Kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika ikokumira kwokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunobatanidza mukaha pakati pavagari vemo namasangano anoita zvisarudzo nokuda kwavo. Ndiko mutoo uyo kupfurikidza nawo manzwi akasiyana - siyana, fariro, uye mipimo yavagari vemo inopinzwa mumitemo, miraudzo, uye chiito chavose. Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi, mufananidzo wokunzwisisa hausi muitirowo zvawo wedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo, kunokosha mukuvandudza, kuvimbisa, uye kusimbisa vagari vemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera icho mufananidzo wezvamatongerwe enyika unoreva, chikonzero nei uchishanda, kuti unoshanda sei mumasangano akasiyana - siyana, uye denho dzainotarisana nadzo munyika yazvino uno.

Kurondedzera Mufananidzo Wezvamatongerwe Enyika

Muchimiro chayo chakapfava zvikurusa, kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunonongedzera kumubato wokuita manzwi avagari vemo, mirangariro, uye mirangariro zvinovapo mumiitiro yemitemo yavose. Nepo murangariro wacho uchivambira shure kumagungano ekare echiGiriki neRoma, nzwisiso yazvino uno yakaumbwa navafungi saThomas Hobbes, John Locke, uye gare gare Hanna Pitkin, uyo akagovera rumwe rwemipimo inopesvedzera zvikurusa. Pitkin akazivisa mitaro mina yakasiana yemifananidzo: digin, rondedzero, uye rondedzero.

  • Formalistic modefication inonangidzira ngwariro pagadziriro dzesangano(mitemo nemiitiro iyo vamiriri vanotenderwa uye vanozvidavirira kupfurikidza nayo. Ikoku kunobatanidza sarudzo, ganhuriro dzenhambo, uye miitiro yokuyeuka.
  • symbolic imadiction inoitira hanya nzira idzo vamiriri vanomira nadzo vanhu mupfungwa yokufananidzira, zvakadai samambo anomirira rudzi kana kuti mureza unomirira nyika. Inosimbisa batano dzendangariro nendangariro.
  • Chiratidzo chemifungo chinotaura kuti vamiriri vanofanira kugoverana mavara makuru (g., murume, dzinza, dzinza) neizvozvi, sezvo ikoku kunogona kuwedzera chivimbo nekurukurirano. Somuenzaniso, mutezo wemitemo unoratidzira uwandu hwevanhu kazhinji kazhinji unorangarirwa sowapamutemo zvikuru.
  • Shubstantive displation iri pamusoro pemiuyo yomuitiro: vamiriri vanoita nokuda kwavamiriri vavo kupfurikidza nokufambisira mberi fariro dzavo, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu ekare omunhu oga. Muiti wemitemo wechirume uyo anorwira nguva dzose ruramisiro yorudzi ari kugovera mufananidzo mukuru kunzanga duku.

Kumirira zvamatongerwe enyika hachisi chiito chimwe asi ukama hunopfuurira. Kunobatanidza ose ari maviri magedhi. (8) Anotevera miraidzo yakananga yemirayiro yavo (na] vatendi[] .vanoshandisa rutongeso rwavo vamene kuti vabatire zvakanaka. Vakuru vakuru vazhinjisa vakasarudzwa vanobatanidza aya mabasa, vachiita maererano nehoro dzetaundi apo vanoyerawo zano renyanzvi nerangariro refu.

Mashoko Okumiririra Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kunze kwemagadzirirwo aPitkin, pfungwa dzakawanda dzinotaurwa dzinobatsira kutsanangura kuti mufananidzo unoshanda sei.

Dzidziso Huru

Iyi nzira yezvemari inorangarira kuva kurasikirwa pakati pavakuru vakuru (vamiriri) navamiririri. Vamiririri vanopa chiremera kuvamiriri vanokarirwa kuita chiito mufariro yavo. Zvisinei, mashoko nemhetedzo dzinopesana anogona kutungamirira kukurasikirwa [ kwokusada kurasikirwa [1] apo vamiririri vanoisa nharidzano dzavo vamene pane avo vemagirafiti. Mitengo yakafanana nezvivhoti, mitemo yokujekerwa, uye matare anotarisira anogadzirirwa kuderedza kurasikirwa uku.

Mufananidzo Wamaune

Kubuda murondedzero yedemocracy inorevesa, uyu murangariro unosimbisa kurukurirano yakarangarirwa napakuvaka. Vamiriri havasati vari bedzi nhume kana kuti vapi navatendi asi vamiriri vekurukurirano yavose. Mumuenzaniso uyu, kuva pamutemo kunobva mukuvakwa kwerangariro yedariro nejere redaviso. (Chokwadi, kana kuti mapoka ose anotapurwa ane mukana wokutaura zvinonetsa nokunzwa kurukurirano. Magungano evagari vemo nebhajenya remariro mienzaniso inoshanda.

Kumirira Sekugadzira

Ruzivo rwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi naMichael Saward runotaura kuti kumirira muitiro unoshamisa we unoita mapikicha . Munhu upi noupi anogona kutaura kuti anomirira boka(hwupi kana upi) mukuru akasarudzwa, mutsigiri, kana kuti mutsigiri anogamuchira. Asi kutaura ikoko kunofanira kugamuchirwa navateereri. Uyu murangariro unosimbisa rudzi rwemakwikwi anokwikwidzwa nebasa rezvinobudisa nhau, masangano enzanga, uye mapoka ezvokusarudza vanhu mukuvadzikira avo vanotaura.

Kukosha Kwokumiririra Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kumiririra kunobudirira kunokosha nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda zvinowirirana:

  • .Legitaginari yeHurumende: Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti manzwi avo anonzwiwa, vane bviro huru yokugamuchira mitemo nemitemo, kunyange kana vasingabvumirani nemiuyo chaiyo. Mufananidzo unopa hurumende chiremera chetsika chokuita.
  • Kuzvidavirira [: Kusarudza nemimwe miitiro zvinobvumira vagari vemo kutusa kana kuti kuranga. Uku kuzvidavirira kunokurudzira kupindura (8.kokiyo) vanofuratira njodzi yemurangariro wavanhu kuvhoterwa.
  • Kushanda nokusawirirana: mufananidzo unovimbisa kuti mapoka ane chiremera chakaderera(mapoka maduku), vakadzi, vanhu vemo, nzanga dzinowana mari shoma yakaderera(vane chigaro patafura. Kunyora kwemitsetse kunogona kukurudzira kuvimbisana kwehurumende pakati pamapoka akabviswa munhau; fundo dzinoratidza kuti vakadzi vanoronga mitemo inowanzoisa miganhu pautano, dzidzo, uye zororo remhuri.
  • Kurevererwa[[[FLT: 1]]: Tsigiro dzechimbichimbi dzinopesvedzera zvakananga nhau dzinokurukurwa. Somuenzaniso, maruwa ane mwero yeurombo yakakwirira anowanzova akasarudzwa navamiriri vanotsigira kugovera mari, kugovera gadziriro yezvisarudzo zvinoshandura zvigaro zvakanaka.
  • Sacial Cohesion: Mufananidzo unogona kuderedza kuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nerwisano kupfurikidza nokugadzira mikoto yemibato yokupesana. Gadziriro inosanoshanda inobvumira fariro dzakasiana-- siyana kukurukura kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuchengeta dzikamo pasina kutendeukira kumasimba masimba.

Pasina kumiririra kunobudirira, hurumende dzinorasikirwa nokusavimbwa nevanhu, sezvinoonekwa mukuderera kwevavhoti uye kumuka kwemasangano anotsigira kutongwa kwenyika yose.

Kushanda Kunoita Mufananidzo Wematongerwe Enyika

Vanamakanika vemienzaniso vanosiana zvikuru mugadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, asi ivo kazhinji kazhinji vanobatanidza sarudzo, mapati, uye masangano omurevereri.

Mashandiro Ezvinoita Magetsi

Mitemo yemiitiro ndiyo inorambidza zvakananga zvikurusa kumirira. Marudzi makuru maviri anodzora:

  • Plarificity Systems (g., kutanga-pashure-pashure muUnited States neUnited Kingdom) kuparira hurumende imwe nebatano yakasimba pakati pavamiriri vamwe navamwe namaruwa avo. Zvisinei, vanogona kutungamirira kubvisa miuyo yemiuyo yenhau dzechimurenga (parerafi 45% yevhoti ingawina 60% yezvigaro, apo mapoka maduku anenge akakiiwa kunze. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira ku kudzima mifungo miduku.
  • Chiratidzo chePR [PR] (inoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope neLatin America) inoisa zvigaro panzvimbo dzinovhota, ichivimbisa kuti kunyange mapoka maduku anobva muhurumende dzine mubatanidzwa, izvo zvinoda kubvumiranisa pfungwa uye zvinogona kupa inzwi kunhivi dzakawanda. Zvisinei, zvinganetesa batano dzomunzvimbomo pakati pomuvhotera nomumiriri mumwe.

Saivo vokuGermany, vanoedza kubatanidza kubatsira kwavose vari vaviri.

Miganhu Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Misangano inoshanda semitemo yakakomba, fariro dzinorevedza, kupinza vapindi, uye kuronga chiito chemitemo. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vazhinji, vavhoti vanosarudza pakati pezvikuva zvepamubato panzvimbo pevadaviri vamwe navamwe. Chirango cheboka chinogona kuvimbisa kuti vamiririri vanamati vanamati varambe vachiomerera kumiitiro inowirirana, asi chinogonawo kudzivisa rutongeso rwakasununguka ndokuderedza kupindura kuitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo. Kumuka kwamapati ose [[FLT:] ]

Mapoka Anofarira Namasangano Anodzidzisa

Kupfuura sarudzo, kumirira kunoitika kupfurikidza nokudavidza, nhimbe dzavose, uye mari inogamuchirwa. Mapoka anofadzwa akadai semibatanidzwa yebasa, purofiti, uye masangano ebhizimisi anogovera unyanzvi chaihwo namashoko angadziviswa. Zvisinei, pesvedzero yawo inogona kuva isingaenzaniswi: mapoka akapfuma kazhinji kazhinji ane mikana yakawanda kupfuura masangano ouswa. suo rinofamba pakati pemabasa ehurumende namafemu anosimudzira itiro dzinomutsa itiro pamusoro pokubatwa.

Mafungiro Ezvinobudisa Nhau Neevanhu

Zvisinei, kusarurana kwezvinobudisa nhau uye mashoko enzanga kunogona kukanganisa zviratidzo zvinogamuchirwa, zvichitungamirira kumitemo inoratidzira vanhu vashoma pane kuisa pfungwa dzavo panzvimbo pokufunga kuti ndedzipi.

Matambudziko Okumiririra Zvematongerwe Enyika

Pasinei nokuti ichokwadi, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika anotarisana nezvinetso zvakawanda zvemazuva ano zvinoisa pangozi kubudirira kwayo.

Kusakendenga Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Kuvhota kwakaderera, zvikurukuru pakati pavanhu vaduku nenzanga dzakaderedzwa, kunoparira mukaha unomirira: vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogutsa avo, kazhinji kazhinji vakura zvikuru, vakapfuma, uye vachena. Gadziriro dzokuvhota dzokumanikidzira (seAustralia) dzinoderedza ikoku asi hadziwanzoitika. Kuvimba mumasangano kunoparirazve kusakendenga, kuchiparira nhambo inotyisa.

Gerrymandering naElectoral Manipipection

Kunyora mitsetse yoruwa kuti itsigire mumwe mubato kana kuti kudzivirira mazakwatirano kunosekesa kuratidzwa kworusarudzo. “Kuvhota” uye“ kuvhota” kunovimbisa kuti maruwa akawanda haawirirani, kunobvumira vamiriri kufuratira vavhoti vane mwero. Masangano eependero anodzorwa neradigiographic anopa mishonga isina kukwana, asi kurapa kwokusasarura kunoramba kuri chinetso chinopfuurira, zvikurukuru muUnited States.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvenzanga Zvemari

Kumhanyisa nokuda kwehofisi kunodhura. Munyika dzakawanda, mitemo yemari yenhimbe inobvumira vapi vapfumi namasangano kubudisa pesvedzero. Vane mari pasina upfumi hwomunhu oga kana kuti batano dzakakwirira vanotamburira kukwikwidzana, kureva kuti masangano emitemo haawanzoratidzi mhatsa yemari yechiverengero chavagari vemo. Public Translicial yesarudzo (somupurogiramu yemari yakaenzana yeNew York City) inogona kubetsera kuenzanisa nzvimbo yokutamba.

Kurevererwa Kwamapoka Akarongwa Mumuganhu

Kunyange zvazvo kuratidzwa kwemienzaniso kwakavandudzika mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, vakadzi, vanhu vashoma vedzinza nemadzinza, vanhu vakaremara vanoramba vachingomiririrwa muparamende dzakawanda. Kunyange apo nhamba dzinowedzera, kumiririra kuduku kungasaderera kana vamiririri vashoma vakatarisana nezviratidzo zveutungamiriri kana kuti vakarambidzwa.

Mashoko Akawandisa uye Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Vagari vemo nhasi vanotunhidzwa nemashoko anopesana. Kusarudza chokwadi kubva mungano kwakaoma, uye makamuri okudzokorora anosimbisa zvitendero zviripo.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda uye Kutonga Kwamarudzi Ose

Zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinotapura upenyu hwavagari vemo (kuchinja, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kuvandika mashoko) zvinoitwa nemitumbi yamarudzi ose yakadai seEuropean Union kana kuti World Trade Organization, ine kuzvidavirira kuduku kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Ikoku kunoparira kutadza kutora mari yemari [ pamwero wenyika yose. Vamiririri veHurumende vangasava nesimba rokupedza nhau dzinopfuura miganhu, vachisiya vagari vemo vachinzwa vakaparadzaniswa.

Mufananidzo Wematongerwe Enyika Mugadziriro Dzakasiyana - siyana

Chimiro hachisi murangariro mumwe wezvinogoverwa zvose. Kusiyanisa magamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika kuumbwa kwaanoitwa.

United States: Chirongwa chaPrezidhendi chine Maruwa eMember Oga

Vamiriri veAmerica vanosarudzwa kubva mumaruwa enzvimbo dzinoshandiswa munguva yakapfuura-post. Gadziriro inemativi maviri inogadza zvisarudzo zvavavhoti asi kazhinji kazhinji inomanikidza vavhoti kusarudza “zvakaipa zvisati zvambovapo.” Dare (nembiri pahurumende) rinomirira nyika duku, nepo Imba inofanirwa kuva yakaenzana zvikuru asi inovhiringidzwa negerrymanir. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoreva kutsemurwa kwemaduku(chitizen) vane vamiriri vakawanda (Imba, Dare, Purezidhendi) vangarwisana.

Umambo HwokuUnited: Muenzaniso WekuWestminster

Kufanana neUS, UK inoshandisa maruwa ane mitezo imwe asi negadziriro yeparamende. Mubato unowana zvigaro zvizhinji unoreva hurumende, uye Mutungamiriri webato anozvidavirira kuImba yeCommons. Chirango chakasimba chinoreva mavhota kazhinji kazhinji mumitsetse yebato, asi basa rokudzivisa rinoramba riri rinokosha. Chinjo dzazvino uno dzakadai sedeconvolution kuScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland dzakawedzera mirwi yemireza.

Germany: MEMber - Proportation

Germany inobatanidza maruwa akatanga kusikirwa nenzvimbo nenzvimbo dzapamusoro. Voters dzinovhota mbiri: imwe nokuda kwomubhadhari womunzvimbomo uye imwe nokuda kweruvara rwebato. Ikoku kunoparira Bundestag iyo inoratidzira vhoti apo inochengeta zvisungo zvomunzvimbomo. Gadziriro inokurudzira hurumende dzinobatana uye yakarumbidzwa nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chamanzwi maduku, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kuparira manzwi makuru, asingadzorwi.

Nordic States: Utongi Hworuzhinji hweConsensus

Nyika dzakafanana neSweden neNorway dzinoshandisa kumirira kwakaenzana uye dzine mwero yakakwirira yemienzaniso yemirondedzero (vakadzi vane inenge 45% yezvigaro). Tsika dzeCorporatist dzinobatanidza mubatanidzwa wevashandi, masangano evashandirwi, uye nzanga yevagari vemo mumiitiro yokubvunza. Uyu muenzaniso unosimbisa kubvumirana uye kusafunga asi unganonoka kuita chisarudzo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokumirira Zvematongerwe Enyika

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kugadziridza mashandire anoita kumirira. Kuvhura, horo dzemataundi, uye zvikuva zvokuongorora paIndaneti zvinobvumira kuiswa kwakananga kwevagari vemo. Kumwe kuedza ne kuyera [ .--amomringa kusarudza vagari vemo kuti vashande panzvimbo dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinoshandiswa nevagari vemo). Zvisinei, maturusi emichina anosimudzirawo zvinetso pamusoro pokuongorora, kudzorwa, uye kukamukana kwemiteve. Kuvhotera kwaigona kuvandudza nokuvhotera kwakavakirwa pamiteve, asi kunoramba kuongororwa.

Imwe kombamiro kukwira kwavatungamiriri vamapopu [[FLT: 1] avo vanotaura kuti vanomirira “vanhu” nevoruzhinji vakashata. Chipopulist chinowanzoramba masangano avamiriri vegamuchidzanwa, chinotsigira zvikumbiro zvakananga nezvinodzorwa. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kunyandura mapoka anobviswa, kunoparirawo kuderera kwezvikamu zvakasiana namapoka uye kunzvera nedzinoyera (jekisensi)

Kubatanidza Vadzidzi Nemifananidzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Vadzidzisi vanoita basa rinokosha mukumirira nokupa vadzidzi simba rokutora rutivi. Hedzino nzira dzinoshanda:

  • Sarudza Tsiginishoni: Ronga sarudzo dzokunyepedzera nemirau inowirirana. Mitemo mizhinji yokuratidzira kuti gadziriro inosarudzwa inotapura sei miuyo. Ita kuti vadzidzi vaumbe mapati, nhimbe, uye kurukurirano.
  • Analyze Chaiwo- World Cases: Nzvera kurukurirano dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzewirono yemitemo yakadai semiitiro yemamiriro enzvimbo kana kuti kodzero dzokuvhota(uye mepu yemapoka api aimirirwa uye sei. Shandisa mashoko akazaruka se Govrack.us zvinyorwa zvokuvhota kuona kuti vamiriri vavhotera vavhotera sei.
  • Vamiriri Vomunzvimbomo: Gadzirira Q &A marusando nemitezo yedare reguta, vaiti vemitemo vehurumende, kana kuti mitezo yedare rechikoro. Bvunza pamusoro pokuti vanodzikamisa sei zvishuvo zvezvido zvavo vamene.
  • Explore Historical Movements: Dzidza sangano rechipameso, sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye kumirira nyika. Kurukurai kuti mapoka akatsigiswa akarwira sei zvose zviri zviviri kurondedzera uye kumirira.
  • Shandisa Encyclopedia of Philosophy [[FLT]] nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama kwerondedzero, uye IDEA] Internationalhea [ nokuda kwokuenzanisa mashoko pamamirirwa egadziriro dzinosarudzwa nedzinoiswa muvatano.
  • Kurutsira na[FLT:] kurudzira vadzidzi kunyorera vamiririri tsamba pamusoro penhau dzavanoitira hanya. Mhinduro dzinorongedzerwa ndokukurukura kuti vakuru vakuru vanobata sei napamubatanidzwa wekudzivisa.

mhedziso

Kumirira kwakarurama kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunopfuura zvikuru udzame hwechiito chedemokrasi hwechiito chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Chimiro chinoumba munhu anonzwiwa, mitemoi inogamuchirwa, uye kana vagari vemo vachinzwa kuva voga pahurumende yavo. Nepo zvimiro zvakanakisisa zvemifanikiso yakakwana zvichiramba zviri zvenhando, kunzwisisa mativi azvo, kunyorwa, kuiswa kwapamberi penzvimbo nechero, kunoitwa, kuratidzirwa kwevagari vemo kuti vaderedze zviri nani. Zvine simba rechiratidzo (screctal systruptuation), zvakaenzana nerectory kuti zvishande zviri nani. Zvinei zvetsika (s) ndezvero zvokufananidzira zvokuda kukumbira zviri nani zviri nani. Kugadzirira kuva mugarika, uko kukundikana, mari mukusakendenga, uye kuvaka matooresa.