Basa rematare munzanga, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo nedziviriro dzapamutemo, iko kunobva kukutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Matare anobatira savapinzi veruramisiro, achivimbisa kuti mitemo inoshandiswa nenzira yakarurama uye achidzivirira maruramiro avanhu vanorwisana nehurumende nemamwe masangano. Iwo inzvimbo isina kubatanidzwa apo kakavadzano dzinopedzwa, uko Bumbiro remitemo rinodudzirwa, uye uko dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende inochengetwa. Pasi pezvigaro nezvinodzorodzwa zvavagari vemo, kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinoramba dziripo panzvimbo pezvisingatedzerwi. Dare rinogovera gadziriro iyo vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kuva nemhosva kupfurikidza nayo, denho yetsika dzoupoto, uye kuraira kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kodzero dzavagari vemo ikodzero huru nerusununguko dzinodzivirira vanhu pakusarurana uye dzinovimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Dzinobatanidza mhatsa huru dzenhau, kubatanidza asi kwete kuganhurirwa kurusununguko rwokutaura nokutaura, kodzero yokuvhota, kodzero yokuva voga, uye kudzivirirwa pakusarurana kwakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, urema, vatano, uye mamwe mavara. Kodzero anowanzobatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo kana kuti romutemo, zvichigovera hwaro hwokuti vanhu vapikire kusaruramisira mudare.

Murangariro wazvino uno wekodzero dzavagari vemo unotevedza mavambo awo kumagwaro akafanana neMagna Carta (1215), iyo yakavamba nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu, kunyange mambo, ari pamusoro pomutemo. United States Bill of Rights (1791) yakabatanidzazve rusununguko rwakadai sokutaura, gungano, uye muitiro wakafanira. Muzana ramakore rechi20, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) uye sungano dzamarudzi ose dzakatevera dzakakudza nzwisiso yenyika yose yekodzero dzavagari vemo kubatanidza mhindu, nzanga, uye mativi etsika. Mumhuri, mutemo wetsika wakadai seChirevon Rights eTrect ya19646 neVoigtion Act of 1965 yakachinja nzvimbo yapamutemo kupfurikidza nokurambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, mabasa, uye kuvhota.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi fambiro mberi, kurwira maruramiro avagari vemo kunopfuurira. Matare anoramba ari nhandare huru umo kutaura kutsva kunoedzwa (hwungave kwakaoma kumitemo yeID inovhota youdzvinyiriri, kukakavadzana pamusoro pekusunungurwa kworudzidziso neLGBTQ+ kodzero, kana kuti mibvunzo pamusoro poukuru hwokutaura kwakasununguka muzera ramazauko avanhu. COALLE DEF DEF yeFimendimendimetic Amendment, somuenzaniso, yave iri chishandiso chine simba chokurwisa rusaruro, asi kududzira kwarwo nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe.

Marudzi Anokosha Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

  • Kuvhota Kodzero: Dziviriro mukurwisana nokudzvinyirirwa kwavavhoti, kudzorwa, uye mitemo yokuvhota. Mhaka dzakafanana ne Shelby County v. Horer [2013]) yakagadziridzazve nzvimbo yokuchengetedza.
  • Free Speech and Press: Kudzivisa kunzvera kwehurumende nokudzivirira kusabvumirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakatambanudzira idzi dziviriro kumasvikiro matsva, kubatanidza zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga.
  • Rusununguko rworudzidziso: Kudzikamisa kurovedza kwapachena neganhuriro dzezvikamu zvemashoko, sezvinoonwa muzvinoitika zvakadai se Burwell v. Hobby Lobby[ (2014).
  • Kururamira kuva woga: Kupfuura udzori hwokubereka, kuvimbika kwomuviri, uye kuvandika madata. Roe v. Wade[ na [[FLT]] Lawrence v. Texas inheyo.
  • Non-Discrimination: Tsvaka maruramiro okudzivisa kubatwa kusina kuenzana mudzimba, basa, dzidzo, uye mabasa avose akavakirwa padzinza, vatano, urema, uye zvakawanda.

Gadziriro Yokutonga Nebasa Rayo

Mitemo mikuru yedare inosanganisira kuturikira mitemo nemirau, kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwepachikamu, kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu.

MuUnited States, dare redare rehurumende rine mitsetse mitatu: Dare rePureintion (mwero wenhau), Dare reNhengo reNhengo dzeZvikumbiro[[[FLT:]] [Matare eMitemo] [[FLT]] [makurukota] [matunhu]] (maganhu ezvikumbiro ezvikumbiro zvechipo] [[FLT]]] [FLT]] [hivi rekupedzisira]. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unoshanda chinangwa chechienzi. matare eruwa anonzwa mashoko, anoshandisa mutemo, uye anoita rutongeso rwokutanga. Applella matare anohwirusa zvamatongo apamutemo, kazhinji anogadza matare akaderera mukati nharaunda dzomudunhu. Dare guru rinosarudza dare rinotonga nyaya duku pakati pezvigaro uye kumitevedzo dzomutemo.

Rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yokutonga ndi hwirudzuro yezvokuyera , simba rokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvisina wirirano. Iri simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] [[1] [1803] [183]) uye rakashandiswa kurova muganhu, kukudza maruramiro okuvhota, uye kuganhurira. Matare anotsamirawo pa [[FLT:] deciss[[FLT:] (nheyo yemuenzaniso) kugovera tsinhirano nokudeyadzira, kunyange zvazvo zvinoitika zvemajeko zvichida kuputsa zvisaitika.

Kupfuura matare ehurumende, vatongi vehurumende vanobata chiverengero chikurusa chamaruramiro avagari vemo chinotaura kuti “‘ zvikurukuru avo vanobatanidza dzimba, dzidzo, uye mapurisa. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anogovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende, uye matare ehurumende akava anokosha nokuda kwamaruramiro okufambira mberi, akadai sokuenzana kweroorano pamberi pedare Gurusa.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Maruramiro Avagari Vemo Mumuitiro

  • Rusununguko Rwokusasarura:[[FT:1] Matare anogona kuraira sangano rehurumende kana kuti boka ravanhu voga kurega miitiro yokupa mhosva (sumo, kuraira chikoro kubvisa).
  • Kurasikirwa: Vanyajambwa vokuputswa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo vanogona kupiwa muripo wemari nokuda kwekuvadziko yakatapurwa.
  • [ Rutongeso rwokuzivisa: Matare anogona kujekesa maruramiro apamutemo ebato pasina kuraira chiito chakananga, achigovera nhungamiro nokuda kwomufambiro womunguva yemberi.
  • Zviito: apo boka ravanhu rinokuvadzwa nomuitiro mumwe chetewo worusarura, chiito chekirasi chinovabvumira kutsvaka yamuro pamwe chete, somu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Munhau yose, nhau dzinoverengeka dzeDare Gurusa dzakaumba zvikuru kodzero dzavagari vemo nedziviriro dzapamutemo muUnited States. Idzi mhaka dzinoratidzira simba redare remitemo mukupesvedzera mirau yenzanga nemitemo. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe hachina kungopedza bedzi gakava rakati asi chakarondedzerawo miganhu yorusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo.

[[FOLT:0] Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhaka iyi yakazivisa kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende zvisina kubatana, ichiputsa dzidziso “yakapesana asi yakaenzana” yakatangwa mu Pnety v. Ferguson (1896). Kutonga kwebvumirano, kwakanyorwa naMambo Mukuru weSahlulero Earl Warren, kwaidavira kuti kuganhurirwa mudzidzo yavose kwakatorera vana vashoma dziviriro yakaenzana pasi peKinethi ye Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakavanza nzira yekodzero dzevagari vemo ndokugovera simba repamutemo reChibvumirano chekodzero dzevoruzhinji cha 1964. Chinoramba chiri muenzaniso une simba wenzira iyo matare anogona kubvisa nayo nzanga inosarudzwa nehurumende.

“ Tinogumisa kuti murutivi rwedzidzo yavose dzidziso yo‘kuparadzana asi isina nzvimbo yakaenzana. Zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzana hazvienzaniswi nenzira yomuzvarirwo.” — Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education[[FLT: 1]]

[[ITSV: 0] Roe v. Wade[[[FLT] [1] (1973)

Ichi chisarudzo chakatanhamara chakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo romukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri, kuchiisa maruramiro okudzivirira pachivande eGuer Procession Clause ye 144th Amendment. Dare rakatanga gadziriro yakaganhurirwa inodzikamisa fariro yehurumende muhuyamupindu nerusununguko rwomukadzi. Kunyange zvazvo Roe yakagadzirirwa mu [ Dobts v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:] 202], nhaka yaroro inomira senguva inokosha mukurukurirano pamusoro pekodzero dzokubereka namaruramiro omuviri.

Tsvaka rimwe zuva: Kurava peta yenhau yose pa Oyez

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti kodzero yokuroora irusununguko runokosha runodzivirirwa neKineith Amendment, uye kuti varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano havagoni kurambwa maruramiro iwayo. Chisarudzo chehurumende chisina simba paroorano imwe cheteyo ndokuziva kuti kuenzana kweroorano rutivi runokosha rwechiremera chakaenzana. Iyi nhau inosimbisa nzwisiso inobvisa yekodzero dzavagari vemo nebasa redare mukutambanudzira dziviriro kumapoka akaganhurirwa.

“ Bumbiro reMitemo rinopikira rusununguko kuna vose vari mukati maro, rusununguko runobatanidza maruramiro akati ayo anobvumira vanhu, mukati menzvimbo yapamutemo, kurondedzera nokuratidzira kuzivikanwa kwavo.” — Mutongi Anthony Kennedy, [[FL:0]] Obergefell v. Hodges[[FL:1]

[[FOL:0] Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966)

Nyaya iyi yakatanga maruramiro enhau azvino Miranda , ichida kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuzivisa vanhu nezvekodzero yavo yokunyarara uye kuva negweta paripo pabvunzurudzo yekodzero. Chirevo chacho chaiva mhinduro yakananga kumiitiro yokubvunzurudza uye yakasimbisa dziviriro dzeFindrefe Constmer pauniversement. Chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha chemiitiro yeutsotsi uye dziviriro pakureurura.

Tsvaka rekunze: Kuona mufungo wakazara paCornell LII

Basa Rematare Akaderera

Dare iri rinobata nyaya dzakawanda uye rine simba rokududzira nokushandisa mitemo panzvimbo dzehurumende nehurumende, rinogadza mienzaniso yepamutemo ingakwidzwa kumatare makuru, uye rinopa nzvimbo yokuti vanhu vatsvake ruramisiro.

Dare reruwa kazhinji kazhinji imhaka yokutanga nokuda kwokupa mhaka dzekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza denho kumigariro yetorongo, kusazvibata kwamapurisa, ganhuriro dzokuvhota, uye kuwanikwa kwourema. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kuva netapuro dzapakarepo panzanga dzomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, mutongi wedare roruwa angabudisa murairo wechinguvana unodzivisa murairo wokupa mhaka dzoudzvinyiriri kuti usashande apo kukwirira kunenge kwaparirwa. Matare edunhu okukwirira, kupfurikidza nemirangariro yawo yakabudiswa, anoparira muenzaniso unowirirana mukati nharaunda dzavo dzomunzvimbo dzakati. Nemhaka hurusarudzo dzinonzwa bedzi munenge 80 pagore, nhau zhinji pakupedzisira dzinosarudzwa pamwero mukurusa wenhau.

Kutonga kwehurumende nematare anodzorwa nemhosva zvinotosvika zvikuru kuvagari vemowo zvavo. Vanobata kutaura pasi pemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, yakawanda yayo inopa dziviriro dzakasimba kupfuura mutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, matare ehurumende muCalifornia neNew York akawedzera dziviriro dzebasa kupfuura mipimo yehurumende. matare epasi pevhu anoitawo basa rinokosha mukududzira nokubvumira mitemo .[1] Zvibvumirano zvokuchinja miitiro yesangano, zvakadai sejeri kana kuti chinjo dzemapurisa.

Nyaya Dzakaderera Dzinocherechedzwa Dzine Simba Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

  • [FLT]] - v. Hansen (1967): dare roruwa rinotonga A D.C. iro rakarova gadziriro yokunyora mumikoto muzvikoro zvavose izvo nenzira isingaenzaniswi zvakaisa vadzidzi vaBlack mumakwara akaderera edzidzo, akavakirwa pakuedza kwedhisikimu.
  • Floyd v. Guta reNew York (2017): dare reruwa rakawana kuti miitiro yeNYPD yakarega uye-frisk yakaputsa Gadziridzo yeChina neMitemo ye14, inorayira.
  • Vabereki vanobatanidzwa muZvikoro zveMubatanidzwa v. Seattle District N. 1 (2007): Nhambo yeNinth pakutanga yakatsigira gadziriro dzavadzidzi vanoziva dzinza, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakachinja gare gare — richiratidzira bhaisikopo pakati pematare echiduku neakakwirira.

Matambudziko Anotarisana Negadziriro Yokutonga

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rakakomba ramatare mukudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo, vanotarisana nedenho dzakawanda. Tsika dzemitemo nerusarurano zvinotyisidzira chivimbo chavanhu, sezvo kugadzwa kwenharo nokupesana pakati pavatongi kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokusasarura. Kuwana ruramisiro kunoramba kuri mhinganidzo yakakomba nokuda kwenzanga dzine miganhu; mari shoma inowanzosagona kubhadhara magweta, uye masangano epamutemo anopa rubatsiro anoramba achitarisirwa pasi. Masangano edare akaronzeswa uye kunonoka kwenguva refu kunoreva kuti ruramisiro inogona kusundwa kwemakore, kuderedza kubudirira kwayo. Mitengo yakaganhurirwa uye mari inodzorwa inoitawo kuti zvipfuudzo zvemari zvisaririra zvekodzero zvehurumende zvehurumende zvide kupupurira nomuedzo mukuru.

Rimwe denho ndiro “dombo rebutiro revhu” — mirau yekurumidziro yakabudiswa neDare Rapamusoro-soro pasina kupfupikisa kana kuti kutaura. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti zvisarudzo izvi, kazhinji panhau dzinopisa dzakadai sekodzero dzokupinda munyika kana kuti kuvhota, kuvhara miitiro inodzosa uye kushatisa ungwaru. Kuwedzerazve, kukwira kwe kudzo yechibvumirano chehurumende [[] kumasangano mune mamwe mamiterukota angaganhurira mano ematare okunzvera maruramiro okudzora apo kodzero dzavagari vemo vapoka dzinotedzerwa.

Nhau dzegadziriro dzakadai sefungira mano pakati pavatongi namatare edare dzinotapurawo miuyo. Nzvero dzakaratidza kusawirirana kwedzinza mukutonga uye mukupa mirairo yokutanga. Kupedza idzi denho kunoda mutoo wakarongwa wakaisvonaka: mari iri nani nokuda kwematare, kuwedzerwa kwemibato yejaji, kuwedzerwa kwemibato yeprobono, uye chinjo dzemiitiro kuti zvideredze kunonoka.

Tsvene yokunze: [[FT:0] Brennan Center yeruramisiro — Kusimbisa Matare

Nguva Yemberi Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo Mumatare

Sezvo nzanga ichichinja, saizvozvowo kududzira nokudzikamiswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo mukati mematare. Nhau dzakadai semhiko dzakavanzika dzemagariro avanhu, ruramisiro, uye kusaenzana kwegadziriro yokutonga dzinopa zvinetso zvitsva nokuda kwevatongi. Nguva yemberi yekodzero dzavagari vemo mumatare ichabatanidza zvimwe kugadziridza mativi emitemo kuti agadzirise unyanzvi hutsva — mibvunzo yakatarisana nokuongorora, kusarura mirairo yemitemo, uye kuva nemashoko kuchaedza dzidziso dzakavanzika dziripo. Matare achadawo kurwisana nokubviswa kwe uye urudzi hwemhoteredzo yenzvimbo nenzvimbo yakapoteredza, senzanga dzine njodzi yecherekedzo.

Mumwe muganhu irwisano inopfuurira nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhota. Pashure pokunge Dare Gurusa ranetesa Chikamu 5 cheProting Rights Act in Shelby County v. Hoder [2013], matare maduku akazadzwa nedenho dzokuisa mitemo yevhota, zvirongwa zvokuchenesa, uye mepu dzinodzorwa. Kukarira kupfuurira kuziviswa pamusoro pechibvumirano cheRevoting Rights Act semitemo yehurumende inosimudzira ganhuriro itsva. Nenzira yakafanana, kubatanidzwa kwerusununguko rwechitendero nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo yokuvhotera kuchaparira zvimwe zvisarudzoso zvechikoro nezvinoitika zvavose.

Kusvika kururamisiro kuchava musoro unoramba uripo. Ruzivo, rwakadai sechisarudzo chegadziro paIndaneti nezvimiro zvemitemo zvinobatsira zveAl, rungabetsera kuvhara mukaha wevamiririri vanomiririrwa voga, asi matare anofanira kuvimbisa kuti maturusi aya haasati achiunza rusaruro kana kuti kubvisa vanhu vasina dziviriro. Kukwidziridza nokuda kwehuru hwakasiana - siana — mukuwirirana nedzinza, kuva murume, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ounyanzvi — zvichapfuurira, sezvinoratidza kuti mabhenji anounza mirangariro yakafara kukodzero dzevagari vemo.

“ Nzvimbo yetsika yechisiko chose ndeyenguva refu, asi inochinjira kururamisiro.” — inowanzonzi yaMartin Luther King Jr., inoratidzira basa renhambo refu rematare mukufambira mberi kwekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Matare haagoni kuva mutyairi bedzi wefambiro mberi yekodzero dzavagari vemo; chiito chemitemo nechavakuru vakuru zvinokosha.Asi basa redare secherekedzo pamamwe mapazu uye senzvimbo nokuda kwaavo vasina simba rinovimbisa kuti maruramiro avagari vemo anoramba ari echokwadi. Makumi amakore anouya achaedza kana matare anogona kuchinjira kukugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunokurumidza, nzanga, uye mhoteredzo apo anochengeta kuzvipira kwawo kukuru kururamisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

mhedziso

Basa rematare munzanga rinokosha mukurwira kodzero dzevanhu uye kudzivirira kwepamutemo. Nokududzira kwawo mutemo uye kukwanisa kwawo kutsigira mitemo yepamutemo, matare haangodziviriri kodzero dzevanhu chete asi anoumbawo tsika dzenzanga. Sezvatinotarira kunguva yemberi, zvinokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano aya anoramba akasungirwa kururamisira, asina kururama, uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu vose. Matare eIndependent, masangano akarurama, uye kurapwa kunowanika hazvisi chinhu chinosarudzwa. Basa rokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu kupfurikidza nejajidhija; anoda vagari vakangwarira, vatsigiriki vakazvipira, uye vanodavira kuti mutemo unogona kuva simba rakanaka.

Nokuda kwakawanda pamaruramiro azvino evagari vemo, shanyira Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) — Miburo peji[[FLT: 1].