Kodzero yokutakura zvombo iri pakati pedziviriro dzinokakavadzana zvikuru nedzakavakirwa zvikuru mumutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo. Rwendo rwayo kubva pamashoko mapfupi muBill of Rights kusvikira kuvimbiso yakazara inovimbisa kusungisa hurumende iri yose nehurumende yomunzvimbomo runomirira mhindumupindu yapamutemo inopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi maruramiro akapinzwa sei muU.S. inoda kunzvera revo yapakuvamba yeChimbiso cheChipiri, kutanga kwedzidziso muInternet Amendment, uye zvisarudzo zveDare rapamusorosoro izvo pakupedzisira zvakapedza nhau yacho. Nyaya inoteverwa nenzira inosimbisa, rondedzero huru dzapamutemo, uye miuyo inotapura pamutemo yezvombo muAmerica.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri Mumashoko Akwo Okutanga

Dare reChipiri reMitemo, rakatenderwa muna 1791, rinorava kuti: “A Militia inosanodzorwa, ichiva iri madikanwa kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa. nokuda kwenhau zhinji dzeAmerica, iyi gadziriro yakanzwisiswa zvikurukuru sedziviriro nokuda kwemauto ehurumende — mauto evagari vemo ayo Vavagari vemo anorangarirwa sadziviriro murwi unorwisana nemauto uye mubatanidzwa wehurumende. Hurumende inodzorwa yakarongwa zvakanaka (“AAsanodzorwa zvikuru Militia, kuva iri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka” yakaonwa nematare mazhinji uye vatsinhisi vamakurukota vamakurukota.

Iyi dudziro yakarurama yakabatana yakadzora mufungo wedare kwerinopfuura zvikuru zana ramakore. Murepabhuriki yapakuvamba, inotaura kuti yakagadza mitemo yenguva dzose inoganhurira kuva nepfuti — somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokurambidza kuchengetwa kana kuti kunyoreswa — pasina chikarakadzo chipi nechipi chokuti Amendement Yechipiri yakarambidza matanho akadaro. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri apo rondedzero yakarurama zvikuru yomunhu oga yakawana kugoverwa mudzidzo yapamutemo uye, pakupedzisira, pamberi peDare Rapamusorosoro.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi Nokutanga Kwokusarura

Chinosimbiswa muna 1868, Ivhu ra 144th Amendment rakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Chikamu 1 chinogovera kuti hakuna hurumende icha “paradza munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo” kana kuti“ kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati mosimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Dare Gurusa reU.S. nokukurumidza rakavamba kuturikira Gwaro reGuerment Claus sechipfumi chokushandisa gadziriro dzakati dzeBill of Rights dzinorwisana nehurumende — muitiro unozivikanwa se .

Kuparadzana hakuna kuitika kwose panguva imwe. Dare rakagamuchira kusvika kwokusarudza kubatanidzwa , kuyera kodzero imwe neimwe panhau nehwaro hwechikamu chimwe kuti ione kana yakanga iri “pfungwa yetsika yedare reAmerica.” Pakasvika zana ramakore repakati-zana ramakore, utsotsi huzhinji zvikurusa hwakapikirwa muBill of Rights. Asi Pession Yechipiri yakaramba isati yavapo chose chose chose mundandanda.

Dare Rapakuvamba Rakatonga Pa Amendeji Yechipiri

Kwaanenge makore 150 pashure pokunge Dare Rapamusoro raita zvokubheja, Dare Rapamusoro rakapa mitongo mishomanana inokosha yeSangano Rechipiri Re Amendment, isina kana kodzero yacho yainyatsoumbwa nehurumende dzacho.

United States v. Cruikshank (1876)

Mu United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876), Dare rakarangarira kupwisa pasi peEnthorcement Act ya 1870 ine chokuita nokuuraya kweColfax muLouisiana. Vaipomerwa mhaka yokuranga vanyajambwa maruramiro avo okutakura zvombo. Dare rakarangarira kuti Pendure rechipiri “haina muuyo kunze kwokuganhurira masimba ehurumende yenyika” uye kuti“ harishandi kuhurumende. Chisasarudza ichi nenzira inobudirira chakaramba dziviriro yehurumende ipi neipi nokuda kwekodzero yepfuti yehurumende uye kusiiwa vagari vemo vatendi vehurumende inotsamira pamitezo bedzi pamitemo nemitemo.

Presser v. Illinois (1886)

Makore gumi gare gare, Praserser v. Illinois, 116 U.S. 252 (1886), Dare rakatsigira mutemo weIllinois uyo wakarambidza kupfura nepfuti pasina rezinesi. Press akapikisa kuti mutemo wakaputsa kodzero dzake dzeChipiri dzePendezment. Dare rakarambazve kutaura kuti Second Amendment inoganhurira hurumende bedzi. Zvisinei, Dare rakacherekedzawo kuti “magariro haagoni, muchiremera chokudzora mibatanidzwa, kudzora maropafadzo nedziviriro zvavagari veUnited States ” — chikarakadzo icho dzimwe dziviriro dzingashandisa, kunyange zvazvo pasina kutendwa.

United States v. Miller (1939)

Hunokosha zvikurusa pamberi pe Heller yakanga iri mhaka United States v. Miller, 307 U.S.174 [1939]. Vakwirirwi vakapomerwa kutakura nhindi dzehondo dzakaiswa panze dzemitsetse yeNational Firearms Act. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira mutemo, rikarangarira kuti Pendureji Yepiri “haiitirwa kuti ive nekodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwedonzo rapachivara chapagaro” asi panzvimbo pezvo kuchengeta kushanda kwechiuto. Nemhaka yaionekwa seyakanga isiri midziyo yehondo yavose, yakaderera kunze kwechidziro. [FT] [FT]

The Modern Shift: Ruwa rweColumbia v. Heller (2008)

Nzvimbo yapamutemo yakachinja zvikuru ne Diformation of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008),. Mhaka yacho yakadenha Washington, D.C. mitemo yepfuti yorumano, iyo yakarambidzwa nenzira inobudirira kuva nepfuti yavagari vomunyika voga uye yaida pfuti dzose dzinochengetwa dzichibviswa ndokurashwa. Dare Rapamusoro, muchisarudzo cha 5244 chakanyorwa naMutongi Antonin Scalia, yaichengeta kwenguva yokutanga kuti Second Amend Refement inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu mumwe nomumwe yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwamadonzo epamutemo, zvikurukuru kuzvidzivirira mumusha.

Maonero Akuru Anoita Vanhu

Mutongi Scalia akawana murangariro une udzame hwemashoko nenhau. Akagumisa kuti chitsama chinoshanda — “kodzero yevanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hachisati chichizodziviswa” — chinopa maruramiro avanhu, kwete anotsamira pabasa rehondo. Chikamu chenhau (“Asanosanodzora Militia”) chakanga chiri tsananguro ye nei kururama kwairangarirwa kuva kuri madikanwa, kwete ganhuriro parudyi pacharwo. Dare rakajekesawo kuti rudyi haruna kuganhurirwa; harusati ruchidzivirira“ zvombo zvakagadzirirwa zvikurukuru kushandiswa kwehondo” kana kuti “kutakura zvombo zvakavanzwa nokuda kwedonzo rokudenha.” Mitemo ine mufungo, sei inorambidza mitemo inodzivisa kurwisana kana kuti kurwara nepfumba, kana kuti migariro yezvokutengeserana pazvokutengeserana, zvakashambadza zvisina kushatiswa.

Mirangariro Isingabvumirani

Mutongi John Paul Stevens akapesana, achitaura kuti Second Amendment yakadzivirira maruramiro bedzi okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo mumashoko akapoteredza echiuto chehurumende. Mutongi Stephen Breyer akapesanawo, achirwisana kuti kunyange kana kodzero iri munhu mumwe nomumwe, D.C. yaishandiswa zvine mufungo nesimba ramapurisa. Pasinei zvapo nokusabvumirana, Heller akagadza zvakasimba Hurumende yechipiri yorudyi — asi bedzi muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende nendima dzayo.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010): Kufambiswa

Makore maviri chete pashure pa Heller, Dare rakatora McDonald v. Guta reChicago, 561 U.S. 762]. Chicago chirambidzo chepfuti chakanga chakada kuganhurirwa seD.C., asi nemhaka yokuti Chicago mutambi, Dare raifanira kusarudza kana Amendment Yechipiri ichishanda kuhurumende yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza neRemendero.

Mune chimwe chisarudzo 5-4, Dare rakataura kuti kodzero yeChipiri yeFimende yeChibvumirano yaizivikanwa mu Heller “inoshanda kwazvo kunyika] muGuva reGumbi reKireas reKinneth Amendment. Murangariro waSamuel Alito waitsamira pa“ mutoo wakafanira wekudzora” dzidziso yakanga yashandiswa kubatanidza dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha. Dare rakawana kuti kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo zvemagariro edu erusununguko rwe14555. Mutongi Samuel Alito akatsamira pa “mazano okuzvidzora akafanira erudzi urwu.”

MCDONAld nokudaro yakapedza kubatanidzwa kweGadziro Yechipiri, kuputsa mienzaniso yapakuvamba ye Cruikshank uye Presader kutambanuko yavakanga vafunga. Pashure pa MCDONALD[, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinosungwa neGeneticment, kungofanana nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kubudirira kwePfti-McDonald

Kubatanidzwa kweSecond Amendment kwakazarura suo kumafashamo emitemo yenyika neyomunzvimbomo yakasiyana - siyana inodenha mitemo yepfuti. matare epasi pevhu pakutanga akatsigira ganhuriro dzakawanda pasi po “kunzvera kwokuwedzera” mupimo weDare Rapamusorosoro remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wakachinja zvikuru gadziriro yemitemo.

Massachusetts (2016)

Mu Caetano v. Massachusetts, 577 U.S. 411 (2016), Dare rakashandura nokupfupikisa chisarudzo chedare chehurumende icho chakanga chatsigira kurambidzwa kwepfuti. Chiratidzo chakasimbisazve kuti Hurumende yeChipiri inotambanukira kuzvombo zvisingashandisiwi panguva yokuvamba, kubatanidza zvombo zvazvino uno zvakafanana nepfuti. Iyi nhau yakaratidzira kuti rudyi runopfuura kupfuura pfuti uye runofukidza “rwoko rwa [i] rup."

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022)

Chisarudzo chinokosha zvikurusa chapashure pe. Chisarudzo cheNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, 597 U.U.12022). New York yaiva ne “mabumbiro akavanzika” akarongwa anoda kuti vakumbiri varatidze“ chikonzero chakafanira ” — zvikurukuru chinodikanwa chaicho kupfuura chinoitwa nomunhu wose. Dare rakadzika mutemo, richiita kuti chigadziridzore chigadziro cheChinjo cheChipiri chichengetedze zvombo munzanga. Chiratidzo chaCrence chive hachigoni kuratidzira pamutemo. Classingle, anonyora nokuda kwe63, anozivisa matare matsva epamutemo: “kuedza kudarika nguva dzose, uye kuyera nhau kuti chisarumbidzwe kupfurikidza nokudzokororwa kwemitemo yehurumende. Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheSangano chehurumende chinodzikamato chehurumende chisati chapamutemo chinoitwa nemitemo. Chirevoti chinoitwa nemitemo chenyika chinoitwa mumutemo chenyika chinoitwa. Chishatichimoni chinonzi chinoitwa nemitemo chinoitwa. Chishati

Bruen zvikurukuru yakachinja nzira iyo matare maduku anoyera nayo mitemo yepfuti. “kunzvera kwekupedzisira” kwakarambwa mukuda fundo yenhau yakare. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kudenho dzakati kumitemo inorambidza vaferi kuva nepfuti, kurambidza“ zvombo zvehondo zvechipasha,” kunoda kuchengeteka kwakakotsekana, uye kumirira nhambo dzakamirira.

Zvirwere Zvakazoitika Pashure uye Matambudziko Anoenderera Mberi

Mu United States v. Rahimi, 602 U.S._ (2024), Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira mutemo wehurumende unorambidza vanhu vamwe navamwe vanoitwa masimba omumba kudzora kuva nepfuti. Dare rakashandisa Bruen [[[FLT]] muedzo wenhau uye rakawana mirau yakakwana munguva yokuvamba. Iyi chisarudzo chakazivisa kuti Bruen [[FLT:]] muedzo hausati uchiparadza miraudzo yose; mitemo inowirirana negamuchidzanwa renhau inoramba iri yapamutemo.

Dzimwe nhau dzinokosha dzinotaura nezvenzvimbo yeChipiri yeFirst Amendment dzinopfuurira kumuka. Nhau dzakadai sebumbiro remitemo reganhuriro dzakavakirwa pazera, zvirambidzo pamagazini makuru anotapurwa, uye “nzvimbo dzinotapurika” dzose dziri kurongwa mushure me Bruen.

Tapuro Pamitemo Yepfuti Nenzanga

Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment kwave kune miuyo mikuru inoshanda. Pamberi pa McDonald, mitemo yakadai seIllinois, California, uye New York kwaigona kuisa ganhuriro dzepfuti dzisingacherekedzwi nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Pashure pokubatanidzwa, murairo wepfuti uri wose unofanira kurangarirwa mukurwisana neRepublic Amendment sezvinophw yakadudzirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro.

Mitemo yeHurumende

Hurumende yehurumende inogona kudzora pfuti mukutengeserana kwayo namasimba okutera, sezvinotsigirwa muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne Miller uye gare gare mu Heller[ yedict. Zvisinei, hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvino dzinotarisana neganhuriro dzemitemo yemitemo. Somuenzaniso, madzoro ane “magumo echiinjiniya” akavanzwa mitemo yakafanana neNew York yaimanikidzirwa kugamuchira “idzoro" kana kuti kubvumira kutakura hurumende pashure pa [[FLT:] Bruru]. Nomutoo, zvakafanana neiyo mudhwudzo, DC.C, uye Chigan haibviswipo.

Kupokanidzana Panyaya Yokurambidza Zvine Mwero

Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment hakuna kugumisa kurukurirano; kwakabvisa mashoko ayo. Vatsigiri vekodzero dzepfuti vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo zvino rinoda nyika kuremekedza kodzero imwe cheteyo iyo hurumende yehurumende inofanira kuremekedza, nepo vatsigiri vezvokudzora pfuti vachiomerera kuti matanho ane mufungo ekotsekano anoramba achibvumirwa pasi pe uye [FLT] Bruen[.

mhedziso

Kubatanidzwa kwamaruramiro okutakura zvombo mumutemo weAmerica inhau yechinjo yapashoma napashoma yapamutemo, yakatsigiwa nezvisarudzo zviviri zvechiratidzo. Heller yakasimbisa kuti Hurumende Yechipiri inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu mumwe nomumwe yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwokuzvipfura. MCDNAld yakaita chisungo ichocho chakarurama pamaruwa. [[FLT: 4.] Bruen[FLT:] yakajekesa kuti maruramiro anotambanurira kutakura pachena, anoisa mupimo wapamutemo wapamutemo nokuda kwokuyera mirwiyo.

Kunzwisisa nhau iyi kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kupinda mukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pepfuti, chengeteko, uye rusununguko muUnited States. The Second Amendment, yaichimbova rutivi rwakaregeredzwa zvikuru rwomutemo webumbiro remitemo, zvino ndiimwe yegadziriro dzinokurukurwa nokushingaira zvikurusa muBill of Rights yose. Kubatanidzwa kwayo kunovimbisa kuti kodzero yokutakura zvombo ivimbiso yenyika, asi bvumirano dzayo chaidzoidzo dzichapfuurira kurondedzerwa nematare, matare okugadza mitemo, uye vanhu veAmerica.

Kuravazve, ona mirangariro yakazara mu [FLT][FOLT]Contical of Columbia v. Heller paOyez, [[FLT]]] MCD. Chicago[[ pa Oyez[, [[FLT:],[FLT]B]B [[FLT]] [[FLT]] paSCUSUS[FFFFFULT] [[FLT]]