chebhizimisi reDare rakawanda zvikurusa, kusiyana kunokosha kuripo uko kunobvumira nhau dzakati kupfuurira namavhoti akapfava.

Kuyananisa Mari

Gadziriro yemari yokuyananisa yegore negore inoda vhoti yakapfava bedzi uye haigoni kudzorwa. Congregational Bactal Act ya1974 yakatanga gadziriro yokuyananisa. Sezvo kurukurirano pamatanho akadaro ichiguma pasina kukumbira, havasi pasi pechikumbaridzo chamakumi matanhatu.

Uku kusiiwa kwazova kunokosha nenzira inowedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, sezvo kuganhurirwa kwenzvimbo dzinobatanidza nyika kwakakuita kwakaoma kuwana 60 zvamasangano makuru. Zvisinei, zvinenge zvirimo zvezvikwereti zvokuyananisa zvakaganhurirwa(h) zvinofanira zvikurukuru kubata nemitero, kupedza mari, uye kukwereta, uye hazvigoni kubatanidza gadziriro idzo dzinongovawo zvadzo "dzinoronga mari.

Kunzi Vane Tsika Dzenyukireya:

Muna 2013, vaDemocrates vakachinja mitemo yeDare kuti igonese kusimbiswa kwenzvimbo dzebazi remahofisi epamusoro - soro(kubatanidza kabhiti(ne dare risiri rePultmes) nevoruzhinji. Iyi chinjo yakaitwa neyakazozivikanwa se "chisarudzo chenyukireya," yakachinja zvikuru kusimbiswa kwacho.

Kubviswa kwokutanga kwechisarudzo chenyukireya kwakaitika muna November 2013, apo Majoniter Mutungamiriri Harry Reid akaishandisa kubvumira kunyoreswa kwedare nevoruzhinji panzvimbo pokuda mavhoti 60. Kwakataurwazve muna April 2017, pasi poMutungamiriri weMajority Mitch McConnell neDare guru reUnited States nevoruzhinji pashure pokubvisa subverie 60.

Chirongwa chenyukireya chinoshanda nokuita kuti Dare ritsanangurezve mitemo yaro rimene kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yemiitiro. Muna 2005, boka ravanamakuru veRepublican, rakatungamirirwa naMajority Mutungamiriri Bill Frist, rakakarakadza kuva nomutemo unotungamirira wokuti nhumbu huru dzedare dzakanga dzisingawirirani. Senator Trent Lott akashandisa shoko rokuti "yamuro" kurondedzera chirongwa, uye naizvozvo rakava rinozivikanwa se "chirongwa che Zhizha". Shoko rapashure paizvozvo rakasvika pakunongedzera kumuitiro wavose wokuchinja mitemo kupfurikidza nokugadza muenzaniso wairwisana nerugwaro rwechidivi rwemitemo.

Zvimwe Zviratidzo

Zvisingawirirani 160 kuchinodikanwa chikuru chavanambuya chakaitwa chibviro cha1969, maererano nenzvero yaBrookings Institution’s Molly Reynolds. Zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvinokurukurwa zvichishandisa mitemo yokukurumidza kufambisa mugwagwa hazvigoni kudzorwa. Kuregeredzwa kunoshanda kumipimo inobatanidza, somuenzaniso, zvikamu zvehondo kana kuti kutengeswa kwezvombo.

Kusiyana neizvi kunoratidza kuti Dare ragara richibvuma kuti zvinhu zvagara zvichiitwa apo kusava nesimba kwevana kunenge kusingabatsiri, zvichiita kuti pave nemitemo inoita kuti pave noutongi hwakawanda.

Kuchinja Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Nehurumende Inosarudzwa naMwari

Kuda Kuduku Kunopesana Nekodzero Dzevanhu.

Chiremba akarumbidzwa somudziviriri wezvishomanene zvezvamatongerwe enyika kubva muudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji, kana kuti kudenhwa sechishandiso chokudzivisa. Uku kunyanduka pakati pokudzivirira maruramiro evoruzhinji uye kugonesa kutonga kworuzhinji kuri pamavambo ekurukurirano pamusoro poururami hwechibereke.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti nhubuster inokurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nokurangarira, ichigombedzera boka guru kukurukura nevorushoma ndokuvaka mibatanidzwa mikuru. Inodzivisa voruzhinji bedzi kusadzongonyedza kupfurikidza nomutemo pasina kurangarira mirangariro inopesana. Chinodikanwa chokuwana mavhoti 60 nenzira yokufungidzira chinovimbisa kuti mutemo mukuru une tsigiro huru panzvimbo pokupfuudzira pamitsetse mikuru inodzorwa.

Vatsoropodzi vanopesana kuti nhubuster yakashanduka kuva chinhu chinopfuura zvikuru chinangwa chayo chapakuvamba uye zvino inogonesa vashomanene kudzivisa kuda kworuzhinji. Chishuvo chinorehwa chechinodikanwa chemoniribuster(nemuuyo wechi 60 chevote munguva yazvino uno) chakava netapuro huru pamano ezvikuru zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yokuisa wiscleat yavo yemitemo mumutemo. Miuyo yechinodikanwa cha 60 chemari chinova pachena zvikurusa munhambo umo purezidhendi nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress zvinodzorwa nebato rimwe chetero rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutapura Kubudirira Kwomutemo

Mano eSenator okuita vanambuya ane tapuro huru neyakapararira pamaitirwe ebhizimisi rayo pauriri. Mukutarisana nemonirbuster akatyisidzirwa, mutungamiriri woruzhinji angasarudza kusadana mari kuti irangarirwe pauriri kana kuti anganonoka kuidana. Nenzira yakafanana, kariro yomubetseri webhiri reji inogona kunyengetedza vatsigiri kuti vagamuchire chinjo mumutemo wavasingatsigiri asi uyo uri madikanwa kudzivisa mudiwa wokudzivirira mudiwa chaiye.

Ikoku kunoreva pesvedzero yenhokwe inopfuvura zvikuru mabhiri ayo anodzorwa zvomenemene. Tyisidzirowo zvayo yemugadziri wemitemo wechinoumba chikwata chechiberekero, inosarudza kuti zvikweretii zvinogamuchira uriri hwenguva, uye inopesvedzera zvirimo zvomutemo zvinofambira mberi. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, zvikwereti zvingapfuvura netsigiro yavazhinji hazvitongogamuchiri vhoti nemhaka yokuti vatungamiriri vanoziva kuti havagoni kusvika sundo ra 60 rekumira.

Kukwira kwemhosva kweDare Gurusa kwaderera zvikuru, netsinhiro dzakasiana- siyana dzichikarakadza kuti kuderera kwemitemo mikuru kwave kuri chisakiso chikuru. Munguva ino, nhau dzemitemo dzakawanda dzinopedzwa mukutonga pasina chiito neDare( pasinei zvapo nokuvapo kwetsigiro yakapfava muDare(on) yemisoro yakadai sokunyoreswa kwapamutemo kweroorano imwe cheteyo yechisimba. Uku kuchinja kwokuita mitemo kubva kumutemo kuenda kubazu redare rinotonga kunosimudzira itiro hanya pamusoro pehurumende yedemocracy uye basa rakafanira remasangano ehurumende akasiyana- siyana.

Kuchinja Kwemasero uye Filibuster Yemazuva Ano

Uwandu hwevana vane filbuster hwakawedzera zvinoshamisa mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, inowirirana nokuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzinogarwa. Sezvo sundo dzavanemba dzakachinja nokufamba kwenguva, kushandiswa kwevanambuya kwakavamba kuwedzera. Mubatanidzwa wemikoto miviri nenhokwe inonyarara yakaita kuti kudzongonyedza kuve nyore uye kudhura kusingadhuri nokuda kwebato duku.

Nhamba yavanababa yakavamba kuwedzera nokukurumidza, pakupedzisira kuchitungamirira kunguva yazvino uno umo chinodikanwa chikuru chinovapo kupfuudza mutemo, pasina chinodikanwa chinoshanda chokuti boka duku ribate zvomenemene kana kuti kurukurirano. Uku kuchinja kwakachinja zvikurukuru vara reDare, kuchiita kuti chinodikanwa cha 60 chegore chive chinodikanwa chemitemo yakawanda zvikuru panzvimbo pevoruzhinjiwo zvakapfava chinotaurwa muBumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo Kuvaviri

Makakatanwa Anorwisana Nokusafanira Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Nyanzvi dzemitemo nevezvamatongerwe enyika vakakakavadzana kana filibuster ichiputsa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Chibvumikiso chikuru chinorwisana nebumbiro remitemo ravanaigurunanwa chiri panheyo yomutemo woruzhinji. Vatsoropodzi vanoonesa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza migariro mishanu bedzi inoda vhoti huru, ichikarakadza kuti vaFramers vaishuva mutemo wakapfava zvikuru wokudzora dzimwe nhau.

Kunyarara kweBumbiro reMitemo pamusoro pemirairo yeSanihe, yakabatanidzwa nerondedzero yayo yakajeka yezvinodikanwa zvikuru, inokarakadza kupfurikidza nerevo yakashata yokuti dzimwe nhau dzinofanira kuda zvinhu zvikuru zvakapfava bedzi. Kana vaFramers vakanga vada mutemo kukumbira tsigiro huru, nharo dzinodaro, vangadai vakataura kudaro zvakajeka.

Mukuwedzera, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti filbuster inosekesa nheyo yokumirira kwakaenzana. Nemhaka yokuti Dare rinotopa simba guru kuhurumende dzine vanhu vashomanene zvikuru .Wyoming vane vagari vemo 580 000 vane vamiriri vaviri vamwe chetevo samamirioni 39 eCalifornia — kuisa chinodikanwa chikuru pamusoro peichi chimiro chinoreva kuti vashomanene vavagari vemo vanogona kuvhara mutemo unotsigirwa noruzhinji rukuru rweAmerica.

Mharo Dzokuva Mutezo

Vadziviriri vevana vevanabuster vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa zvakajeka imba imwe neimwe yeCongress simba rokusarudza mitemo yaro imene yemuitiro.Chikamu I, Chikamu 5 chinotaura kuti "Imba imwe neimwe ingasarudza Mitemo yeProfections" Uku kubvumira kwebumbiro remitemo, ivo vanokwikwidza, kunobatanidza simba rokugadza zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvokugumisa kurukurirano.

Kupfuurirazve, vatsigiri vanocherekedza kuti nhubu yakavapo muchimiro chakati nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa yeDare uye yazova rutivi rwakagadzwa rwenhevedzano yebumbiro-mitemo kupfurikidza nokumira kwenguva refu negamuchidzanwa. Nepo isingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, mativi anokosha akawanda ehurumende yeAmerica (kubatanidza hwirudzuro yedare, kabhini, uye mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika) zvinova zvisinawo chiremera chakananga chebumbiro remitemo chisati charangarirwa sechapamutemo.

Idi rokuti Dare rinogona kuchinja mitemo yaro kupfurikidza nevoruzhinji (sezvinoratidzirwa nechisarudzo chenyukireya) rinokarakadzawo kuti nhubuster haiputsi nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kana vazhinjisa vavatungamiriri vedare vachida kubvisa kana kuti kugadziridza muzukuru, vane chiremera chapamutemo chokuita saizvozvo.

Nharo Yomuviri Inopfuurira

Gakava pamusoro pokuti Dare idare rinopfuurira rinodzorwa nemitemo yeDare rapakuvamba, kana kuti kana Dare idzva rimwe nerimwe richiunza naro Dare idzva, rakaperekedza nhamburiko dzokuchinja chizvaro. Senator Mondidale akaonesa, "nhamburiko yokugumisa Dare rinotsiva rinotsiva rinotora 'Mutindizo, sezvo chishuvo chavazhinji chokuchinja mutemo chinodziviswa nomutemo umene. Mumurayiro kurangarira kunyange kuchinja Dare Rwisano XXIII, Dare raifanira kutanga kukurira murairo usingadzivisiki uyo unokarakadzwa uchiperekedza chinjo nevhoti chaiyo yechirongwa nokuda kwechigwara.

Iyi mhesano inosimbisa dzvinyiriro huru: kana Dare riri mutumbi unopfuurira une mitemo inopfuuridzirwa kubva paDare rimwe kusvikira kune rinotevera, ipapo kuchinja mitemo iyoyo kunoda kutevera miitiro iripo(kubatanidza navanaribuster amene. Asi kana Dare idzva rimwe nerimwe rine maruramiro okugadza mitemo yaro rimene, ipapo voruzhinjiwo zvavo vanofanira kukwanisa kuchinja mitemo pamavambo eDare idzva pasina kusungwa nemiitiro yeDare rapfuura.

Kuchinja Zvinhu Nenguva Yemberi yeNzvimbo Dzokudenga

Kubvisa Filibuster

Chikarakadzo chakananga zvikurusa chokuvandudza ndechokubvisa chose chose chibvumirano chemitemo yehurumende, kuchibvumira Dare kupfuudza mabhiri namavhoti mazhinjisa. vatsigiri vanopikisa ikoku vaizodzorera mutemo woruzhinji, kuwedzera kushanda kwemitemo, uye kuita kuti vamiriri varongedze zvikuru kuvhota kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti boka roruzhinji rinogona kuita purogiramu yaro.

Vatsoropodzi vanonyevera kuti kubvisa vanambuya kungatungamirira kukuchinja kwemiitiro kwoupengo sebato rimwe nerimwe, pakuwana voruzhinji, kunobvisa basa roruzhinji rwapfuura. Vanopikisa kuti vanambuya vanokurudzira kuterama namasimba kubvumiranisa, kuchidzivisa mutemo wakanyanyisa kupfuura.

Chinoitika chine mashoko anodzorwa chinogovera ufakazi hwemifungo yose iri miviri. Sezvo chisarudzo chenyukireya chakabvisa filbuster nokuda kwokusainwa, muitiro wokusimbisa wazova wokupesana zvikuru, uye vamirine vakagamuchira vhoti shomanene kubva kuboka duku. Zvisinei, yakabvumirawo purezidhendi kuzadza nzvimbo dzedare nokukurumidza zvikuru uye yakadzivisa vashomanene vanokwaniriswa kuvhara vakwaniriswa nokuda kwezvikonzero zviduku.

Kudzokera Kuchinotaurisa

Chimwe chikarakadzo chokuvandudza chaizoda vatenzi kuti vabati zvomenemene ndokutaura nguva dzose kuchengeta nuciberbuster, kudzokera kumuenzaniso wegamuchidzanwa wokutaura wenchounder. Ikoku kwaizochengeta mano evoruzhinji kunonotsa mutemo nepo kuchiita kuti chidzongonyedzo chive chakaoma zvikuru uye chinodhura.

Muiyi nzira, kana vatenzi vaida kuvhara bhiri, vaizofanira kuramba vari pauriri hweDare vachitaura nguva dzose. Vangopa chete uriri kana kuti kupedza nguva yavo yokutaura mukutonga kwemisika miviri, Dare raigona kupfuurira kuvhota. Ikoku kwaizomanikidza vashomanene kuratidzira kuzvipira kwechokwadi kuchishoro chavo panzvimbo pokungoisa bedzi muganhu wokuramba.

Vatsoropodzi vemaitiro aya vanoti hachingambodzikisi zvinhu zvinovhiringidza, sezvo vanhu vashomanana vakatsunga vachigona kunonotsa mutemo kwenguva yakareba, uye zvingapedzawo nguva inokosha yeDare uye zvingasapiwa purogiramu yedare rakabatikana ramazuva ano.

Kuderedza Mujaho Wokuzvitutumadza

Vamwe vachinji vanokarakadza kuderedza chiverengero chavavhoti vanodikanirwa nokuda kwokuvharwa kubva pa 60 kusvikira pachikumbaridzo chakaderera, zvakadai sa 55 kana kuti 57. Ikoku kwaizochengetedza nheyo yetsigiro huru yemitemo mikuru nepo kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kukurira mhinganidzo.

Pakuvamba mubasa rake reDare, Walter Mondale akatsigira zvisarudzo zvinotsigira Kutonga XXII kupfurikidza nokugovera kubatira pamwe nevoruzhinji. Iye pakupedzisira akachinja nzvimbo iyoyo, achitaura kuti haasati aizotsigirazve mutemo uyo unobvumira voruzhinjiwo zvavo kuvhara gakava, achidavira kuti waizova muitiro wokusachenjera. Iyi mhindumupindu mukufunga inoratidzira kuoma kwedzikamisa kutonga kworuzhinji namaruramiro mashomanene.

Kusunungurwa Kwenhau

Panzvimbo pokubvisa chose chose chibvumirano chevana, Congress ingagona kuita kuti kuregedzerwa kwokuwedzera nokuda kwamarudzi akati emitemo, kwakafanana nokusabvumirwa kuripo kwebhajeti nokuda kwokuyananiswa kwedzokororeko nezvibvumirano zvokushambadza. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vakakarakadza kubvisa mutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota, vachiramba kuti mitemo inodzora kutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende haifaniri kuve inodzorwa neganhuriro dzinorwisana nehurumende.

Zvisinei, kusarudza kuti inhau dzipi dzakafanirwa nokusunungurwa kwaizova kurwisana uye kungagona kutungamirira kundaza inopfuudzira nguva dzose yezvisingabviri zvinobvisa nenzira inobudirira kupfurikidza nokukukurwa kwechikwata.

Kuderedza Nharo Yepashure Nguva

Kunyange pashure pokunge kutsemuka kwakumbirwa, Dare rinobvumira maawa anosvika 30 ekurukurirano yokuwedzera.Vachinji vanokarakadza kuderedza iyi kurukurirano yapashure penhambo, iyo ingakurumidzisa muitiro wemitemo pasina kuchinja chikumbaridzo chamagiramu 60 nokuda kwokunzwa kusingawirirani.

Muna April 2019 Dare rakashandisa chisarudzo chenyukireya kuderedza kurukurirano yapashure pebasa pavakuru vakuru napadare rakaderera kubva pamaawa 30 kusvikira kumaawa maviri. Ichi chinjo chakakurumidzisa zvikuru mutoo wokusimbisa nokuda kwokunyorwa kwemichero, uye mutoo wakafanana ungagona kushandiswa kumutemo.

Mugari Wemo Ane Kodzero Dzako

Kunzwisisa filbuster hakusati kuchingovawo zvako muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yakakwirira — kunotapura zvakananga kodzero dzako nokugamuchira kwehurumende yako.

Kuzvidavirira

Apo vavhoti vanosarudza purezidhendi nevoruzhinji vakavakirwa pachinjo dzemiitiro yakapikirwa, chinodikanwa cha 60 chemari chinogona kudzivisa voruzhinji ivavo kupa misengwa yavo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukukangaidzika kwavavhoti nokutsoropodza pamusoro pomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kune rumwe rutivi, nhubuster inogona kudzivirira vavhoti munyika dzinomirirwa navateveri vashoma, kuva nechokwadi chokuti manzwi avo anonzwiwa kunyange apo boka ravo risingadzori Dare. Iyi dziviriro ingava inokosha zvikuru inopiwa chivako cheDare, icho chinopa mufananidzo wakaenzana kunyika pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo.

Kubviswa Kwemigumisiro

Chiremba wacho anotapura zvakananga kuti imitemoi inova mutemo. Nhau dzinovambira panzvimbo yezvoutano kusvikira kumugariro wokunze dzakachinja kuva kodzero dzokuvhota dzave dziri pasi pevane vanabuster, kuchidzivisa mutemo wakanga une tsigiro zhinjisa pakufambira mberi.

Chikwata chefilbuster chinopesvedzerawo kuti mitemo inogadzirwa sei. Nemhaka yokuti kuyananiswa kwemari kusingagoni kuiswa pamusha, nhano huru dzemiitiro yemari pane dzimwe nguva dzinorongwa semipimo yebhajeti semiganhu yokudzivisa 60-mari. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kugadziriro yemiitiro inodzorwa, sezvo gadziriro dzinofanira kukodzera mukati meganhuriro dzemari yeyamuro panzvimbo pokuva dzakavakirwa pamiitiro inodikanwa bedzi.

Mufananidzo Nokuenzana

Kubatana pakati pomufananidzo wehurumende wakaenzana nechinodikanwa chikurusa chemonicalbuster kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuenzana kwedemokrase. Nemhaka yokuti vamiriri vanomirira vashomanene vavagari vemo vanogona kuvhara mutemo unotsigirwa navatengi vanomirira voruzhinji veAmerica, vanambuya vanogona kukudza mativi eDare rinotorwisana nehurumende yeSangano reSangano.

Ikoku kune revo chaidzo nokuda kwenhau umo murangariro wavanhu unokamuraniswa mumativi apasi. Kana vavhoti munyika dzine vanhu vashoma vane mirangariro yakasiana neiyo iri munyika dzine vanhu vazhinji zvikuru, mubatanidzwa womufananidzo wakaenzana nemoniribuster zvinogona kubvumira vashomanene vechiverengero chechiverengero cheAmerica kudzivisa mitemo inotsigirwa nevoruzhinji zvikuru.

Murangariro Wokuenzanisa: Mafilibuster muMimwe Mitemo

Dare reUnited States harina kujairika pakati pehurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzehurumende yegutsaruzhinji mukubvumira kurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa uye kuda vhoti dzamavhoti makurusa kuigumisa. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hwakawanda hunobvumira boka roruzhinji kudzora purogiramu yemitemo ndokupfuudza zvinhu zvaro zvinokosha namavhoti mazhinjisa. Imba yaVamiriri, pasinei zvapo nokuva rutivi rweChibvumirano chimwe chetecho, inoshanda zvikuru seizvizvizvikamu zvemitemo, zvine ganhuriro dzorumano dzenguva pakukurukurirana uye kudzorwa kworuzhinji kwouriri.

Uyu murangariro wakaenzana unokarakadza kuti democracy yakasimba inogona kushanda pasina miitiro yakafanana neyavanaiguru. Nyika dzine gadziriro huru dzemitemo yemitemo hadzina kupinda muudzvinyiriri kana kuti kuva nezvinoitika zvemiitiro youpengo nechinjo imwe neimwe muhurumende. Zvisinei, aya masangano kazhinji kazhinji ane mamwe mativi. akadai sehurumende dzakabatanidzwa, kumirira kwakaenzana, kana kuti matare ebumbiro remitemo akasimba rinogovera kunzverwa pasimba guru.

Basa rakasiana mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, kubatanidza kumirira kwayo kwakaenzana kwehurumende nenzvimbo yayo sekamuri rimwe muimba yomutemo webhimeral, zvingaruramisa mitemo yakasiana------ngofanana kupfuura iyo inoshandiswa mudzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Mubvunzo ndowokuti mwana anobatira nenzira yakafanira mabasa ebumbiro remitemo reDare kana kuti kana rakashanduka kuva mhinganidzo kuudzori hunobudirira.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Okutsigira Kurava uye Kubatanidzwa Kwechibvumirano

Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanotsvaka kupesvedzera muitiro, kunzwisisa mugari wemo kunokosha nokuda kwokushanda kwemitemo. Kana uchitsigira mutemo, hakuna kukwana kupwisa voruzhinji vevane majeni − unofanira kuvaka mubatanidzwa wevhoti dzinenge 60 kana kuti kuwana nzira yemiitiro inodzivisa chizvaro chevana.

Iyi idi inoumba zvirongwa zvokushandisa. Masangano anoshanda panhau dzemitemo anofanira kubatanidzwa navatendi vanobva kumativi ose ari maviri, kunyange apo rimwe boka rinodzora Dare. Kuvaka bipartarian kunova kunokosha, uko kunogona kutungamirira kumitemo ine mwero zvikuru, yakavakirwa pawirirano asi inogonawo kuguma nomutemo unodzika mvura unokundikana kupedza zvinetso zvakakwana.

Nhaka yehurumende ine chokuitawo nenguva yenhamburiko dzemitemo. Nemhaka yokuti kukunda mwana anenge achidiwa kunoda nguva yapauriri inokosha nedzimbahwe rezvamatongerwe enyika, vatsigiri vanofanira kurangarira kana nguva yacho yakarurama nokuda kwechiito chikuru kana kuti kana fambiro mberi yewedzero kupfurikidza namatanho mashomanene ingava inogamuchirwa zvikuru.

Vanobva: Zvinoziviswa Nomutemo Nezvakanyorerwa

  • [FONSTIGIONAL Ambiguity: Chibayiro hachidudzwi muBumbiro remitemo, uye bumbiro remitemo racho rinoramba richikurukurwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa chiremera chokugadza kutonga kweDare asi rinokarakadzawo kuda kwehurumende yoruzhinji kupfurikidza nokuganhurirwa kwayo kwezvinodikanwa zvikuru.
  • [[FLT: 0] Accitental Origins: Tsinga yakaitwa noune asi yakabuda netsaona kubva muna 1806 yokubviswa kwebvunzo yapfuura. Iyi tsaona yenhau yakaumba zvikuru udzori hweAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore.
  • Mhindumupindu Munguva: Murwi wavana vavana wakabva mukuda kutaura kwenhangemutange yedaro refu kuti abvumire kudzongonyedza kwakanyarara kupfurikidza netyisidzirowo zvayo yekurukurirano dzakarebeswa. Iyi mhindumupindu yakaita kuti chipingidziko chive nyore zvikuru uye chive chakawanda.
  • Nhoroondo yeReacist: The filbuster yakashandiswa zvikuru kuvhara mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, nehafu yemipimo yose yemonilibuster pakati pa 1917 na 1994 inobatanidza maruramiro avagari vemo. Iyi nhau inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro porumano rwetsika nedonzo.
  • Chiratidzo chapamhene: Kusiya kusati kwambovapo kwe 160, kubatanidza kuronga mabhajeti kuyanana, kudzokororwa, uye kusapinda kwakasiana--- tsaukana. Izvozvi zvinoratidzira kuti Dare rakaziva razivazve migariro umo murairo wavazhinji unofanira kukurira.
  • Sanoziva pamusoro peProfector: Chinodikanwa 60-mari chinotapura kwete bedzi kuti zvikweretii zvinopfuura asi kuti zvii zvinorangarirwa, kuti zvakagadzirwa sei, uye kana nhau dzemiitiro dzichigadzirirwa mumitemo kana kuti mudare. Pesvedzero yeDonalbuster inotambanukira kure nezvikwereti izvo zvinonyatsonyorwa.
  • shandura Posibiliti: Dare rinogona kuchinja mitemo yaro kupfurikidza nevhoti zhinji, sezvinoratidzirwa nechisarudzo chenyukireya nokuda kwezvisarudzo. Ikoku kunoreva nguva yemberi yemonibulibuster inotsamira pachido chezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo peganhuriro dzapamutemo.
  • `Rebeen Principles:[ Tsinga yefilbuster inobatanidza kuoma kukuru pakati pokudzivirira maruramiro orushoma nokugonesa mutemo woruzhinji. Vanhu vane mufungo havabvumirani pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo iyi mipimo inokwikwidzana.

Mupeto: Basa reFilibuster muHurumende yeAmerica yeHurumende

Chiremba anomirira rimwe ramativi anokosha zvikurusa neanomutsa nharo etsika dzemitemo yeAmerica. Kunyange zvazvo isina kududzwa muBumbiro remitemo, yadzika midzi mumuitiro weDare netsika dzezvematongerwe enyika. Gadziriro yapamutemo yakapoteredza Kutonga kwaNeribuster(pashoma napashoma Dare reDare raXXII negadziriro dzaro dzokuparadza) dzinosimbisa mano avamiriri vakasarudzwa kuti vaite mitemo ndokupindura kuzvinodikanwa.

Kunzwisisa filbuster kunoda kurwisana nemipimo inokwikwidzana: kutonga kukuru kunorwisana nekodzero shomanene, kusanoita kunorwisana nokufunga, kuzvidavirira kupesana nedzikamo. Kune nharo dzapamutemo pamativi ose ari maviri ekurukurirano pamusoro peshandiro nepamutemo zvamonicbuster. Chiri pachena ndechokuti chinoitwa namoniribuster chinotapura zvikuru hurumende yeAmerica, kusarudza kuti imitemoi inova mutemo uye kuti hurumende inogamuchira inogona sei kuva zvikumbiro zvavose.

Sevagari vemo, kunzwisisa uyu mutoo wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende kunobudirira. Kana mugari wehurumende achifanira kuchinjwa, kubviswa, kana kuti kuchengetwa pakupedzisira mubvunzo nokuda kwavanhu veAmerica navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa kuti vasarudze. chisarudzo ichocho chichaumba nguva yemberi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica nedzikamo pakati pomutemo woruzhinji nekodzero shomanene mutsika yedu yebumbiro remitemo.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yeChiratidzo, U.S. zviwanikwa zvedare zvapamutemo zvinogovera mashoko ane chiremera pamusoro penhau negadziriro idzi. Brennan Center yeChiteshi cheSahlulero [ inopa vagari vemo mifungo yakarongwa yechiPinegarire chehurumende nekodzero dzavagari vemo. [[FLT:] Brooking Institution[ inogovera mirangariro yenyanzvi pamusoro pezvisarudzo nemiuyo zvinobvira. Izvi zvinogona kubetsera vagari vagari vemo vakuziva pamusoro porutivi urwu rwamasangano eAmerica.

Chiremba wacho sezvingabvira acharamba ari nhau yekurukurirano huru kwamakore achauya. Sezvo kupesana kwapakati penyika kunopfuurira uye Dare rinotarisana nedzvinyiriro yokupedza zvinetso zvikuru zvenyika, mibvunzo pamusoro pebasa remwanaibberster ichapfuurira. Kana zvichichinja, kuchinjwa, kana kuti kubviswa kuchatsamira pazvinoitika zvezvamatongerwe enyika uye zvisarudzo zvinoitwa navatenzi navagari vemo vavanomirira. Kunzwisisa mamiriro enhau enhau, uye mirangariro inoshanda yechiberekero kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo muidziro huru muidzino huru pamusoro penguva yemberi yedemocracy yeAmerica.