Tsika Yekodzero Dzehurumende Yebumbiro Remitemo

Murangariro wekodzero dzehurumende .Inowanzonzi kodzero dzehurumende, dzinodzidzwa munzvero yeAmerica nehurumende. Kusafanana negadziriro yesangano umo simba rose rinoyerera kubva kuchiremera chikuru, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinokamuranisa uchangamire pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Uku kupesana hakune tsaona; kwakanga kuri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira noune pakati peavo vaida hurumende yakasimba uye avo vaitya kuti yaizotsika rusununguko rwomunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa icho masimba anotaura kuti chaicho chinobata chaizvoizvo ($8) uye kuti masimba iwayo anomanikidzirwa sei mukunzwisisa kuti American Control inoshanda sei.

Kodzero dzehurumende hadzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo masimba anosiiwa pashure pokunge chiremera chehurumende charondedzerwa. dzinomirira nzvimbo yakasiana yokutonga iyo yakashanduka kupfurikidza norugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, kutonga kweDare Rapamusorosoro, rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye muitiro wezuva riri rose. Kuvambira padzidzo yavose kusvikira kumutemo woutsotsi, kuvambira pamirau yedzidzo yeroorano kusvikira kumirau yeroorano, dzinoshandisa chiremera pamusoro pezvinhu zvinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vazvo. Bva miganhu yechiremera ichocho inoramba ichikwikwidzana, uye ukama pakati pehurumende nesimba rehurumende yachinja nomutoo unoshamisa zvikuru kupfuura mazana maviri amakore.

Penjero Yegumi Nesimba Rakachengetedzwa

Gadziriro imwe inokosha zvikurusa yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwekodzero dzehurumende ndiye Tenth Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1791 sechikamu cheBill of Rights. Inorava kuti: “Masimba asina kupiwa United States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.” Pakuringa kwokutanga, mutauro uyu unoratidzika kuva wakananga: hurumende yehurumende ine masimba iwayo bedzi anopiwa neBumbiro remitemo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvose ndezvehurumende kana kuti vanhu. Chaizvoizvo, kuwirirana kwacho kwanyandura kurukurirano isingagumi nemhaka yokuti masimba “akaramba pamutemo” haazvizivikanwi.

Chii Chiri Simba Rakachengetwa?

Masimba akachengetwa ndiayo ayo Constitution isingapi hurumende yehurumende uye hairambi hurumende. Anobatanidza ruzhinjisasarudzo dzehurumende yezuva nezuva: kugadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kutungamirira kusarudza, kudzora kutengeserana mukati memiganhu yenyika, kuchengeta utano hwavanhu nechengeteko, uye kushandisa mutemo wemhuri, mutemo wezvinhu, uye bvumirano. Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti Pentement yeTenth Memetersment inobatanidza nheyo yehurumende yakaganhurirwa, asi rakarangarirawo kuti muganhu wokugadziriswa hausi muganhu wakazvimirira pasimba rehurumende yehurumende, ($]), inotaura kuti mutemo wemhuri: masimba ose haapiwiwiwi kuUnited States anochengetwa.

Nhevedzano huru: Mu United States v. Darby [41], Dare rakataura kuti Tentith Amendment “imisino asi chibvumirano chokuti zvose hazvina kupiwa.] mu [[FLT]] New York v. United States [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Shicilelaz. United States[FLT] v [FLT:] [1997]]), Dare rakashandisa murairo kudzorongedza mutemo wacho womutemo kana kuti mukuru mukuru, unosimbisa muganhu.[FFLT]

Masimba ane simba anoramba achidzidzisa kuti anogona kuedza mitemo inosiana zvikuru nemimwe. Iyi mhatsa inowanzorondedzerwa se “masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” chitsama chakakurumbira naMutongi Louis Brandeis. Nyika dzinogona kuedza mitoo mitsva yokutsigira dzidzo, kupfuudzwa kwoutano, ruramisiro yeutsotsi, kana kuti mirau yemhoteredzo pasina kuraira kuti nyika iwirirane. Kana kuedza kwehurumende kubudirira, dzimwe nyika `na Hurumende yehurumende (*) ikagamuchira mitemo yakafanana. Kana ikatadza, ndyiko dzinova nehurumende iyoyo.

Simba Rine Simba: Izvo Hurumende Inotonga Nyika Inogona Kuita

Kuti tinzwisise zvizere kodzero dzehurumende, kuri madikanwa kunzwisisa izvo hurumende yehurumende ingaita. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress ndaza yenhetembo yamasimba anoverengwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8: kuti akwerete mari, kudzora mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika, kuisa mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi nematare, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira nokutsigira mauto, uye kuita mitemo yose “inodikanwa neyakafanira" nokuda kwokushandisa masimba iwayo. Nokuda kwenhau zhinji dzeAmerica, ndaza iyi yakadudzirwa zvishoma, kusia masangano makurusa munhau zhinjisa dzomumba.

Zvisinei, New Deal nhambo yakaunza kukura kunoshamisa kwechiremera chehurumende. Dare Guru rakavamba kuturikira Momerce Claus zvakafara, kuchibvumira kuti Paramende idzore munenge mubato upi noupi wezvemari ungatapura kutengeserana kwenyika. Uku kukura kwakapa hurumende yehurumende simba munzvimbo dzakasiiwa kutsika, dzakadai semipimo yebasa, zvokurima, uye maruramiro avagari vemo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakaisa miganhu yezvokutengeserana zvehurumende, semuUnited States v. Lopez[FLT] (1995] (195) uye [FLT:] United States.[FL:] v ]

Simba Riri Kubatanidzwa: Uko Hurumende Nechiremera Chehurumende Zvinoderera

Haasati ari masimba ose ari mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo kana kuti anotonga chose chose. Masimba mazhinji anorwisana , kureva mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inogona kushanda munharaunda imwe cheteyo. Somuenzaniso, zvose zviri zviviri Hurumende yehurumende zvinogona kubhadhara mutero, kuvaka zvivako, kudzora mipimo yemhoteredzo. Apo hurumende nemitemo yehurumende zvinorwisana, Supremacy Claus (Artle VI, Claus 2) inoraira kuti mutemo wehurumende ushande muchiremera chayo chemitemo. Iyi nheyo ye inodzika mipimo yezvakatikapoteredza ] igwema renguva dzose.

Kuedzwa Kwakaita

  • Kutemerwa jambwa:[[FLT: 1] Congress inotaura zvakajeka kuti mutemo wehurumende unokunda mutemo wehurumende munharaunda yakati. Somuenzaniso, Mushandi anorega basa Iniver Security Act (ERISA) inokanganisa zvakajeka mitemo yehurumende ine chokuita nezvirongwa zvebetsero dzevashandi.
  • Yakapfuudzwa: Kunyange pasina mutauro wakajeka, mutemo wehurumende ungadzima mutemo wehurumende kana vaviri vacho vari murwisano isingawirirani kana kuti kana gadziriro yokutungamirira yehurumende iri yakakwana kwazvo zvokuti inosiya pasina nzvimbo yokuwedzera hurumende. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunonzi “kusunungurwa kwemunda.”
  • Kusunungurwa: Mutemo wehurumende unobviswa kana ukakuita kusingabviri kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri zvinodikanwa zvehurumende nehurumende, kana kuti kana unomira semhinganidzo kuzvinangwa zvakazara nevavariro dzeCongress.

Mitezo inoshandisawo masimba echinzwano munharaunda dzakafanana neruramisiro youtsotsi. Mhosva zhinjisa imhosva dzehurumende; mutemo woutsotsi womubatanidzwa unofukidza bedzi mhaka dzakati dzomuruwa kana kuti dzehurumende. Asi chiremera chokudzorwa chakapararira(chiito chimwe chokutengesa mirimo, somuenzaniso, chinogona kuputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo wenyika nowehurumende, uye hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzingatonga.

Simba Ramapurisa: Chiremera Chehurumende Chinopararira Zvikurusa

Zvichida manyuko anokosha zvikurusa esimba rehurumende i simba ramapurisa . Irori harisati riri pamusoro pokusungisa mutemo mupfungwa yakatetepa; panzvimbo pezvo, rinonongedzera kuchiremera chakagadzwa chehurumende chokuisa muganhu nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yavose yavanhu varo. Simba ramapurisa haridudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi rinozivikanwa sesimba rakachengetwa. Hurumende dzinorishandisa kuvaka mabumbiro emitemo, kuraira kudzivirira, vanachiremba namagweta, vanodzora kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka, ganhuriro dzechimbiso, uye zvakawanda.

Nemhaka yokuti simba ramapurisa rakafara, matare anopa rusununguko rwakafara rwokurishandisa (8) kunze kwokunge achiputsa dziviriro chaidzo dzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wehurumende unosarura kutengeserana kwenyika kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzinokosha (sokufanana nokutaura kwakasununguka kana kuti kushandisa kworudzidziso) uchatarisana nokusanonzvera. Asi utano hwenguva dzose netanho dzekotsekano kazhinji kazhinji zvinopfuura zvichiunganidzwa chero bedzi zvine hwaro hwakajeka.

Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, simba ramapurisa rakanga riri pakati pehondo dzakakomba dzapamutemo. Vatongi vehurumende namadhipatimendi ezvoutano vakapa zvirango zvokupfiga, zvikumbiro zvokuvhara mabhakitire, uye zvinodikanwa zvokudzivirira pasi pechiremera ichi. Zvizhinji zvezviito izvi zvakadenhwa mudare, nevoruzhinji vachiramba kuti vaiputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti vaipfuura chiremera chehurumende. Zvinowanzodaro, matare akatsigira mipimo youtano hwehurumende yekurumidziro sekushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba ramapurisa, kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro dzakati dzakati dzakati dzakabviswa apo vakaranganisa mapoka akati pasina ruramiro yakakwana.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nebasa Rayo

Hurumende iri yose ine bumbiro rayo amene, iro rinobatira somutemo mukurusa wehurumende (pasi pomutemo wehurumende). Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anogovera dziviriro huru nokuda kwamaruramiro avanhu kupfuura zvinoita U.S. Constitution. Somuenzaniso, mabumbiro enyika akawanda anovimbisa maruramiro kuva akavanzika pachena, nepo kodzero yehurumende yokuva voga inorehwa mudzimwe nziyo. matare ehurumende anogona kududzira mabumbiro emitemo awo amene kukudza maruramiro anopfuura uriri hwechimbichimbichimbichimbi. (ichinozivikanwa sechibvumirano chitsva chedare chinodzora [.

Mabumbiro emitemo anoumbawo hurumende, kazhinji kazhinji munzira dzinosiana zvikuru nomuenzaniso wehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzine gavhuna akaneta nedare rakasimba; dzimwe dzine mukuru mukuru wehurumende muzhinji umo vakuru vakuru sagweta mukuru namunyori wehurumende vanosarudzwa nenzira yakazvimirira. Mitemo yakawanda inobvumira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokutanga uye kunyora, ichipa simba ravavhoti rokugadza mitemo kana kuti kugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo pasina kuva netapuro yemitemo. Ikoku kwave kuchipesvedzera zvikuru munharaunda dzakafanana nokunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanjere, mutemo wemitero, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi.

Ganhuriro Pasimba reHurumende

Pasinei zvapo noukuru hwechiremera chehurumende, pane miganhu inokosha. Bumbiro reMitemo rinorambidza zvakajeka kuita zvinhu zvakati: hazvigoni kupinda muzvibvumirano, mari, kukanganisa musengwa wezvibvumirano, kana kuti kupiwa mitero kana kuti kutumirwa kune dzimwe nyika. Idzodzi dzave dziri hwaro hwekodzero dzevagari vemo dzisingaverengeki, dzakatenderwa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, dzinorambidza kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo, uye kurambira dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.

Mimwe ganhuriro inobva mumirau yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Voing Rights Act ya 1965 inorambidza kuita miitiro yokuvhota iyo inosarura pahwaro hwedzinza. VaAmerica vane Hurema Mitemo inoda kuti hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dziite kuti gadziriro dzavo dzive dzinowanika. National Labor Relations Act inoputsa mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inodzora kuronga nokutaurirana. Apo hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoita mukati memasimba ayo, hurumende dzinofanira kuwirirana.

Kutonga kwaDillon kunopesana nokutonga Musha

Rudzi rwakasiana rweganhuriro runotapura hurumende dzomunzvimbomo (maruwa, mataundi). Pasi pa DALton , hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvisikwa zvehurumende uye dzine masimba iwayo bedzi anopiwa nenzira yakananga nehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva maguta haagoni kuita chiito (kunyange panhau dzomunzvimbomo chaidzoidzoidzo) kana nyika isina kuibvumira. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira kutonga [ kwehome [ gadziriro mumirayiro yawo kana kuti miraudzo, kupa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo inopfuura. Asi kunyange mumagariro emisha, chibvumirano chehurumende chinogona kubvisa migariro yomunzvimbomo. Kukakavanda pakati pesimba romunzvimbomo nenzvimbo inokura yerwisano pamutemo, zvikurukuru nhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kudzorwa kwehurumende.

Kushanda Kwoudzvinyiriri: Utongi Hwepanguva Yazvino Uno

Nharo pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende hadzisi zvinhu zvenhau; dzinomuka nguva dzose mune zvematongerwe enyika zvazvino uno.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Chifo cha2012, nhamba inokura yehurumende yakanyoresa marijuana nokuda kwokushandisa kwezvokurapa kana kuti nhandaro, inopesana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende, iyo inoisa mbanje sechinhu chinodzorwa. Hurumende yehurumende yakaramba zvikuru kumanikidza mutemo muhurumende yanyoresa, asi kunetseka kwacho kunoramba. Mabhizimisi embanje ehurumende haagoni kushandisa gadziriro yebhangi yehurumende, uye vashandi mumabhizimisi iwayo vanogona kutarisana nokukwikwidzwa nedare rehurumende. Iri basa rakatungamirira kurayira kuti nyika ishandurwe kana kuti masangano apfuurire kushandisa simba ramapurisa kuti aise muitiro wemirimo sezvaanoona kuti akakodzera.

Kubvisa Pamuviri Namaruramiro Okuberekazve

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa 2022 mu Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, iyo yakatendeuka Roe v. Wade, yakadzorera murairo wokubvisa pamuviri zvikurukuru kunyika. Ikoku kwakaparira kuparadzanisa kunoshamisa: dzimwe nyika dzakaita ganhuriro dzinengedziro, nepo dzimwe dzakapa mitemo inodzivirira kusvika. Muuyo wacho inzvimbo isina kusiana zvikuru umo mano omukadzi okubvisa mimba anotsamira painogara. Mitengo inoverengeka yakapfuudzawo mitemo yokudzora kubvisa mimba kupfuura miganhu yayo, zvakadai sokurambidza kufamba kwemiganhuro yetsika. Mitengo yakadaro inodzo inodzo inodzorwa kudzorwa kupfurikidza nokusateverwa kwemitemo yomura mitezo.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neutarisiri Hwokusarudza

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa simba rokugadza “nguva, nzvimbo uye mutoo” wesarudzo, zvapamberi pedare. Nyika dzakagaroita sarudzo, asi makore achangobva kupfuura dzakaona kuwanda kwemitemo yehurumende inochinja miitiro yokuvhota netsamba inovhota pakuvamba mune dzimwe nyika, kuisa zvinodikanwa zvechivhoti uye kuganhurira mabhokisi okuisa mubatanidzwa muzvimwe. Iyi mitemo yakashorwa pasi peVoting Rights Act neBumbiro remitemo, nematare dzimwe nguva anoparadza gadziriro dzokuvhotera kuti kudzorwa kwehurumende nevimbiso kudzorwa kwakaenzana kunoramba kuva chinhu chikuru.

Kudzora Pfuti

Gemend yeChicago , sezvinodudzirwa neDare guru mu [FLT] Dicounty of Columbia v. Helder [2008] uye McDonald v. Guta reChicago[[[FLL:3]] (2010]), rinodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo. Asi hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera chinokosha chokudzora pfumo dzepfuti: dzinogona kuraira, kuisa nhambo dzokumirira, uye kuganhurira munzvimbo dzinotapukira. Mitemo inosirira ku “Masimba] (20:0) inotakura maruramiro akakwana uye kunyoresa. Mitemo yakarongwa seBrady Handmun Polivism Dectics and Bipartis Actal, kunyange zvazvo zvichiitwa neChibvumirano cha 20222, kunyange zvichingoitwa.

Basa reDare Repamusorosoro Mukutsigira Kodzero Dzehurumende

Dare Gurusa inhau yokupedzisira yekakavadzano pamusoro pemukana wesimba. Mumakumi amakore, kutonga kwaro kwakakudziridzwa nenzira dzakasiyana- siyana uye kwaita chiremera chehurumende. MuRepublic yapakuvamba, Dare pasi poMutongi John Marshall rakasimbisa simba renyika pakudziviswa kwehurumende ([[FLT: 0]]]] Mcloch v. Maryland[FL]], [[FLT]] Gibbons v. Ogden[FLT]]]). Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, Dare rakabvumira kutaura kuti renje rakafara pasi pesimba ramapurisa asi richidzosawo Amendereji yePremendementss kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemone , pashure paidzose.[FT][FFF][5]

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare rakaratidza fariro yakamutsidzirwa mukudzivirira uchangamire hwehurumende. Rehnquist Court yehurumende (1990s namavambo a 2000) yakabudisa zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinoganhurira chiremera chehurumende pasi peCommerce Claus neTenth Amendment. Dare raRoberts rakapfuuridzira muitiro uyu munharaunda dzakati kuti (somuenzaniso, kurangarira kuti hurumende hadzigoni kupiwa mhaka pasina kubvumira kwayo pasi pemitemo inorwisana nomutemo wehurumende muvambikidzani muvamwe, zvakadai sechibvumirano cheAffordable Carence Act semutoro yemunhu oga oga. Mugumisiro wenhau idzi unotsamira parangariro yeDare nenhau dzakananga padandadziridziko.

Kupedzisa: Kudzikama

Kodzero dzehurumende hadzisi dzenguva dzose. Dzinobviswa kupfurikidza nemitemo, mutemo, uye chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika. Tenth Amendment inogovera pfundo rokutanga, asi revo chaiyo yesimba rehurumende inotsamira pakuti matare anodudzira sei chiremera chehurumende, kuti Congress inoshandisa sei masimba ayo anorongwa, uye kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru venyika vanoshandisa sei maruramiro avo vamene. Kunzwisisa iri simba kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti United States inodzorwa sei (kuvambira mukirasi kuenda kuimba kuDare rehurumende gurusa). Korofeta dzehurumende dzinopfuurira sei kushanda, uye kuumba upenyu hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose veAmerica.

[[[[FK:0] pfuma yezvekurava: