Kutanga: Nei Tichimiririra Zvinhu Zvine Chokuita Nezvazvo

Kumirira kwePropogal (PR) kunoda kushandura vhoti dzinovhota muzvigaro zvemitemo munzira inoderedza kumonyaniswa kwechikamu chinenge chavhota chakakurumbira nechikamu chacho chezvigaro zveparamende. Kusafanana negadziriro dzezvigaro zvose zvokuwana zvakadai sechokutanga chenguva yakapfuura (FPTP), umo muvhoti mukurusa muruwa anowana chigaro uye mamwe mavhoti ose anorambwa nenzira inobudirira, masangano ePR anogadzirirwa kuvimbisa kuti kunyange mapato ane tsigiro ine mwero anogona kudzivirira. Chirevokoso chine mufungo: kana boka rikagamuchira 30 muzana yevhoti yezvigaro, rinofanira kuva ne 30 muzana yezvigaro zvemagaro.

Nyaya ino inonzvera kushanda kwegadziriro dzePR mukuratidzira zvakanaka, kusimudzira udzori hwedemocracy, uye kupedza denho dzinomuka kubva mumatongerwe enyika akawanda. Kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro pamienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo nenzvero yezvokutengeserana, tichayera betsero mukurwisana nezvokutengeserana ndokurangarira kuti PR inogona sei kuchinjirwa kumamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika akasiyana. Kunzwisisa aya masimba anokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vachinji vanotsvaka gadziriro dzinosarudzwa dzinosimbisa panzvimbo pokushatisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nhoroondo Yokumiririra Kuitika Kwenhoroondo

Mavambo ouchenjeri omufananidzo wemitsetse anodzokera shure kuzana ramakore rechi19. Mugadziri wemasvomhu nomugadziri wemasvomhu weBelgium Muvhiyi D’Hondt akagadzira imwe yemitoo yokuronga zvigaro yakapararira zvikurusa (mutoo weD’Hondt) muna 1878. Munenge panguva imwe cheteyo, gweta reEngland nomuzivi Thomas Hare Har akakarakadza kuendesa kwoga maturo akaitwa. Kugadzirwa kwekaresarudzi kwakaitika muBelgium muna 18998, uye kuvamba kwezana ra20 rezana ramakore akawanda reEurope munyika Denmark, Denmark, Sweden, uye Netherlands (8) zvakagamuchirwa nechimwe chimiro chePT.

Miitiro yePR yakawana kumwe kugoverwa pashure peHondo yeNyika II, apo hurumende itsva dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatsvaka kudzivisa kusatsiga kwakabatanidzwa nemiuyo yakasiana zvikuru yevhoti. Nhasi, nyika dzinopfuura 80 dzinoshandisa PR nokuda kweimba yadzo yakaderera yeparamende, uye dzimwe zhinji dzinoishandisa musarudzo dzomunharaunda kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo. Kukura kwePR kwakasundwa nechishuvo chokuwedzera kubatanidzwa, kuderedza mavhoti akapambadzwa, uye kukurudzira kutora rutivi rukuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Marudzi Emiitiro Yokumirira

Kumirira kuumbwa kwehurumende haisi gadziriro imwe asi mhuri ine nzira dzokusarudza. Kusiyana kukuru kunosiyana mumashanduriro anoita mavhoti pazvigaro uye mataurire anoita vavhoti zvavanoda.

Ndaza PR

Munda yePR, vavhoti vakakanda petabhu yendaza yebato rezvamatongerwe enyika. MaSetts ari muimba yomutemo anoparadzirwa mumativi ose zvichienzaniswa nezvikamu zvavo zvinovhota. Chitsama chinogona kuverengwa achishandisa masvomhu akasiyana- siyana emasvomhu(anowanzova maD’Hondt kana kuti chikamu cheHare chine zvitsama zvikuru. Rusarudzo rwePR runogona kuvharwa bedzi (masangano anogona kusarudza pabato, kwete vadanho) kana kuti kuzarura (masangano anogona kutaura zvido pakati pavadaviriri pamazita). Nhesvuro dzinodzorwa dzinopa utungamiriri hwebato nzvimbo yedariro dzakasimba panzvimbo inotendwa, nepo maronge matema anobvumira purofiti kuti vadariro vasarutsirwe.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

STV ichimiro chapakati chemireza inowirirana. Voters vadairwi munhevedzano yedaviro, uye giramu (magiramu) inotorerwa (Droop ) inotangira kuvhota . Vhota kubva kuvatendi vanosarudzwa navhoti vanobviswa vanochinjirwa mukuwirirana nezvinodiwa nevhoti. STV inoshandiswa nokuda kwesarudzo dzeparamende muRepublic yeIreland neMalta, uye nokuda kwezvimwe zvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo muScotland neNew Zealand. Nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vakuru vakuru vavanhu vakasarudzwa, STV vanogona kubudisa mimiririro yavose inopfuura yakarongwa.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

MMP inobatanidza mapuroteni ePR nenzvimbo imwe. Voters dzinotanga mavhota maviri: rimwe nokuda kwomutsigiri womunzvimbomo (kazhinji kazhinji akasarudzwa ne FPTP) uye rimwe nokuda kwendandanda yebato. Vhoti inoshandiswa kukwidziridza zvigaro zvechigaro zvechigaro kuti zvisavepo kuti zvisashandiswe zvinoratidzira mwero yevhoti. Nyika dzakadai seGermany, New Zealand, uye Bolivia inoshandisa MMP. Iyi tsika yakavhenganiswa inovavarira kuchengetedza kumirira kwomunzvimbomo apo inovimbisa kuva nechengeta. Zvisinei, kuoma kwokutarisira mavhota maviri kunogona kuvhiringidza vamwe vavhoti, uye tsika yacho inoda nzira yakasanogadzirirwa kuti idzivise mibayiro inovhotera pamusoro pezvigaro kana kuti ishate.

Zvimwe Zvakasiyana - siyana

Kuwedzera kunobatanidza mubatanidzwa wePR nezvitsaru (g., 5% muGermany), izvo zvinodzivisa mapoka maduku kupinda muparamende, uye purofitioticmentation [, inoshanda kuwirirana mumativi akawanda panguva imwe. Chinyorwa chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzira kutengeswa kwemitengo pakati pemitengo, kudzora, uye kuzvidavirira.

Betsero Dzokumirira

Vatsigiri vePR vanotaura kuti gadziriro yacho inogovera betsero dzakawanda pane dzimwe nzvimbo dzinotsiva mativi makuru.

Kusimudzwa kwemifananidzo Yemirangariro Yakasiana - siana

Kupfurikidza nokuderedza suturo nokuda kwokuwina zvigaro, gadziriro dzePR dzinobvumira mapoka akafara ebato rezvamatongerwe enyika kupinda muparamende. Ikoku kunobatanidza mapoka anomirira mapoka maduku edzinza, fariro dzeruwa, zvinoparira mhoteredzo, kana kuti masangano matsva enzanga. Somuenzaniso, mu New Zealand[ pashure pokuti vaichinjira kuMMP, Māori Party neGreen zvakawana nzvimbo yeparamende yaive isingabviri pasi peFPP. Sween tsika yePR inopa nguva dzose zvigaro zvigaro zvisere kana kuti zvinopfuura, zvichiratidzira kuwanda kwemirangariro kubva kumusoro kure kure kusvikira kumusoro. Kuchinja kunoreva kufukidza kurukurirano kwemagakava akakwirira, Sand]

Kuderedzwa Kwezvisimwa

Mugadziriro dzavakuru vakuru, vhoti yomudaviriri anorasikirwa inopambadzwa zvikurukuru; mukusarudza kweFPTP, kazhinji kazhinji 40-50 muzana yavavhoti ingasaenda kumutsigiri anohwina muruwa rumwe norumwe. Gadziriro dzePR dzinoderedza zvikuru chiverengero chamavhoti anopambadzwa nemhaka yokuti kunyange mapoka maduku anogona kuwana mufananidzo kana akapfuura chikumbaridzo chapamutemo. Uku kuderera mukuvhota kwakapambadzwa kungakurudzirawo kuvhotera kwakakwirira, sokudavira kunoita vavhoti kuti kuda kwavo kune bviro rokupesvedzera muuyo.

Kuwedzera Kwebasa

Nzvero yamarudzi ose yakaitwa neInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Animation (IDEA) yakawana kuti nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzePR dzinoda kuva neavhareji yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura idzo dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzavakuru vakuru. Chisakiso chinowanzonodudzwa ndechokuti vhoti muPR i “nerevota” nemhaka yokuti inobetsera kukuvaradzirwa kwenzvimbo dzose dzepati panzvimbo pokuvanda zvakakotsekana. Belium[[FLT] [FT:1] (crivhoteration) na [FLT:] yakakwirira] [[FFFFF:3]] [3] [i] zvikuru] (kuzvidzosera kwokuzvidira) inochengeta zviri pamusoro pe 80 muzana, nepo nyika dzakafanana neUnited States (United States) kazhinji dzinoona kutenderera 55 muzana mumiteveri. Kunyange zvazvo zvichiva mumitevengwa nemiteoto yeteoto yezvamatongerwepu yezvamatongerwoti yezvamatongerwe enyika iri pakati peto, inoto.

Hurumende Dzechibvumirano Nematongerwe Enyika

PR inodokuva isingatongoiti zvinhu zvikuru; panzvimbo pezvo, inokurudzira hurumende inobatana. Nepo vamwe vatsoropodzi vachiona mibatanidzwa seyakasagadzikana, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinopikisa kuti matongerwe enyika akasarira anosimudzira kurangarira, kubvumirana, uye kupfuurira kwemitemo. Munyika dzakadai se German [ uye ne [FLT] NAT] NORlands[[[FLT]] , makabati akadzora nenzira inobudirira kwamakumi amakore, kugadziridza miitiro inopfuura nokudzora kupfurikidza nezvikuru zvikuru zvinogona kuitika pasi pokuchinja. nokudaro PR inokomba kuita kuti pave nehurumende dzinoratidzira mufungo panzvimbo pokunyanyisa kwechisarudzo.

Mashoko Ari Nani uye Mufananidzo Wacho

Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro dzePR dzinogona kusarudza mitezo mizhinji paruwa rumwe, kazhinji kazhinji dzinotungamirira kumhatsa huru pakati pavaiti vemitemo ($8] vakadzi vakawanda, vanhu vashomanene zvikuru vedzinza, uye vada kufunda vakawanda vanobva mumigariro isingagari munzanga. Kushandiswa kwemipimo yebato panhevedzo kunogona kuwedzerazve iyi tapuro. Nzvero neInter à Parliamentary Union inoratidzira kuti nyika dzine PR kana kuti gadziriro dzakavhengana dzakaita, paavhareji, 24.8% yemireza yavakadzi muparamende, yakaenzaniswa ne19,6% mugadziriro huru dzemibatanidzwa. Kuva neparamende iyo inosano inoratidzira zvikuru miuyo yavagari vemo vemo vemo inogona kuvandudza kunaka kwegadziriro yetsika nechivimbo chavose.

Zvinetso Zvokumirira Mashoko Aya

Hapana gadziriro yakasarudzwa yakakwana, uye gadziriro dzePR dzinouya negadziriro yadzo dzimene yedenho dzinokosha dzinofanira kutarisirwa nokungwarira.

Kuparadzaniswa uye Kusashanda Kwehurumende

Chinodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji chikanganiso chePR ndechokuti chinogona kutungamirira kuparamende yakakamukana zvikuru. Apo mapoka mazhinji maduku anowina zvigaro, kungava kwakaoma kuumba mubatanidzwa nevazhinji negadziriro inowirirana. ISRAES] , yakatambura ichi chinetso zvikuru kwamakore akawanda, nehurumende dzinogara paavhareji yemakore maviri. Kusagadzikana kunogona kubviswa apo mapoka akanyanyisa kana kuti anorwisana namasangano anowana mapindiro. Italy[FLT:]], kushandiswa kwePRD [munhambo inodokuva yakachena munguva yehondo yehondo] kwakagovera chinjo dzehurumende dzinogara kazhinji kazhinji (dzinenge 60 hurumende pakati pa196 ne1990), zvisinei, kugamuchirwa kwokugamuchira nokubatana kwezvibvumirano izvi. [[FLT.2] muidzinowana zvinetso zvizhinji zvechibvumirano zvehurumende zvinodzokororongedzerwa munyika dzakawanda.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokuchinja - chinja Kwepfungwa

Mavhotarobhu, mavhota maviri ane mitsetse, uye nhamba dzinogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti vakajaira kuvhota kwakapfava “X”. MuNew Zealand, kutevera chichinjiso kuMMP, nhimbe dzedzidzo dzaifanira kutsanangura mashandiro maviri. Nenzira yakafanana, muvhoti, vamwe vavhoti vanowana muitiro wakakwirira wakaoma. Zvisinei, kuoma kwemitengo hakudziridzi kuvhota; kunzvera kunoratidza kuti kunyange mumasangano akaoma kunzwisisa, vavhoti pakupedzisira vachinjire, uye ruramisiro inotendwa yetsika inogona kutsiva vhiringidzo yokutanga.

Zvinogona Kuitwa Nemapati Ane Simba

PR inogona kugovera chikuva nokuda kwamapati anonyanyisa ayo angamanikidzirwa pasi pemirairo mikuru. Rubudiriro rwezvikamu zvinoyera zvikuru mu Sweden (Sween Democrats) na [FLT:] German [[FLT]]] [[[3] [paka] .] (yakazvinenge kuri kudzora nokuda kweGermany) yakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pe “mafungidziro akanyanyisa. Dzimwe nyika dzinotaura pamusoro paikokugadza chikumbaridzo chiduku chevhoti (g., 5% muGermany, 3% muIsrael]. Dzimwe dzinovimba nezviratiro zvokutonga izvo zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinopesana neGermany. Kushamba kwemiteve inoderedza mativi echitsaukono.

Kubatana Kwakaitwa Nevanhu Vasina Kusimba

Ndaza huru kana kuti yenyika yose PR inogona kunetesa batano pakati pomuiti wemitemo nohumwe hudzori hwenzvimbo. Mugadziriro umo mutengi anodzorwa namapoka anoronga, mitezo imwe neimwe ingava inozvidavirira zvikuru kuutungamiriri hwebato kupfuura kuvavhoti vomunzvimbomo. MMP neSTV vanoedza kuchengetedza batano dzomunzvimbomo, asi kunyange mugadziriro idzodzo ukama hwakananga kazhinji kazhinji hahuna kusimba zvikuru kupfuura mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe yema196. Uku kushaikwa kwokuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo kunogona kutungamirira kukuparadzanisa muvhoti, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaruwa.

Fundo Dzenhau: Kumirira Kuitwa Mumuitiro

Kunzvera kushanda kunoita PR munyika dzakasiana - siana kunobetsera kujekesa kubudirira kwayo chaikoiko kwenyika isingadzorwi uye migariro umo inobudirira kana kuti inoderera.

Germany: Kubatana kupfurikidza neMMP

Muitiro weGermany weMixmed remaPropogal wakashanda chifo cha 1949 uye unorangarirwa zvikuru somuenzaniso weteramo. Voter vanosarudza hafu yeBundestag inobva kumaruwa mateshi maviri (neFPTP) uye imwe hafu kubva munhevedzo dzamapati dzakavharwa. Votaroro inosarudza kuparadzirwa kwechigaro chose chose, negadziridzodzo kuva nechokwadi chokuva muwirirano. 5% inodzivisa mapoka maduku zvikuru kupinda, nepo unhu hwevamiririri vomunzvimbomo hunogovera basa rokuvamiririri. Hurumende dzechibvumirano ndedzero, asi ruramiso yechivimbo chokusa chivimbo (inoda mutungamiriri anotsiva kusarudzwa panguva imwe) yakadzivisa rudzi rwezvinetso zvisingaoniki mudzimwe paramende. Mubatanidzwa weGermany wekubatana wekushanda zvakanaka neboka rinodzorongedzerwa kazhinji kazhinji unova chibvumikiso chaPR haisiri chiteshi.

Sweden: Phezulu Turnout neBroad Consenus

Sweden inoshandisa gadziriro inovhara PR nechikumbaridzo cha 4% chenyika (kana kuti 12% murumwe rudzi). Muuyo inzvimbo yakasiyana-zhinji iyo inogovera pakati nepakati pevhu kana kuti pakati pakarurama hurumende dzinowirirana. Voter revmout inopfuura 85%, uye gadziriro inofarikanya tsigiro yakafara. Mutezo weSweden unoratidzira kuti kuva nomwero wakakwirira unogona kugara pamwe chete nokushanda zvakanaka, zvikurukuru apo mapoka ane tsika yekurukurirano nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kuvapo kwe8 kana kuti kupfuura muRiksdag hakudzivisi kuumbwa kwemabhodhi; panzvimbo pezvo, unokurudzira kubatana kwaparuzhinji. ( “kuyera na“marusaizi”) kurangana.

New Zealand: Kuchinja Kunobudirira

New Zealand yakachinja kubva paFPTP kuenda MMP muna 1996 pashure pematepi maviri ayo akaratidzira kusagutsikana kwakapararira negadziriro yavakuru vakuru. Chinjo yakatungamirira kuparamende yakasiana- siyana zvikuru, neGreen Party, New Zealand Kutanga, uye Māori Party iri kuwana mufananidzo wenguva dzose. Chibvumirano nehurumende shomanene zvava tsika, kuraira kuti vakwikwikwidzanirire mumapoka akasiana----teve. Nepo itiro dzokutanga pamusoro peteramo dzakaziviswa, New Zealand yakava nenguva refu yehurumende yakasimba, kubatanidza bhiriji rekare raHelen Clark (1999-20088) uye chibvumirano chakasimba pashure pa2017. Ruzivo rwavose nokugutsika inoramba yakakwirira, uye kushandiswa kwebato ramavhotera yakawedzera kukosha kwemiitiro pamusoro pevanhu vomunharaunda dzomunzvimbomo.

Netherlands: Kunyanyisa

Netherlands inoshandisa ndaza yenyika yose PR ine chikumbaridzo chakaderera zvikuru (0.67% chevhota). Muuyo ndimumwe wemiitiro yevhoti inowirirana zvikurusa munyika, kazhinji kazhinji inobudisa mabato 10-15 mu 15076seat Tweede Kamer. Pasinei zvapo neiyi gadziriro, Netherlands yakafarikanya kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hurumende dzakabatana dzakatsiga, yakayamurwa netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzepragmat nebvumirano. Chirwere cheDutch chinoratidzira kuti kukamu chikuru hachingoerekani chaita kuti chisaoma kana mapoka achida kubatira pamwe. Zvisinei, muitiro wacho unotarisanawo nezvipingamupingamupinyi: kurukurirano dzakabatana zvinogona kutora mwedzi, uye masangano echikwata chakawana zvigaro zvinokosha mukuvhota, kuedza kutsigira gadziriro yegadziriro yegadziriro.

Kuenzanisa Nemasangano Ezvirongwa Zvikuru

Kunzwisisa simba noutera hwePR kuri nyore apo kunosianiswa nechinotsiva chikuru: kutanga pastשthe presquapost (FPTP), inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye India.

Mumiriri

FPTP yakatemwa pasi pezvikamu zviduku nezvinofadza zvomunharaunda. Mukuvhota kwa 2019 UK kushambadza, Conservative Party yakawina 56% yezvigaro pa 44% bedzi yevhoti, nepo vaLiberal Democrat vakawana 1,7% yezvigaro pa 11.6% yevhoti. Kusarurwa kwakadaro kunogona kubvisa vavhoti ndokugadzira “zvigaro zvakakotsekana” apo muuyo unofanotaurwa. Masangano ePR anobvisa zvikurukuru idzi vhiringidzo, achivimbisa kuti chigaro chigoverane goverano iri pedyo.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuchengeteka

Mitemo yemipimo yokutengesa mibatanidzwa yokuzvidavirira kwakajeka: boka rimwe rinogona kuumba hurumende nevoruzhinji vanoshanda, uye vavhoti vanogona “kubvisa tsvina yapamberi” zvakananga. MuPR, mutoro wemiitiro unoparadzirwa pakati pavakwanyina vane mubatanidzwa, uchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuvavhoti kuti varange kana kuti vatuke mapoka akati. Kune rumwe rutivi, gadziriro dzavakuru dzinogona kuparira chinjo dzechimbichimbi apo hurumende dzinochinja, nepo hurumende dzemibatanidzwa dzinokomba dzinokombamira kuchengeta gadziriro dzinowirirana zvikuru.

Chisarudzo Chezviyo

Gadziriro dzePR dzinopa vavhoti ndandanda yakafara yemapati, iyo inogona kuwedzera kuvhota nokugutswa. Mu FPTP, kuvhota kwavose: vavhoti vangasiya vanodiwa nemhaka yokuti vanorangarira kuti hakuna bviro yokuhwina ruwa. PR inoderedza kudikanwa kwokuvhota kwakakomba, ichibvumira vavhoti kutaura zvavanoda zvechokwadi.

Basa Rezvitauro Nekukura Kwemaruwa

Kushanda kwegadziriro ipi neipi yePR kunotsamira zvikuru pamitemo miviri yemipimo yemapurani: zvikumbaridzo zvevhoti zviduku (chikamu chiduku chezvikamu zvinofanira kugamuchira kuwina zvigaro) uye ukuru hweruwa (kuti zvigaro zvizhinji zvinogoverwa muruwa rumwe norumwe). Zvikumbaridzo zvakaderera uye maruwa makuru zvinobudisa miuyo mikana yakawanda, asi zvinowedzerawo kukamukana. Zvikumbaridzo zvakakwirira (g., 5% muGermany) zvinoderedza kukamu duku asi zvingabvisa mativi apamutemo. Nhauwo dzoruwa rwenyika yose ine zvigaro 400 dzinoenzana zvikuru, nepo ruwa rune zvigaro zvitatu bedzi (se pane mamwe marusarusarudzo omunzvimbomo) zvinoparira miuyo mishoma.

Nzvero yokunzvera kubva ku International IDEA shopu yepepa inoratidza kuti danho rakanakisisa rokudzikamisa kumira nokutsiga riri pakati pe 3% ne 5%. Nyika zhinji dzinogadziridza iyi mipimo nokufamba kwenguva kuti dzigadzirise basa radzo regadziriro.

Kuchinja Nokuchinja

Nyika dzinoshandisa PR kazhinji kazhinji dzinochinja gadziriro dzadzo kuti dzigadzirise denho dzinobuda. Somuenzaniso, Italy yakabva kuPR yakachena kuenda kugadziriro yamativi akavhengana .Pritituties muna 1993, uye ipapo kudzokera kugadziriro yemitemo yakawanda muna 2017, mukutsvaka kunopfuurira kwedzikamo. ISRAYES yakakwidza suturo yayo kubva pa 1.5% kusvikira ku2% muna 1992, ipapo kusvika ku 3.25% muna 2014, mukuedza kuderedza kukamukana. Iyi gadziridza kunoratidza kuti hapana chirongwa chimwe chinoshanda nokusingaperi; tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye masangano ezvokusarudza zvinofanira kuhwirudzurwa nguva dzose.

Kumwe kuchinja kushandiswa kwe mitsetse inovhura [ kupa vavhoti pesvedzero huru pamusoro pechisarudzo chavada kutendwa. Munyika dzakafanana ne Finland uye [[FLT]]]Brazil, Gufungura murongi PR yawedzera mukwikwikwidzano wePtra6patratratratrasyy uye inobvumira vavhoveri kuti va “iedzei. Zvisinei, marusarudzo akaza anogonawo kutungamirira kunhimbe huru pakati pavadaviriri, uye inganetesa chirango.

Kutsoropodza uye Kupomera

Vatsoropodzi vePR vanowanzotaura kuti hurumende dzakabatana hadzina kutsunga zvikuru, uye kuti PR inopa simba mapoka akasiana - siana. Zvisinei, aya masangano haasati achitsigirwa nguva dzose noufakazi. Ubati ushe hwapasi hwakadzikama hwakawanda (Germany, Sweden, New Zealand.) Use PR yakaparira kusagadzikana (seItaly kana kuti Israel), chinetso kazhinji kazhinji chakanga chiri nemhaka yokuparadzana kukuru, uko kunogona kukurukurwa kupfurikidza nokukwidza mubatanidzwa kana kuti kupfurikidza nokusimudzira tsika dzakabatana.

Kumwe kutsoropodza kunozivikanwa navose ndekwokuti PR inoderedza kuzvidavirira, nemhaka yokuti vakwanyina vakabatana vanogona kupomerana mhaka nokuda kwemitemo isingafarirwi. Bva fundo dzokuzvidavirira kwomubatanidzwa muGermany neNetherlands dzinokarakadza kuti vavhoti vanokwanisa kuziva mapoka makuru muhurumende ndokuvatusa kana kuti kuvaranga nenzira inowirirana. “kukosha kwomutoro” kwakaderera kupfuura mugadziriro mbiri yebasa, asi hakupo.

Semusayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Pippa Norris anotaura, nhau dzeinjiniya dzinosarudzwa navose pasi penhau dzakapoteredza zvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano ePR anoshanda zvakanakisisa apo anenge akapinzwa munzanga ine masangano edemokrati akasimba ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, zvinobudisa nhau zvakasununguka, uye kudisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Munyika dzine mapoka makuru edzinza kana kuti epfungwa, kunyange tsika yenhevedzano zvikurusa haigoni kuvimbisa democracyism inoteraniswa pasina dziviriro dzokuwedzera.

Mugumisiro: Nguva Yemberi Yokumirira Kuitwa

Kumirira kwechibvumirano kunoramba kuri chishandiso chine simba chokuvaka chinoratidzira mhatsa yevavhoti. Kushanda kwayo hakufanani: kunotsamira parumwe rudzi, chikumbaridzo, ukuru hweruwa, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzenyika imwe neimwe. Pazvinogadzirwa nenzira yokufunga, masangano ePR anopa mireza yakakwirira nokuda kwezviduku, muvhoti mukuru, uye nhevedzano yakafara yemiitiro muparamende. Zvinetso zvokudimbu, kuoma, uye kupinda kwakakomba kunogona kuderedzwa nezvikumbariso, mitemo yemari, uye mipimo yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa.

Sezvo masangano akasarudzwa namadomu akawanda anorangarira kuchinja kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu (8: + kubatanidza Canada, United Kingdom, uye South Korea) ufakazi hunobva kunyika dzinoshandisa huchava hunokosha. Hapana gadziriro yakakwana, asi nheyo yokuti mutemi wehurumende wokutonga unofanira kuratidzira mavhoti inokosha kurondedzero yedemokrase yazvino uno. Kumirira kwoutongi hunopa nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokuwana nayo chionioni ichocho, uye munyika dzakawanda yakaratidza kuva zvose zviri zviviri inoshanda uye inogara. Kupfurikidza nokufunda kubudirira nokundikano pePR kupota nyika, tinogona kugadzira gadziriro dzinosarudza dzinosimbisa dhirogiramu pane kuchishatisa.