Muitiro wemitemo injini yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende, uchishandura pfungwa dzisati dziripo kuva mitemo inoumba nzanga. Nepo ichiwanzorondedzerwa serwendo rwomutsetse, itsika inoita mhesano ine simba uye inowanzokakavadzana yekurukurirano, kurukurirano, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kunzwisisa urwu rwendo hachisi chingori chirongwa chedzidzowo zvacho; kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kupesvedzera muitiro wavose, anotsigira chinjo, kana kuti angonzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei. Nyaya inopa nhungamiro yakadzikama kugadziriro yomutemo, kubva pamavambo echikarakadzo chokupedzisira kusimurayiro, apo anenge achinzvera rondedzero yedariro imwe neimwe.

Kutanga Kuchirongwa Chomutemo

Pamavambo payo, gadziriro yemitemo inogadzirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inokarakadzwa inogamuchira nzvero yakakwana nebvumirano huru isati yaitika. Inobatanidza vachengeti vazhinji vemagedhi ne(mapasa, makamuri, uye vakuru vakuru) (amwe nomumwe ane simba rokuumba, kunonoka, kana kuti kuuraya mutemo. Nepo miitiro chaiyo inosiana pakati pehurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzinotonga, zvikamu zvenheyo zvinoramba zvakafanana: kurukurirano yedare, kurukurirano youriri, kuyanananiswa kwechikamu chemiteve, uye chiito chomukuru mukuru. Muitiro wacho wakaoma kudzivirira nokukurumidza kana kuti kurangarirwa zvakashata, asi kuoma ikoko kunogonawo kushanda semhingamupinduro yokufambira mberi, kuita kuti kunzvera kubudirira kupi nokupi nokubudirira kwemitemo.

Nyaya ino ichafamba muchikamu chimwe nechimwe ichishandisa United States Congress somuenzaniso mukuru, kunyange zvazvo nheyo dzacho dzichishanda zvakafara kugadziriro dzeparamende nedzimba dzehurumende. Zviwanikwa zvokunze zvakadai semukuru mukuru .Gov muitiro wokutungamirira womutemo [ uye chinyorwa che [FLT] SATE pamusoro pokuti mitemo inoitwa sei [ inopa udzame hwokuwedzera nokuda kwavaravi vanoda kunzvera mapfundo ezve.

Chikamu 1: Kugadza Mutemo

Rwendo runotanga apo mutezo wedare rehurumende unotanga chikarakadzo nenzira yakarongwa, chinozivikanwa semutezo. Zvisinei, pfungwa yegweta inogona kumuka mumanyuko akawanda. Mitezo imene ingatsigira mifungo yakavakirwa pazvipikirwa zvenhimbe, itiro dzamasangano, kana kuti unyanzvi hwomunhu oga. Masangano eHurumende kazhinji kazhinji anoronga mutemo wokutaura nezvemikaha yehurumende kana kuti kuzivisa zvinokosha. Mapoka echishuvo nenyanzvi dzemiitiro yemiitiro izvo vaiti vemitemo vanogona kugamuchira sezvavo vamene. Kunyange vagari vemowo zvavo vanogona kunyandura zvikwereti kupfurikidza nezvikumbiro, zvirongwa zvavo zvavo, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokushanda zvakananga navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa.

MuU.S. Congress, mutongo unogona kutangwa muImba yeVamiririri kana kuti zvimwe Dare (kunze kwezvikwereti zvemari yemari, zvinofanira kutangira muImba). Mutsigiri anopa mari yedare nemushandi wenzvimbo, umo inogamuchira nhamba chaiyo (somuenzaniso, H.R. 1 nokuda kwepepa reImba kana kuti S. 1 nokuda kwedare redare redare (pane musoro wedare) uye musoro unorondedzera nokupfupikisa chinangwa charo. Iyi inhano yokutanga yavose, asi basa chairo rinovamba seri kwezviono. Spons anowanzotsvaka consspons kuti avake tsigiro yapakuvamba, uye vangashanda neHofisi yeGagislatis Diauth kuvimbisa mutauro wacho nenzira yapamutemo uye kuzivisa dare.

Marudzi Ezvisarudzo Nezvisarudzo

Kunokosha kutsaura pakati pemarudzi akasiyana emotokari dzemitemo. Zvikwereti zvavose zvinoshanda kurudzi rwacho rwose, nepo mabhiri omunhu oga achipa betsero kuvanhu vamwe vanhu kana kuti masangano. Zvisarudzo zviri nyore (H.Res. kana kuti S.Res.) zvinotaura nhau dziri mukati mekamuri rimwe, zvakadai sechinjo kumirairo yemitemo. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo (H.Kon..Res....) zvinofanana nezvibvumirano uye zvinoda kuti bhii yapurezidhendi ishandiswe kurangarira mabumbiro emitemo. Kunzwisisa izvi kunotevedzerwa nokuda kwei.

Chivako 2: Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Kana angotangwa, bvunzo inotumirwa kudare rakamira rine chiremera panzvimbo yaro huru yenhau (somuenzaniso, mari yokurima inoenda kuDare rePrimicurements Services Komiti yeMirimo. Matare anowanzorondedzerwa se "mabhiza ebasa" edare remitemo, uye nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka. Anoita nzvero dzine udzame huzhinjisa dzemitemo, achichengeta matare kuti aunganidzire uchapupu kubva kunyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vakuru vesangano, uye vatsigiri.

Kunzwa Nokunzwa

Mukati mokutonga, mitezo yedare inobvunza zvapupu kuti zvione simba repepa, utera, uye migumisiro inobvira. Zvapupu zvingabatanidza vanyori vedare, vanzveri vedzidzo, vamiririri veindasitiri, uye vatungamiriri vasingapinduri. Chinyorwa chokunzwa chinova rutivi rwechinyorwa chavose uye chinogona kupesvedzera kurukurirano yomunguva yemberi. Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinowanzopfuurira kurusando rwechikamu , apo mitezo inokurukura kurukurirano nevhota pamisiano kupepa. Markops anogona kuva mukuru, nokusabvumirana kunowanzova. Zvigaro zvedare zvinoshandisa simba guru mukudzora mapepa, izvo zvinorangarirwa uye nokuda kwokupfuurira kwenguva refu.

Pashure pokupa mutero, dare rinovhota kana richifanira kushuma mutero wacho kunzvimbo yakazara. Mushumo wakanaka unobatanidza rugwaro rwakagadziridzwa, tsananguro yakanyorwa (mushumo wedare), uye pane dzimwe nguva kupesana nemirangariro. Zvisinei, zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa mudare (pashoma napapo zvinokundikana kuwana vhoti zhinji kana kuti nemhaka yokuti chigaro chinongorega kuronga kurangarira. Iri basa rokuchengeta suo ndiro manyuko makuru esimba redare. Mukuwirirana ne Conrional Research Service Service yedare [, vashomanene vanopfuura 5% vezvikwereti zvinoiswa zvikwereti vanova mutemo, uye chiteshi chedare chinoparadzwa zvikurusa.

Mubatanidzwa Wakaderera Wokurangarira

Mumatare akawanda, mabhiri anotanga kuendeswa kudare duku rinoziva zvikuru. Mahofisi echikadzi anobata kunzwa kwawo amene nokupa mazita, uye anogona kurumbidza mutengi kudare rakazara kana kuti risina kugadziridzwa. Iyi hwirudzuro ine zvikwereti inowedzera imwe nhepfenyuro yokunzvera asi mimwe mikana yakawandawo yokuti chibvumirano chisadzorerwe. Zvigaro zvechipato chehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inyanzvi mumunda mazvo, kusimbisa.

Chikamu 3: Kukakavadzana Mune Zvokuda Kupfuura Dzose

Kana mutengo wemitemo unopfuura dare rawo, unoiswa pakarenda yewiro yedanga kuti rirangarirwe. Muitiro wekurukurirano youriri unosiana zvikuru pakati peImba neDare, unoratidzira ukuru hwawo hwakasiana namagamuchidzanwa. MuImba, Dare reMitemo rine simba rinopa maruramiro anowanzogamuchirwa nevoki voruzhinji veImba. MuDare, musiyano, gakava rinowanzova risina kuganhurirwa kutoti kana [FLT:] chibvumirano chamarusairwo, icho chinobvumirwa, kana kuti kana kuti mapfundo api neapi enhevedzano anodzokanwa. [FLT]

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo uye Filibuster

Pakurukurirano youriri, mitezo inokarakadza kugadziridzwa kwokugadziridza pamutemo. MuImba, Dare reMitemo ringaganhurira kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kune avo vakatenderwa, muitiro unozivikanwa se "v" muDare, muitiro wokugadziridza wakajeka, unobvumira vagadziri kupa tsinga ipi neipi iri bhiritasiti (rine shamhiti) kupepa, uye pane dzimwe nguva kusatenderwa kwemibatanidzwa (vakwani) kubvumirwa kana pasina chinhu chimwe.

futabuster rutivi runotsaura rweDare. Mutevedzeri anogona kubata uriri kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi kuti anonoke kana kuti adzivise vhoti. Kugumisa filbuster, Dare rinofanira kupfuudza denderedzwa, inoda kuvhota 60% ye 60% yemasangano. Zvikwereti zvikuru zvakaurawa kana kuti zvakachinjwa zvikuru netyisidziro yemonicbuster. Kushandiswa kwemonicbuster kwakawedzera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, kuchitungamirira kukudana nokuda kwechinjo. Nokuda kwetsananguro yakakwana, ona iyi [[FLT:] Bratetic Extition of the fibster [FF] [FF]

Pashure pokunge kurukurirano yapera, mavhota papepa repepa uye kugadziriswa kupi nokupi kuri kumirira. MuImba, mavhoti anowanzorekodwa pakombiyuta. MuDare, mavhoti anovhota mavhoti anozivikanwa navose. Voruzhinji (50% kuwedzera kumwe) vanodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuura muzviitiko zvizhinjisa, kunze kwemipimo yakati yebhajeti inoda kuva noruzivo rukuru. Kana rugwaro ruchipfuura, runotapurwa (runodzorwa) ndokutumirwa kune imwe kamuri.

Chivako 4: Imwe Dare

Mumabhii okugadza matende, mutevedzeri munofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana kuti apfuurire. Kamuri rechipiri rinodzokorora muitiro: kuhwirudzura kwedare, kurukurirano youriri, kugadziridza, uye vhoti. Zvisinei, kamuri rechipiri ringava nenzvimbo yokutanga yakasiana, kuumba, uye miitiro. Nemhaka yeicho inowanzopfuudza shanduro yakasiana yepepa. Pazvinoitika, pamutemo hausati wagadzirira purezidhendi. Panzvimbo pezvo, unopinda rutivi rweshure nerwechikamu pane dzimwe nguva runonzi [[FLT: 0]] , uye maganhu anobva paripo.: dare ringagamuchira chinjo, kana kuti ungatumirazve shanduro shure. Kana makamu maviri asingagoni kubvumirana.

Kwakafanira kucherekedza kuti mumiitiro yeparamende seUnited Kingdom, "imwe kamuri" (Imba yaMadzi) ine masimba akaganhurirwa kunonozeka asi kwete zvechigarire mutemo, uye voruzhinji vehurumende vari muimba yakaderera kazhinji kazhinji vanovimbisa kupfuura. MuU.S., Imba neDare zvinoenzana, kuita kukurukura kwechikwaniriso.

Chiteshi 5: Dare Romusangano

Dare remusangano idare rechinguvana rinoumbwa nechiverengero chiduku chemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri", rinonzi "vakonwo" kana kuti "Maneja" yakagadzwa noutungamiriri. Basa ravo nderokuyananisa misiano pakati peNzvimbo neDare yemitemo. matare eDare anoshanda seri kwamasuo akavharwa, achibvumira kurukurirano dzakajeka idzo hapana kamuri ringapfuura somunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Dare rinoita mushumo webvumirano [, unobatanidza mutauro unoyananiswa uye mashoko akabatana. Mushumo wacho ipapo unodzoserwa kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwokuvhota. Gadziridzo hadzibvumirwi panguva ino; mitezo inofanira kugamuchira kana kuti kuramba pasuru yose. Iyi "itore kana kuti kuisiya" inopa vaipiwa mirwi mikuru. Mishumo yedare inowanzova mikuru uye yakaoma, uye pane dzimwe nguva inobatanidza gadziriro dzakanga dzisati dziri mushanduro yapakuvamba, muitiro unozivikanwa se "regeredzei zvakaipa" kunyanguvezvo, dare redare rinoramba richiri basa rinokosha nokuda kwokusafunga.

Chivako 6: Kutenderwa Kwokupedzisira

Pashure pokunge mushumo wemusangano watenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri, bhiri racho rinonyorwa papepa reganda nemhedziso dzose neisitaini (uye zvakasainwa noMutauri weImba naPurezidhendi weDare (Mutongi). Iro ipapo rinopiwa kuna purezidhendi. Papfundo rino, bazu remitemo rapedza basa raro, asi mukuru mukuru ane kutaura kwokupedzisira.

Chivako 7: Chiito Chine Simba

Purezidhendi (kana kuti gavhuna mudzimba dzehurumende) anofanira kurangarira mutemo unotumirwa neCongress.Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa purezidhendi zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka pasi peChikamu I, Chikamu 7.

  • Chiratidzo mumutemo. Icho ipapo chinova chinoshanda nokukurumidza, pamusi womunguva yemberi wakatarwa, kana kuti pashure penhambo yakafanira yemazuva 90.
  • Mutengo. purezidhendi angaidzosera kuCongress nokuramba. Ipapo Congress angaedza kukurira kupfurikidza nevhoti yetatu mbiri mukamuri rimwe nerimwe. Kana akabudirira, mutemo wacho unova mutemo pasina sigini yapurezidhendi. Kuedza kwokusabata kusingawanzoitiki uye kunobudirira kusingasviki 5% yenguva yacho munhau.
  • Usaita chiito. Kana Congress iri murusando, muganhu unova mutemo pashure pamazuva 10 (kubvisa maSvondo) pasina siginicha yapurezidhendi. Kana Congress ichiwirirana mukati mamazuva iwayo 10, pamutemo hausati uchizova mutemo (iyi inozivikanwa se [[FLT:]] pocket [[[FLT:]]] pocket [].

Mapurezidhendiwo pane dzimwe nguva anoisa kutaura [ kunoratidzira kududzira kwavo mutemo kana kuti kuratidzira kuti imativii avangasaita kuti atsigire. Nepo kumutsa nharo, uku kutaura hakusungi pamutemo asi kunogona kupesvedzera masangano ebazu makuru. Office yeHurumende yeMaperembudzi yakabatanidza [FLT:] pamutemo yegadziriro dzakati dzokusaina dzemashoko [, kwete kusawirirana kwetsika kwemitemo.

Mugumo: Kuparadza

Kuisa mubatanidzwa wemitemo inoda shiviriro, unyanzvi, uye nzwisiso huru yemitemo yetsika nezvikuru zvematongerwe enyika. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinopa zvose zviri zviviri mikana nemhinganidzo. Mutengo unogona kuurawa chinyararire mudare, unodzorwa nemonicbuster, wakagadziriswa zvisingadaviriki, kana kuti wakagadziriswa panguva yokupedzisira. Bva muitiro wacho unovimbisawo kuti mifungo mizhinji inonzwiwa, kuti miuyo isingarongwi inoderedzwa, uye kuti mitemo iyoyo inofarikanya tsigiro yakafara isati yaita simba.

Kuvagari vemo nevatsigiri, kunzwisisa rwendo urwu inhano yokutanga inoita kuti pave nokuvimbisana kunobudirira. Kungave nokuonana nomumiririri, achipupurira pakutonga, kana kuti achironga nhimbe yavose, vanhu vanogona kupesvedzera mitemo panguva dzose. Uye kune avo vanoda zvavo kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei, muitiro wemitemo unopa chiono chine simba zvikuru muunyanzvi hwokubvumirana nedemokrati. Maziro akaoma, asi anooma kukwanisa kuaita kuti ave nesimba rehurumende.