Kupfuudzira Mutemo Webumbiro remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States harisi gwaro renhauwo zvaro; igadziriro mhenyu, yokufema iyo inorondedzera ukama pakati pehurumende navanhu vayo. Mutemo weMitemo, mutumbi womutemo unodudzira ndokushandisa iyi chinyorwa chakagadzwa, unoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavose veAmerica. Inosimbisa mapazu matatu ehurumende ($legislative, mukuru, mukuru wedare, uye muganhu zvinoisa masimba avo neganhuriro. Nhaka inoisa maruramiro anokosha nemitoro yavagari vemo, inoumba gadziriro yechekero nechiyero zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuva chine simba zvikuru.

Kubva parusununguko rwokutaura pfungwa dzako kusvika kukodzero yokutonga zvakanaka, nheyo idzi dzemitemo dzinodzivirira vanhu pahurumende inonyengedzwa uye dzinovimbisa kuti mabasa ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu anoitwa sezvaakarongwa. Pasina kunzwisisa zvakajeka pfungwa idzi, vagari vemo vanorasikirwa norusununguko rumene runotsanangura nyika yacho.

Kodzero Huru dzeBumbiro reMitemo: Bhizimisi Rekodzero uye Kupfuura

Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo, rinozivikanwa seBill of Rights, rakatenderwa muna 1791 kutaura itiro hanya pamusoro pesimba rehurumende. Idzi dzidzo dzinodzivirira zvakajeka rusununguko rwomunhu pavhozhokero yehurumende. Zvisinei, Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatanidzawo gadziridzo dzakazowedzera nokunatsa idzi dziviriro.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura (Kuchinja Kwokutanga)

First Amendment inorambidza kuita mitemo yokuti rusununguko rwokutaura, pepanhau, gungano, chikumbiro, uye rudzidziso. Iyi maruramiro akavakirwa kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inobvumira vagari vemo kutsoropodza hurumende pasina kutya kutsiva. Dare Gurusa rakadudzira zvikuru, kudzivirira kunyange kutaura kusina kukurumbira kana kuti kunogumbura. Nhau huru dzakadai se Brandenburg v. Ohio yakasimbisa kuti kutaura kunogona kuganhurirwa kana kuchinyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo. Zvisinei, mapoka akati haadzivirirwi: kunyandura masimba masimba, kuzvidza, ruzvinyadzi, uye tyisidziro dzechokwadi. Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera vagari vemo vanoshandisa kodzero dzavo zvakanaka apo vachiziva miganhuro yapamutemo.

Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo (Mitemo Yakagadziriswa)

Dare reChipiri reMillitia rinoti: “Ichi chinenge chiri chinhu chinodzorwa zvakanaka neGwaro rakasununguka, kodzero yevanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hachizokanganisiwi. Iyi maruramiro yave iri nhau yekurukurirano huru. Mu Chigadziko cheColumbia v. [FLT] [2008] [[2008]] [Sabata rePurmendement] [C], Dare rakakwirira rakati maruramiro omunhu kuva nepfuti pfuti yepfuti mukati memba. [[FLT] Kutonga [FLT], [[FLT] Rome] Rome /Maga tar & Lampmp; Prisol Association v [FFFF] [3] [202] [202], iyo inotambanurira kurukira zvimwe mira mirati miraudzo yorudyi. (inoti sezvikamu)

Dziviriro Pakunzvera Nokunyepedzera (Four Amendment)

Gemende yeChina inodzivirira kuvandika nenzvimbo. Inoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana gwaro rakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira pamberi pokunzvera musha womunhu, motokari, kana kuti tapuro. Yakasiana iripo (yakadai semvumo, chiono chakajeka, uye migariro inodzorwa) asi mutemo wavose ndowokuti vagari vemo vave nekariro ine mufungo yokuva voga. Zvisarudzo zvevhungamira zvakadai se . [[FLT:] [F]] [FLT] [2014], 2014] uye GPS]

Kururama Kwokutonga Kusingakanganisi (Mitemo Yechitanhatu)

Dare reSikisi reMitemo rinovimbisa maruramiro outsotsi kutongwa kwokukurumidza uye kwavose nedare rinobetsera vatongi vasingasaruri, maruramiro okuziviswa nezvepomero, maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, uye maruramiro ezano rapamutemo. Mhaka yechiratidzo Gideon v. Wainwr [1963] [1963] [ichidikanwa kuti] inoda kuti pave namagweta kuti gadziriro yeruramisiro irambe iri yakadzikama uye kuti munhu oga asarangwa.

Dziviriro Pachirango Choutsinye Nechienzi (Kugadzikiswa Kwevhu)

Dare reChirungu rinorambidza kupfuudza bheraidzo yakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zveutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira "kuoma kwepfungwa nedzechienzi" pamipimo inowirirana yetsika. Rakadzivisa kuurawa kwevana vaduku ( r. Simmons, 2005]) uye vanhu vane urema hwoungwaru ([[FLT:]]] Atkins v. Virginia, 2002]). Miganhu yejeri inowirirana nokutambudza kana kuti kuregeredza zvakakomba ingaputsawo Redefauth Redelete (ona [FLD:]] 2005. mer brn[FFFFFFF], 1994, vagari vemuko vane mutoro nokuda kweiyi ganhuriro yesimba, zvikurukuru mururamo yedamo yedamato.

Dzimwe Kodzero Dzinotsoropodza

  • Muitiro unodikanwa (wamashanu nowegumi namana Amendments): Hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi nheyo inoda miitiro yakarurama (muitiro wakafanira wetsika) uye inodzivirira rusununguko runokosha kufanana neroorano, kuva mubereki, uye kuva woga (muitiro wakafanira wakafanira).
  • DZIDZIVIRISWE ZVISINGARATIDZO ZVOKUDZIVIRIRA ZVINOBVUNGISWA:[[FOLT:1] Nyika dzisafanira kuramba kudzivirira munhu upi noupi zvakaenzana kwemitemo. Iyi ndima yakashandiswa kukurira rudzi rumwe ( rown v. Komiti yeDzidzo), rusaruro rwevatano, uye kubatwa kusina kufanira kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe.
  • Rusununguko muKuzvidira (FFT Amendment): Kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara uye ropafadzo inopesana nechipupuriro idziviriro dzematombo muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi. Marinda v. Arizona [6] [6] inoda mapurisa kuzivisa vanofungira kodzero idzi pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero dzekodzero.
  • Kurudyi ku Vote (yachigumi navaviri, yechigumi navapfumbamwe, makumi maviri neMitemo yeChinayiti): Kodzero dzokubudisa mari dzinodzivirirwa parusaruro rwedzinza (15th), rusaruro rwevatano (1931), mitero yevhota (ya 24), uye ganhuriro dzezera nokuda kwavagari vemo 18+ (26).

Mitoro Yevagari Vemo: Rumwe Rutivi Rwemari

Vagari vemo vanokundikana kuita mabasa aya vanoisa pangozi yokunetesa gadziriro chaiyo inodzivirira rusununguko rwavo.

Kurumbidza Muzvisarudzo

Kutsinhana ikodzero uye ibasa rehurumende. Inzira huru iyo vagari vemo vanosarudza nayo vamiririri vavo ndokupesvedzera muitiro wavanhu vose. Muvhoti anoenda kunzvimbo yavose. Nhai zvikurukuru pakati penhambo nenzvimbo dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. (_kazhinjisa vasarudzo yehurumende yehurumende) Vagari vanofanira kunyoresa, vanonzvera nenhau, uye vota musarudzo iri yose yavakakodzera. Mutemo weFederal unovimbisa kusvika, asi nyika dzakawanda dzinoda kuzivisa kana kuti kuisa miganhuro; kunzwisisa mitemo yokuvhota yomunzvimbomo rutivi rwomutoro.

Kuteerera Mitemo Nemirau

Kuzviisa pasi kwapamutemo ndiwo musengwa mukuru wougari hwemo. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richidzivirira kodzero yokuramba norugare uye kutsigira chinjo, haribvumiri kusateerera mutemo. Kuremekedza mitemo yemotokari kumirairo yemitero($(inovimbisa kurongeka kwenzanga uye kuremekedzana). Kusateerera kwavagari vemo, sokushandiswa nenhamba dzakadai saMartin Luther King Jr., chimiro chokuramba chinogamuchira miuyo yemitemo yokusimbisa kusaruramisira, asi haisati iri pembedzo inopfupikisa kufuratira mitemo inoshanda.

Kushumira Pamajuri

Chitendero cheJury inheyo yeSixth Amendment maruramiro okutonga zvakanaka. Ibasawo rehurumende. Vagari vanokumbirwa basa redare redare vanofanira kushanda kutoti vanzi vapiwe mhosva yenjodzi dzakakomba. Kuva mutongi kunoda kusasarura, kusasarura, uye kuda kuva munhu akatendeseka. Kukundikana kuoneka kunogona kuguma nokukosha kana kuti kuzvidza dare. Basa iri rinovimbisa kuti vapomerwi vanotongwa nevezera ravo, kwete nehurumende chete.

Kutora Rutivi Mumibato Miviri

Kupfuura basa rokuvhota nerokuvhota, vagari vemo vanogona kupinda munzira dzakawanda: kupinda misangano yehoro yetaundi, kuonana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kuzvipira nokuda kwenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatira pamabhodhi enzvimbo kana kuti vamiririri, uye kutora rutivi mumasangano enzanga. Vimbiso yeBumbiro reMitemo yokukumbira negungano zvinoita kuti mibato iyi ibvire. Kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kunoita kuti hurumende ive nomutoro uye itsigire tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inogamuchira.

Kubhadhara Mitero uye Kutsigira Masangano Anoitirwa Vanhu

Mitero inowanzodudzwa serimwe remitoro inoorora zvikurusa. Kutemwa kwe 16th Amendment kwakabvumira mutero wemari yehurumende, uye vagari vemo vanosungirwa pamutemo kunyora mutero ndokuripira zvavane mungava. zvikoro zvavose, migwagwa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo, matare, uye dziviriro yorudzi zvose zvinotsamira pamari yomutero. Kubviswa kwehurumende kunoderedza zvakanaka zvavanhu uyewo kusiri kwapamutemo. Vagari vemo vanowirirana nemitemo yemitero uye vanotsigira mitemo yemitero yakarurama kupfurikidza negadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kudzivirira Nyika (Basa Rakanaka)

Panguva ino, vagari vechirume veUnited States uye vanhurume vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vane makore 18-25 vanofanira kunyoresa neSalective Service System. Kunyange zvazvo kunyoresa kuri kusiri kushanda, kunyoresa ibasa repamutemo. Kukundikana kunyoresa kunogona kukanganisa kukwanisa kubhadharwa kweyamuro yevadzidzi yehurumende, kurovedzwa basa, uye basa.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muitisi wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro-mitemo. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinoumba maruramiro nemitoro zveAmerica iri yose. Dare rinoshandisa hwirudzuro yokutonga() simba rokuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo () yakavambwa mu Marbury v. Madison[FL:1] [1803]). Kubvira ipapo, mirau yechiratidzo yakachinja nzanga.

Mhaka Dzinoratidza Kodzero

  • [FLT] Marbury v. Madison (103): Nheyo yehwaro hwekuongorora, kuvimbisa judiary inogona kubvisa mitemo isati iri yetsika.
  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954): yaizivisa dzinza muzvikoro zvavose zvisina kubatana, kushandura "yakaenzana" uye kudzosera sangano rekodzero dzevanhu.
  • Roe v. [773] na[FLT] Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi 'Hweutano Organization [202]] [202] Roe yakaziva maruramiro emitemo kukubvisa pamuviri; Dobbs kuidzora, kudzokera kumitemo. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti Dare rinochinja sei mitezo inochinja uye mirangariro.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015): roorano yapamutemo yenyika yose, kurangarira kuti maruramiro okuroora rusununguko runokosha runodzivirirwa neGaramende yeMinyaka Minei.
  • [FEC v. FEC (2010): yakabatanidza kuti kutsigira kwemasangano kushambadzirwa kwezviteshi zvematongerwe enyika zvakazvimirira hakugoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment /a kukura kukuru kwekodzero dzokutaura.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966: mapurisa aida kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo dzokunyarara uye zano vasati vabvunzurudzwa.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): yakavimbisa maruramiro okupa zano nokuda kwavakwirirwi vehurumende, gare gare yakatambanudzirwa kuzvinoitika zvose apo kunenge kuchibvira.

Hadzisi nhau dzose dzinowedzera maruramiro. Somuenzaniso, Korematsu v. United States (1944) yakatsigira kuiswa kweJapanese munhambo mukati meHondo Yenyika II (ichisarudzo chinoshurikidzwa zvikuru nhasi. Dare rinogonawo kubvumirana maruramiro, sezvinoonwa mu maDobs [ na Heller (inoganhuridzo yakaganhurirwa yepfuti). Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera vagari vemo vanotadza kurangarira kuti mutemo wemitemo ungachinja sei.

Kunzwisisa Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo: Kuchinja Kunoita Bumbiro Romutemo

Vavambi vakaronga mutoo wegadziridzo kuva wakaoma asi usati uri usingabviri. Kugadziriswa kungakarakadzwa nevhoti yedzimba mbiri ne 3 dzedzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress kana kuti nekokorodzano inonzi nedziviri tatu dzemisika yehurumende. Inofanira ipapo kutenderwa nedzitatu dzezvikamu zvemitemo kana kuti kokorodzano dzenyika. Kugadziriswa 27 bedzi kwave kuchisimbiswa chibviro cha 1789.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu (Matanho 1 - 10)

Izvozvi zvakagamuchirwa muna 1791 kuti zvitaure itiro hanya pamusoro pekushaikwa kwedziviriro dzakajeka. Zvinobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, rudzidziso, gungano, kukumbira, zvombo, kupfura, kunzvera nokubvuta (varwi vanodikanwa), njodzi yakapetwa kaviri, muitiro wakatanhamara, kutonga kwakatanhamara, kutonga kwavose, kutonga kwedare ravagari vemo, utsinye nechirango chisiri chenguva dzose, uye kodzero dzakabviswa dzinochengetwa navanhu. Vanoshandisa kuhurumende yehurumende; gare gare gare, Kudzorwa kwechigumi namana kwakawedzera kuzhinji kweiyi dziviriro kuhurumende kupfurikidza nedzidziso yomunzvimbomo.

Pashure peHondo Amendements (13, 14, 15)

  • Thireteth Amendment (1865): Uranda hwakaitwa nokusazvidira uye uranda.
  • Forententh Amendment (1868): Chitsama chougari hwemo chinorondedzerwa, chaida dziviriro yakaenzana, uye nyika dzinorambidzwa kunyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira. Uku kuchinja ndihwo hwaro hwokubatanidza nenhau dzakawanda dzekodzero dzavagari vemo.
  • Fiffenth Amendment (1870): Akarambidza kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa parudzi.

Kuchinja Kwechimakumi Maviri

  • ... steenth (1913): yakanyoreswa mutero wemari yaibhadharwa nehurumende.
  • [ pamueti (1913): Sarudzo Yakananga yavagadziri.
  • [[[FUNDO:0] Nineteth (1920):[ Chirango chavakadzi.
  • T202-Fourth (1964): Mitero yevhotera yakarambidzwa.
  • [ Makumi maviri-Sixth (1971): yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kuva 18.

Chirongwa cheAumencial Rights Amendment (chakasaitwa muna 1972, hachibvumidzwi) chinoratidza kuti kuedza kwose kungabudirira.

Kubatanidzwa Nomutemo Webumbiro remitemo

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako nemitoro inhano yokutanga bedzi. Kuvimbisa kwokushingaira kunovimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri simba ripenyu, rinodzivirira panzvimbo pechisaririra. Hedzino nzira dzinoshanda dzokukudza nadzo kubatanidzwa kwako:

Dzidzo Nokuzvidzidzisa

  • Rava Bumbiro reMitemo negadziridzo dzaro zvakazara. shanduro dzakawanda dzakasununguka dzinowanika paIndaneti kubva mumanyuko akafanana ne Conret.gov Constitution Annoted.
  • Tenga zvikoro zvapachena paIndaneti se coursera kana kuti Oyez project[, iyo inogovera kupeta kwenhau dzakawanda.
  • Pinda zviitiko zvemasangano enzvimbo iyoyo, zvivako zvemataundi, kana kuti hurukuro dzezvemitemo dzepachikoro dzinotaura nezvenyaya dzinotevedzerwa nemutemo.

Kutendeseka Nemasangano Evazivi

  • Vamba mapoka anodzivirira maruramiro chaiwo: ACLU anonangidzira ngwariro parusununguko rwevagari vemo; Brennan Center yeRuramisiro inoshanda pakodzero dzokuvhota uye kugadziridzwa kweruramisiro yeutsotsi; French Society inotsigira kududzirwa kwechizivi chekare.
  • Kuzvipira nokuda kwokunyoresa kusiri kwomuvhoti kunosunda kana kuti kiriniki dzinobetsera pamutemo idzo dzinobetsera vanhu kunzwisisa maruramiro avo.

Kuramba Uchiziva

Tevedzera zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro-soro nemirau yedare rakaderera. Shandisa zviwanikwa zvakafanana ne SCOTURY [[FTL:1] nokuda kwokunzvera kwapanguva yakafanira. Nzwisisa kuti mutemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinokarakadzwa zvingatapura sei maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Nyorera kuvamiriri vako ndokutaura mirangariro yako pamabhiri anoramba achiuya. Rangarira kupepa kunyanzvi dzemitemo kana kuti zvikoro zvemitemo zvinozivikanwa.

Kutora Rutivi Mugadziriro Dzapamutemo

  • Shanda somutongi apo unodanwa.
  • Kana uri nyajambwa wokuputswa kwekodzero, nyora chinoitika chacho ndokuonana negweta kana kuti sangano reyamuro yapamutemo.
  • Mapoka akawanda evafundisi anoronga nhamburiko dzakadaro.

mhedziso

Mutemo weBumbiro reMitemo hausi munda unochengeterwa vatongi namagweta. Chinovanzi chevagari veAmerica. Mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe anosunga danda mukududzirwa nokushandiswa kunopfuurira kweBumbiro reMitemo. Nokunzwisisa kodzero dzako(* uye kuita mitoro yako) hausi kungozvidzivirira bedzi asiwo kubetsera kuchengetedza kuedza kwoutongi hwesero yesero yesero. Bumbiro remitemo rinoshanda apo vanhu vanoshanda naro. Ziva kodzero dzako, vashandise zvine musoro, uye rangarira hurumende yako kuva inozvidavirira kumipimo yayo yakakwirira.