Murangariro wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo ibwe renheyo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vanhu pakududzirwa kwehurumende kwokuzvitonga uye kuchengetedza kuzvitonga. Kunyange zvakadaro kodzero idzi hadziwanzovapo mukusagadzikana kukuru nezvinofarirwa nevanhu vose zvakadai sekotsekano yavose, kuchengeteka kwenyika, uye kurongeka kwenzanga. Kodzero dzemitemo dzinowana chiremera mugwaro repamutemo renyika yakakwirira, asi kuongorora kwadzo nguva dzose kunoitwa nokududzirwa kwemitemo, zviito zvemitemo, uye kushanduka - shanduka - shanduka kwezvinhu. Kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri kodzero idzi neganhuriro dzapamutemo dzinoiswa padziri dzinodiwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vakaro. Nyaya inopa kuongororwa kwakakwana kwekodzero dzemitemo neganhurriro dzavo, kuongorora masangano avo emitemo, masangano ezvirongwa, masangano emitemo, uye kutsanangura zvinhu chaizvo munyika yose.

Nheyo Dzekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinobatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo retsika rerudzi uye dzinobatira sezvibvumikiso zvinomanikidzirwa mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengedzwa. Nepo zviri mukati zvakati zvichisiana mumativi ose ehurumende, idzi maruramiro kazhinji kazhinji anovavarira kudzivirira fariro dzapakati dzavanhu, dzakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, muitiro worudzidziso, gungano, uye ruramisiro mumitemo yapamutemo. Kururamisirwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunogara pamutemo mukurusa uyo unobatanidza mapazu ose ehurumende, uchiumba gadziriro umo mitemowo zvayo inofanira kushanda.

Kwakabva Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinobva mumubatanidzwa wezvinyorwa zvenhau, kurwisana kwokuchinja, uye pfungwa dzouzivi. Somuenzaniso, United States Bill of Rights (1791) yakawana zvikuru kubva kumutemo weEngland nanyanzvi dzekuvhenekerwa saJohn Locke. Nenzira yakafanana, French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen [789] [89] yakazivisa nheyo dzapasi pose dzerusununguko, pfuma, uye kupesana nedzvinyiriro. Munguva dzazvino uno, mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anobatanidza mipimo yamarudzi ose, seiyo mu Declation of Human Rights Rights [[FLT]]]

Mavs. Mabumbiro emitemo asina kunyorwa

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzingabatanidzwa mugwaro rimwe rakanyorwa (somuUnited States, Germany, kana kuti India) kana kuti kutorwa mumubatanidzwa wemirau, mienzaniso inotonga, uye kokorodzano (somuUnited Kingdom neNew Zealand). Mabumbiro emitemo akanyorwa kazhinji kazhinji anogovera dziviriro yakasimba zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kugadziriswa kuve kwakaoma zvikuru, nepo magamuchidzanwa asina kunyorwa achibvumira kuchinjika zvikuru asi angasiya maruramiro ari asina kukuvadzwa zvikuru kukupindira kwomutemo.

Marudzi Ekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Nyanzvi dzepamutemo kazhinji kazhinji dzinoronga kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo mumapoka anoverengeka akarongeka:

  • Fondarity Rights: Idzodzi dzinokosha nokuda kwechiremera chomunhu nefambiro mberi yomunhu oga, zvakadai semaruramiro kuupenyu, rusununguko mukutambudzwa, uye rusununguko rwokufunga. Vanowanzogamuchira mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wedziviriro yokutonga.
  • Kodzero dzeCivil:[ Kodzero dzinodzivirira vanhu pakusarura uye dzinovimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo, kubatanidza kodzero dzokuvhota, kuwana pokugara, uye muitiro wakafanira munhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi.
  • Kodzero dzePuritatic Rights: Kodzero dzinogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi mukudzora kwenyika yavo, zvakadai sekodzero yokuvhota, kumhanyira nzvimbo, uye kuumba masangano ezvematongerwe enyika.
  • Economic and Social Rights:[[FLT: 1] Yakawanwa mumamwe mabumbiro emitemo (g., South Africa, India), iwaya anovimbisa kuwanwa kwedzimba, tarisiro youtano, dzidzo, uye migariro yamabasa inoruramisira.

Somuenzaniso, kodzero dzevezvematongerwo enyika dzingangonzi chete dzidzivise kubiridzira vamwe, nepo kodzero dzemari dzingaganhurirwa neganhuriro dzemitemo yezvemari.

Nheyo Dzinodzora Pakodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Pfungwa yokuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kuganhurirwa haisati iri itsva kana kuti iri yechinetso chomuzvarirwo.Izvo zviri nhau kururamisa noukuru hweganhuriro. Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakatanga musengwa wenheyo kuva nechokwadi chokuti ganhuriro dzinoramba dziri dzakaenzana, dziri madikanwa, uye dzinowirirana nomutemo.

Kudzikamisa Kuedza Nemakurire Okuongorora

Kuongorora kwatinoita kunobva pakuti hurumende inoda kodzero ipi uye kuti inoda chii.

  • Strict Scrutiny: Apindwa kumaruramiro makuru (umh., kutaura kwakasununguka, kurovedza kworudzidziso, kuva woga) uye mativi anonyumwira. Hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti ganhuriro inobatira fariro inomanikidzira yehurumende uye inogadzirirwa zvishoma kuwana fariro iyoyo.
  • Scrutiny: inoshandiswa nokuda kwamaruramiro akadai sokuenzana kwechirume kana kuti kutaura kwokutengeserana. Chirambidzo chinofanira kuva chine chokuita zvikuru nedonzo rinokosha rehurumende.
  • Rasal Basis Review: Inoshandiswa kumirau mizhinji yezvemari nenzanga. Kuganhurirwa kunofanira kuva nechekuita nedonzo rehurumende rapamutemo.

Iyi nzvero inoita gadziriro yehwirudzuro yedare, ichivimbisa kuti maruramiro haareruki. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT]] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2022], Dare rapamusoro reU.S. raidavira kuti mitemo yokudzora pfuti inofanira kuva inowirirana negamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfuti, ichishandisa nenzira inobudirira chimiro chokunzvera kwakakomba kuSecond Remeter Amend Refement.

Kuongorora Kunoita

Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzemitemo kunze kweUnited States, zvikurukuru muCanada, Germany, uye European Court of Human Rights, kuronga mubatanidzwa ndiwo mutoo mukuru wokuyera nawo ganhuriro dzamaruramiro.

  1. Kuganhurirwa kwakarongwa nomutemo here?
  2. Inotsvaka vavariro yakarurama uye inokosha here?
  3. Inobatanidzwa nenzira ine mufungo nedonzo iroro here?
  4. Kuri madikanwa here, kureva kuti kutsiva kunodzorawo kuripo?
  5. Kunoisa dzikamo yakakwana pakati pekodzero dzomunhu wacho nefariro dzenzanga here?

Iyi nzvero yakarongeka inobvumira rutongeso rwakajeka runoremekedza zvose zviri zviviri kodzero nenzanga. Somuenzaniso, mu R. v. Oakes (1986), Dare rapamusoro reCanada rakatanga muedzo wewirirano pasi peChikamu 1 cheCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, ichida hurumende kururamisa muganhu upi noupi pakodzero dzeCharter.

Kurevererwa Kunowanzoitwa Paganhuriro

Hurumende dzinoisa ganhuriro nguva dzose pamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

  • [[FULT:0] Kusatya uye Kurayira: kutaura kunonyandura masimba masimba kungarangwa; magungano anodzivisa betsero dzekurumidziro angaparadzirwa.
  • Ruchengeteko rwerudzi: mashoko akarongwa anganyimwa kuziviswa pachena; gadziriro dzokunzvera dzingabvumirwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsika dzechiPubic:[[[FLT: 1] mitemo youpenzi inoganhurira zvinhu zvinonyadzisira muvatano; kubhejera nokushandiswa kwemirimo kazhinji kazhinji kunorambidzwa.
  • [ Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevamwe:[ mitemo yokurambidza kudzivirira mukurumbira; zvirambidzo zvokuvenga kutaura zvinodzivisa kuvadziko yokusasarura.
  • Utano hwePublic: Mirayiro yechibharo nemirairo yokuparadzanisa inogona kuvhiringidza kuzvitonga kwomuviri uye kufamba kwakasununguka.

Somuenzaniso, kurambidzwa zvachose kwekuramba kwose kwevezvematongerwo enyika hakungamborambi kuchiongororwa, nepo ruzha rwakasanogadzirwa pedyo nezvipatara rungatsigirwa.

Mhindumupindu Yenhau Yamaruramiro Ebumbiro Remitemo Neganhuriro Dzayo

Kunzwisiswa kwazvino uno kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kwakabva mumazana amakore erwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika, gakava rouzivi, uye kukura kwemitemo.

Kubva KuMagna Carta Kuenda Kuvhenekerwa

Manyuko ekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo anogona kurondwa kusvikira ku Magna Carta [1215], iyo yakasimbisa kuti mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo uye aizivikanwa maruramiro akafanira avanhu vakasununguka. Iyi mifungo yeEngland Bill of Rights (1689) yakaganhurirwazve nesimba roumambo nekutaura nepemhete yeparamende nechikumbiro. Durling the Lighting, vazivi vakadai saJohn Locle vakarangarira kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo oupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu izvo hurumende isingagoni kudzora maruramiro echiAmerica neFrance. Iyi yakachinja zvakananga uye kuumbwa kwemitengo yakatevera yekodzero dzemitemo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwezana Rechimakumi Maviri Nechimakumi Maviri

Utsinye hweHondo yeNyika II hwakanyandura musengwa mutsva kukodzero dzevanhu. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) yakagadza mupimo wamarudzi ose, nepo marudzi akawanda akabatanidza maruramiro makuru mubumbiro rawo remitemo. Mutemo weGermany Basic (1949) wakaisa chiremera chomunhu pamavambo awo ndokutanga Dare rine simba reFederal Constitution kuti ritsigire maruramiro avanhu. European Convention on Human Rights (1950) yakaita dare renyika yose rinobvumira vanhu kudenha chiito chehurumende.

Matambudziko Anozovapo

Nhasi, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinotarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva kubva kuchinjo yeruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, ugandanga, uye njodzi dzoutano hwenyika yose. Kuongorora kwemadhigita, kugadzira zvisarudzo zvemitemo, uye kudzika miganhu yemagariro anosimudzira mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro poukuru hwezvivande zvemunhu oga uye kutaura kwakasununguka. Matare anokumbirwa zvikuru kuyera chengeteko yenyika pamikana yokuona, uye utano hwevanhu mukurwisana norusununguko rwomunhu oga. Dambudziko reCOVID rakaedza miganhuro yekodzero dzakawanda, kubatanidza rusununguko rweboka, gungano, uye chitendero, zvichitungamirira kukupesana kwemibato yezvibvumirano munyika yose.

Kukanganiswa Kwekodzero Neganhuriro

Mirangariro yapamutemo pakodzero dzebumbiro remitemo inoziviswa zvikuru nekurukurirano dzouzivi pamusoro porudzi rweruramisiro, rusununguko, uye basa rehurumende.

Mutemo Wemusikirwo Unopesana Nechibvumirano Chepamutemo

Vazivi vemitemo yomusikirwo, vakadai saThomas Aquinas naJohn Finnis, vanotaura kuti maruramiro akati anogarwa muchimiro chomunhu uye anotangira mutemo upi noupi wakanyorwa. Kwaari, mutemo unoputsa maruramiro makuru hausati uri mutemo wechokwadi uye hauna chiremera chetsika. Vateveri vemitemo vemitemo yetsika havasati vari zvirokwazvo uye vangada kuputsa mitemo inogumbura nheyo huru dzetsika, nepo posivis, Hart, vanoomerera kukutonga kwemitemo mukati megadziriro yemitemo.

Kusununguka Netsoropodzi Dzako

Nyanzvi dzezvokuzvidira dzakafanana naJohn Stuart Mill dzakatsigira rusununguko rwomunhu oga soukoshi hukurusa hwezvamatongerwe enyika, dzichitaura zvakakurumbira kuti ruramiso bedzi yokuganhurira kutaura ndeyokudzivisa kuvadziko yakananga kuna vamwe. Iyi nheyo inokuvadza inoramba ichipesvedzera muhurumbidzo yemagariro echisarudzo uye magamuchidzanwa echipfupi, zvisinei, inoramba kuti kusununguka kunonyanyosimbisa rusununguko rwomunhu oga pakurasikirwa nenzanga, ukama, uye mapoka asina kudzivirirwa.

Marangiro Okuregwa

Ronald Dworkin akarondedzera kodzero dzakakurumbira se "trups" dzinopfuura zvido zvikuru mumigariro mizhinji. Mumurangariro uyu, matare anofanira kudzivirira kodzero nesimba, kunyange mukurwisana nemufungo wakakurumbira. Nenzira inopesana, vapfumi vanotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kudzivisa mitemo yakafara uye panzvimbo pezvo kusarudza mhaka, kusiya nzvimbo nokuda kwokurangarira kwedemokrati. Chisarudzo pakati peidzi pesvedzero kana matare achatsigira ganhuriro pakodzero kana kuti kudziparadza.

Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Mumuitiro: Kuongorora Vasungwa

Kuongorora nyaya dzinokosha kunoratidza kuti chokwadi chinoshandiswa sei pakukakavadzana, kazhinji kuchikonzera migumisiro iri kure yenzanga.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura: Kubva kuSchenc kusvika kuBrandenburg

Mu Scheck v. United States (1919), Mutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes akajekesa "kuoneka nengozi iripo", achitsigira kupwiswa kwomunhu akaparadzira mapepa anorwisana negadziriro yehondo yeNyika I. Makumi emakore gare gare, [[FLT:] Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], Dare guru rakagamuchira mupimo wekutaura unodzivirira, riine kuti kutaura kwamasimba masimba kunogona kurangwa bedzi kana kwakatungamirirwa kunyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye sezvingabvira kubudirira. Uku kuratidzira kuti ganhuriro dzemitemo dzinochinja neuzivi nemutoo wemitemo.

Kuva Woga Nekodzero Dzokubereka Vana

Kodzero yokuvanda, kunyange zvazvo isina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., yakazivikanwa mu Griswold v.Connecticut (65), iyo yakabvisa chirambidzo pakudzivisa kubata pamuviri. Imhaka iyoyo yakavanza faundesheni ye . Wade v [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [73] [7]), akabata kuti maruramiro emitemo omutemo echokuviga anobatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri. Zvisinei, mu Gambs. Vakadzi vanogona kushandura kunyange kushandura mitoo inotoita kuti idzo.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso runopesana. Mitemo Inorwisana

Makakatanwa pakati porusununguko rworudzidziso nekodzero dzavagari vemo akabereka mienzaniso inokosha. Mu Masterpick Thoop v.Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2017), Dare rakatonga kuti mubiki uyo akaramba kugadzira keke romuchato nokuda kwomuitiro mumwe chetewo wokuita zvisarudzo, asi akasiya mubvunzo mukuru wokuti varambi vechitendero vanogona kukumbira kusunungurwa kumitemo yepose. Idzi mhaka dzinomanikidza matare kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwapachena kworudzidziso mukurwisana nemhiko yenzanga kuti vabate zvakaenzana.

Mirangariro Yebumbiro remitemo Rinoenzaniswa

Kuenzanisa gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzemitemo kunoratidza dzimwe nzira dzokupedza kusawirirana kuri pakati porusununguko nechiremera.

United States: Muenzaniso Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Mutoo weAmerica unotanga kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kazhinji kazhinji unoshandisa mitemo yakatevedzana (g., dziviriro nokuda kwe "kurwa kwamashoko" v. "kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika"). Miganhu inowanzoratidzirwa seyakasiyana panzvimbo peyavose. Chikamu cheFirst Amendment chakasununguka chokutaura, somuenzaniso, chinodzivirira mhatsa huru yokutaura, uye ganhuriro dzinonzverwa zvikuru.

Canada: Tsamba Yekodzero Dzevanhu Ine Chinoderedza Chinonzi Claus

Chikamu 1 cheCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms chinobvumira zvakajeka "miganhu ine mufungo yakadaro yakarongwa nomutemo sezvinogona kururamiswa nenzira inoruramiswa munzanga yakasununguka neyamadhimoni. Uyu mutauro wakazarurwa unokoka matare kushandisa kunzvera kwewirirano, sekwakagadzwa mu . v. Oakes. Vatongi veCanada vanoda zvikuru kupfuura vaAmerica kurangarira fariro dzavo, dzakadai sokuenzana, apo vanoyera maruramiro.

Germany: Chiremera Chomunhu Seganhuriro Yakakwana

Dare reNational Learth rinoisa chiremera chavanhu kupfuura muganhu upi noupi. Dzimwe maruramiro, zvakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura norudzidziso, anogona kuganhurirwa asi bedzi nomutemo unoremekedza "kudzorwa" kwamaruramiro. Federal Constitution Agemental Court inoshandisa muedzo unoda kusanodzikamiswa. Somuenzaniso, Germany inobvumira mitemo yokuvenga ingaparadzwa pasi peU.S. Amendment, inoratidzira bvumirano yakasiana pamusoro pemiganhu yokushivirira.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvenyanzvi Nevagari Vemo Vapamutemo

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzepamutemo uye zvadzisingakwanisi kuita hakusi kungodzidza chete, asi kunobatsira kuti magweta ataure nyaya dzakasiyana - siyana, asarudze sei, uye kuti vagari vemo vanoshandisa sei kodzero dzavo dzepamutemo.

Nokuda Kwavatengesi Vapamutemo

Maattorney anofanira kuva nyanzvi pakuziva mwero unoshanda wokunzvera, kuronga ufakazi hwedonzo remitemo, uye kuronga zvibvumikiso zvinopa zvikonzero zvezvose zviri zviviri maruramiro neruramiso yehurumende yokuiganhurira. Mumitemo inoshandisa nhevedzano, magweta anofanira kugadzirira kuratidza kana zvimwe zvinotsiva zvisingaganhurirwi zvikuru zviripo.

Nokuda Kwavadzidzisi Navadzidzi

Murayiridzo wenhau unobetsera vadzidzi kuona kuti nheyo dzisina kujeka dzinoitwa sei mumashoko akapoteredza chaiwo, kusimudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro peganhuriro dzesimba rokutonga uye basa rekurukurirano yehurumende.

Nokuda Kwavagari Vemo

Kuziva kuti kodzero dzevamwe vanhu dzinogona kuganhurirwa zviri pamutemo kunobatsira vanhu kunzwisisa kuti nei zvimwe zvinorambidzwa (muchinei, mitemo yomumugwagwa, zvinodiwa zvinopa rusununguko) zvichienderana nenzanga yakasununguka, nepo vamwe (zvikuru, vanoona pasina mvumo, vanosarura) vasina.

mhedziso

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo rinoumba mavambo orusununguko rwomunhu oga munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi izvo zviripo mukati megadziriro yeganhuriro dziri madikanwa. Denho inotsungirira iri mukuva nedzikamo yakarurama: kudzivirira rusununguko runokosha nepo zvichibata zvinodikanwa zvakabatana zvechengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yavanhu. Gadziriro dzemitemo dzakakudziridza zvishandiso zvakaoma kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwakarongwa kupfurikidza necherekedzo (*) asi muitiro wacho unoramba uchikwikwikwidzana nenzira yomuzvarirwo uye uchidzorwa. Sangano dzinochinja, saizvozvowo revo nemiganhuro yekodzero dzapamutemo. Kupfurikidza neiyi mifungo, tinogona kuparira kutsika yapamutemo inoremekedza zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chomunhu oga nechakanaka.