Zivo: Psychology Seri Kwebhallot

Gadziriro dzenzvimbo dzinodzorwa hadzingoverengeri mavhoti; dzinoumba rudzi rumene rwemakwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva mugari wemo. Mutoo uyo kusarudzwa kwomuvhoti kunoshandurwa nawo kuva mufananidzo unoparira mhoteredzo yakasiana. Iyi migariro yemhoteredzo inoita kuti vavhoti vafunge sei pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvavo, kuti vadaviri, uye kuti mapoka anoumba sei zvikuva zvavo. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye varonze vagari vemo, vanonzwisisa mirangariro yemitoo yokuvhotera yakasiana- siyana yokuvhota inodikanwa nokuda kwokuona utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kugadziridza migariro inobvira.

Chiito chokuvhota hachiwanzova ratidziro yakapfava, isina kupindira yetsika yakachena yomugari wemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, inhamba inopesvedzerwa zvikuru nemamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza. Muvhoti mugadziriro yakasiyana anoita nhamba yakasiyana kupfuura muvhoti mugadziriro inowirirana. Nyaya ino inonzvera miitiro inokosha inosarudza inoshandiswa munyika yose, kunzvera miuyo chaiyo yetsika dzetsika. Kubva pakumira nokuvhota kwakananga kumufananidzo nejekero kujekedzo.

Masangano Ane Tsika Dzakaoma Kushanda: Institutions Sevatyairi Vetsika

Kunzwisisa kuti mitoo yokuvhota nayo inopesvedzera mufambiro, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa masangano okubatanidza kurusarudzo rumwe norumwe. Murangariro wenheyo muiyi nzvimbo ndi .Murairo weDuverger [[, uyo unoita kuti kusarudzwa kuzhinji mumativi ose eruwa (PFT-Pst- Post) kuve nokutsigira kuparira nokutsigira gadziriro mbiri dzakajeka. Izvozvi zvinoshanda kupfurikidza nemitoo miviri yakasiana asi inotendisa. [[FLT:]] muuyo unosiya chirango chawo chawo chechokwadi [[[FLT: 3]] unosimbisa kuti mapoka maduku anotenderwa nenzira inotevedzerwa zvikuru muzvigaro. [FFF:]

Kupfuura miuyo yemichina nendangariro. Masangano avanasarudzo anobatanidza marudzi akasiyana- siyana okurangarira kwomuvhoti. Kuvhota kwamavota kunoitika apo muvhoti anokandira mubato kuti apesvurire mugumisiro wesarudzo kana kuti miraudzo. Rudzi urwu rwokurangarira runodzora mumasangano umo nhau dzose dzinovhota zvakananga kunzvimbo yakagadzwa, asi injiniwo yokuvhota masangano akarongwa mugadziriro dzakadai seFPTP. Njoka, kumanikidza kuvhota [ kunoitika apo muvhotera anoisa mutengi kuti asimbire zviziviro zvavo, kana kuti batira pesvedzero pesvedzero. Zvirongwa zvinobatanidza nzvimbo dzinooneka zvikuru, zvinogovera vagarikanwa munyika pasina kubvumira rutyo kutyiwa kwavo.

Marongedzero Makuru Ezvigadzirwa Nemiitiro Yazvo

Nepo pane misiyano yakawanda, sarudzo zhinjisa dzinosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinopinda mumapoka mashomanene akafara emitoo yokuvhota.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPTP ndiyo gadziriro inozivikanwa zvikurusa, inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, uye India. Mukwikwidzani ane vhoti zhinjisa murutsi. Pasinei zvapo nokupfava kwayo, miuyo yetsika yeFPTP yakadzama uye kazhinji kazhinji yakashata. Muchairi mukuru wetsika dzevhoti muFPTP ndi stategic kana kuti vhoti yemichina . Voter vanoramba vachiverenga kubetsera kwavose vavo vanodiwa. Ikoku kunotungamirira kuchinoitika che "Netlegiation," apo kuvhotera mukwikwidza muvhotera anova nesimba zvikuru nokuda kwomumwe.

FPP inokombamira kuparira mwero yakakwirira yevhoti. inoparira kurasikirwa nevanotora kana kuti mavhoti akasara kurukundo anoraswa. Iyi dzvinyiriro huru inodzorwa mu "zvigaro zvakakotsekana," umo muuyo wacho uri mhedziso yewegekono. Voter muidzi nyika kazhinji kazhinji dzinonzwa kuti kutora rutivi kwavo hakuna revo, kuchitungamirira kukuderedza kumiriro yenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yenyika yedanga. Sangano rinokurudzira mapoka kubatana pavhoteran, kuchitungamirira ku "back-ll" mavhiliti ayo majeri akavanzika, asi anogonawo kuita kuti mitsetse mikuru yezuva ishateve mukati mamiriro okusarudza makuru (se anoonekwa muUS), uko kunodikanwa kuwina, kumhanya vateveyi vatsvene kuti vadzokeri pamberi pezvisaruso. [FFFF]

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) naPURMOff Voting (IRV)

Kuvhota kwakarongeka kunobvumira vavhoti kuti varote panzvimbo yavanovhota mudanho. Kana pasina mutengi anowana ruzhinji rwamavhoti okutanga, muvhoti wokupedzisira anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa kuchisarudzo chinotevera pavabhengi ivavo. Uyu muitiro unodzokororwa kutozosvikira mudanho awana ruzhinji. Iyi tsika inoshandiswa nokuda kwamasarudzo enyika muAustralia uye nokuda kwehurumende yakasiana- siyana nezvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo muUnited States, kubatanidza Maine neAlaska.

RCV inopedza mufambire, RCV inopedza chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru zveFPTP: muuyo unoshatisa. Vatsigiri vanogona kutsigira mutsigiri wechitatu kana kuti anozvisarudzira sechisarudzo chavo chokutanga vasingatyi kubetsera kusarudza mudariro wavo wavanoda. Ikoku kunokurudzira [ kuvhota [[FLT:]] uye kubvumira kuvhota kuti kuongororwa kuitwe pasina tsvina yose. RCVVwowo purofiti dzinogona kuparira kwete bedzi kukuva vatengi vavo asi kuzvinhu zvikuru zvinochengetedzwa zvechipiri nechetatu. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoderedza sundo yenhiro yenhiko yokutsigira dzidzo yakakwirira, sokudenha vatsigiriki vavo, avo vanogona kugoverawo mavhotera. [FFFFotair] [5]

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Masangano ePR anovavarira kuronga chiverengero chezvigaro izvo mubato anogamuchira nepesenti yamavhoti anohwina. Ikoku kunowanzowanwa munhamba dzoruwa nenhengo dzakawanda. Kune misiano inoverengeka, imwe neimwe ine pesvedzero dzakasiana.

Rusarira rwavharwa PR: Mutsika ino, mapati anodzora nhevedzano yavadaviri pandandanda. Voters vhota nokuda kwepati, uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa kurusarudziro rwebato munhevedzano. Iyi gadziriro inosimbisa utungamiriri hwebato uye inokurudzira zivikanwo yebato rakasimba. Voters haanyumwi zvikuru kuyera vadaviri uye sezvingabvira zvikuru kuvhotera pamitsetse inongova inotendwa. Yakajeka uye yakapfava nokuda kwavavhoti asi inonangidzira simba mumaoko ebato.

.Vasarudzi vanofanira kusakurira PR: Pano, vavhoti vanogona kuratidza chinodiwa nokuda kwomutevedzeri chaiye mukati merusando rwebato. Ikoku kuvamba -partimey]. Vatsi vanofanira kusakurira vhoti yomunhu oga, inofadza fariro dzenzvimbo kana kuti dzenzvimbo mukati mechivati. Voters vanova vanowana zvikuru mavara akananga, kwete chiratidzo chebato ravo chete. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuvhotera kukuru zvikuru asi kuditiono.

. Inoshandiswa muGermany neNew Zealand, MMP inobatanidza maruwa omunzvimbomo nendaza yemaFTP yakatengwa. Mavhoti ane mavhoti maviri: mumwe wemumiriri womunzvimbomo uye mumwe webato. Izvozvi zvinogadzira itiro retsika dzakasiana rinonzi [[FLT:] kuvhota . Muvhoti angatsigira kuti vamiririri vakakurumbira vanobva paboka rimwe apo anovhotera rimwe. Iyi inobvumira kuwirirana kwomunzvimbomo nemuitiro womunzvimbomo unodanwa nomutemo wenyika. [[FLT:]

Inobatanidza muuyo mumwe unopfuudzwa (STV): inoshandiswa muIreland neMalta, STV iPR-pakati pomubatanidzwa PR system. Voters vadaviriri mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Inobatanidza muuyo unowirirana wePR nemubatanidzwa wemabharoti ane nzvimbo dzakaenzana. Mufambire, inoisa mutoro wakakwirira wemifungo pavhoteration, uyo anofanira kuva namazita akawanda. Inoita kuti zviwirirane zvisungo zvomunzvimbomo uye inobvumira vatsvaki vakazvimirira.

Kutenderwa Nokurumbidzwa

Iwaya haasati achitongozivikanwa zvikuru asi anokurukurwa nenzira inowedzera mumasangano okuvandudza. kuvhota kwapamutengi kunobvumira vavhoti kuti vasarudze sevazhinji sezvavanobvumira. Mudaidzi ane mvumo zhinjisa anowana. Iyi tsika inobvisa muuyo unopaza. Kuvhota kunobvumira vavhoti kuratidzira tsigiro yavazhinji. Kukuvadziko inoderedza kusazivakanya asi inoita kuti "kuvhotera kuve" (kuvhotera bedzi) kukudza kuwanda kweboka romumwe munhu. vhotera kuvhotera (kana kuti kuvhotera) kunobvumira kuva vokuvhotera pachikamu (g. 0,55) nokuda kwokuratidzira kwakafanira kuzivisa kana kuti kukanganisa.

Kuchinja Kwepesvedzero Pamufambiro Wezvitambi

Kupfuura gadziriro chaiyo, mikoto mizhinji yetsika yapose pose inotapurwa nemitemo yevhota. iyi miitiro inokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa chikonzero nei dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzichifarikanya kuvimbisana kwakakwirira apo dzimwe dzichirwisana nokusakendenga nokuparadzana.

Kutendeuka Kwematongerwe Enyika Nouzivi Hwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nzwisiso yokuti nhau dzokuvhota inhau dzakasimba zvikurusa dzinoratidza kudzoka. [FLT] inoreva kuti kutora rutivi kwomunhu kunoshanda zvakananga negadziriro yokuvhota. Mazita enyika anoratidza nguva dzose kuti nyika dzine masangano emireza inowirirana ane avhareji yakakwirira zvikuru inotendeuka (kazhinji 5-10 mativi akakwirira) kupfuura ayo ane miganhu mikuru yevhotera. MuFPTP, vagari vemo vanganzwa kuti vashandukira, vachitungamirira kudzosa. purogiramu dzose dzinovhotera kurotera nokutsigira, pfungwa yeRVCV inosimudzirawo kupfurikidza nokuwedzera.

Mitemo Yakakodzera. Kubatsira Kwepachokwadi

Mukaha pakati pezvisarudzo zvechokwadi zvevagari vemo nevhota yavo imwero wakananga weganhuriro inoiswa negadziriro inosarudzwa. FPTP inowedzera mukaha uyu, ichimanikidzira vavhoti kupinda mu "isina zvisarudzo zviviri". Mujaho reUK rehurumende, mumwe muvhoti vashanu vanovhota nenzira yamanomano. RCV naPR vanoderedza mukaha uyu, vachibvumira kuratidzirwa kwokutendeseka zvikuru kwezvinodiwa. Ikoku hakusati kuchingogovera bedzi mufananidzo wakarurama zvikuru wemifungo yavose asi kunoderedzawo kushatiswa kwendangariro nekangaidziko izvo zvinouya nokuvhotera kwapamutemo.

Kuchinja, Kumirira, uye Masangano Eboka

Mitemo yeElectoral inotapura rutivi runopiwa rwezvamatongerwe enyika nepati. FPTP, yakabatanidzwa naparingiri, inogona kunyandura kukwirira kunzvimbo nhete, chisino mutsinga kuti iwane kukwirira kupfurikidza netsika kupfurikidza nokunangana. Asika, mufambiro weFPTPP (pasina poritationrities) kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji unosunda mapoka avhotera kuvhotera, kugadzira, kubata mavhengara ose. PR inoisa masangano akawanda, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera mhatsa yetsika mudivi yemitemo. Ikoku kunobvumira [[FL:] .] . [FLT1] [act1] [apo mapoka akarongwa munyika yose] anogona kuumba mapoka avo vamene uye kukunda zvigaro.[5] asi zvinogonawo kudzora kurangarira kubatana, kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kupfurikidza kupfupikisa.

Fundo Dzokuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Magadziriro Ari Kushanda

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inogovera ufakazi hwakajeka zvikurusa hwokuti aya maitiro anoitika sei mutsika dzakasiana - siana dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Fundo Yenhau: United Kingdom neFPTP

UK muenzaniso wakatanhamara weMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yakadzorwa naLabour naConservatives yakanga iri tsika. Zvisinei, kumuka kwemapoka enharaunda (SNP muScotland) uye kutsigira kwakavakirwa panhau (UKIP, Liberal Democrates) kwakaparira dzvinyiriro huru zvikuru pagadziriro. Kuchinja kwemiitiro kwakapararira zvino. Chirongwa cha 2019 chakaona kuvhota kwakakomba kwakarongwa paIndaneti, nevovhotera vakachinja tsigiro yavo kuti vadzivise vadaiwi vavo vanopfuura vamwe vose. Mutevedzero unoratidzirwa panguva ino unoratidzirwa ne"kushatiswa kwemashoko" uye kukura nokuda kwokuratidzira.

Fundo Yenhau: Australia neRanked-Choice Voling

Australia inoshandisa Commentasus Vote (AV) chimiro cheRCV nokuda kweNzvimbo yayo yavamiririri, yakabatanidzwa nokuvhota kwapamutemo. Ikoku kuvamba rabhoritari yetsika yechienzi. Nokudzoka mu90%, vavhoti vakarongeka zvikuru. Zvikamu zvinobudisa "How-tovote kadhi," zvinotungamirira vatsigiri vavo pamarongedzero ezvinodiwa. Iyi gadziriro inokurudzira "[ kucheka ," apo mapoka maduku anonangidzira zvisarudzo zvavatsi vavo kumapati makuru mukutsinhanhanwa kwemiitiro. Voters dzinovimba zvikuru neaya matutu, kupfavisa basa renzvimbo inotemwara. Sakusarudza razvo. Gass anobudisa gadziriro inokositorerwa gadziriro yakadzikama (Vhor. Liburn / as Moul) asi neboka rechitatu renyika rimwe ramakuru kupfuura kutsigira kuparadzwa kweGenetic Creat.

Fundo Yechakaipa: New Zealand Nenjo yeMMP

Kuchinja kweNew Zealand kubva paFPTP kuenda MMP muna 1996 ndeimwe yenzvero dzinokatyamadza zvikurusa dzevavhozhokeri munhau yazvino uno. Mupasi peFPTP, tsika yakabudisa zvinhu zvikuru, zvokuzviitikira izvo kazhinji kazhinji zvakaparadzanisa chikamu chinokosha chevvusarudzo. Pashure pematendi maviri, nyika yakagamuchirwa MMP. Kuchinja kwetsika kwakanga kuripo. Voter, kwakanga kwave kuchiderera, kwadzikamiswa, uye kwatorerwa zvishoma. Nhamba yemapati anoshanda muparamende yakasvetuka kubva kuva miviri kusvikira kuva mitanhatu. Hurumende dzemabhishopu dzakava tsika, dzichida kuvhotera kuti dzinzwisise mutauro mutsva wepost-ation. Maori, uhwo hwakanga hwave hwava hwakava hwakakwirira zvikuru. Mutevedzero wetsika inosimudzira tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo yakatarisanawo nesimba duku rokupa simba.

Fundo Yenhau: United States Negadziriro Yechinguvana

US inoshandisa vhinigini yakavhengana: FPP inovhota nasvota huru, kazhinji kazhinji zvakavharwa. Ikoku kunoparira kurudziro mbiri dzomufambiro. Kuwina huru, mudaviri anofanira kukwirira kuchiva chebato (mukuwirirana namagariro). Kukunda sarudzo yavose, vanofanira kukwidza kuvhotera kuvhotera kuvhotiswora. Iyi "Nhete-revedzo yakakwirira nemutooro. Kugamuchirwa kwazvino uno kweRCV muAlaska naMaine kunomirira kuedza kwetsika kwakatanhamara. Mutevedzero weAlaska unoshandisa kusingatsigiriki (pamusoro pezvina) zvikuru) inoteverwa nevhotera kurusarudzo, yapamhesero inovambira payanzani inovambira, inosarukira zvikuru.

Masangano Echinjo Azvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yokuwedzera Mufambiro

Kunzwisisa tapuro yetsika dzemitoo yokuvhota hakusati kuri kungovawo zvako muitiro wedzidzo. Iko nheyo yemasangano echinjo azvino uno, akapararira anosarudzwa. Chinjo yakatanhamara zvikurusa munyika inotaura chitsinhano cheRhanked-Choice Voting. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti RCV ichadzimisa kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvandudza kumirira, uye kuwedzera gutsikano. Vashori vanonetseka pamusoro pekuoma uye bviro yokuverenga zvikanganiso zvinogona kuderedza chivimbo.

Kupfuura RCV, kune fariro inokura mu Kuchinja kuripo pa uye [FLT]] , zvikurukuru nokuda kweisisiri vapapatika nasarudzo dzomunzvimbomo. Iyi gadziriro inopa kupfava kwerusarudzo rumwe apo inobvisa muuyo unoshatisa. Kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti aya masangano angava ari nyore zvikuru nokuda kwokuchinjira kuRCV, sezvo asingadi kuva akatanhamara, asi anotanga mavara avo amene akakodzera pamusoro pokuti vadaviriri vazhinji vanobvumira kana kuti vatsigiriki vapi.

Kukwira kwe nokuvhota kuri kure kunobatanawo nemitoo yokuvhota. Nepo isiri gadziriro yokuvhota pachayo, mutoo wokuendesa nawo zvinhu (ingava pepa, muchina, kana kuti paIndaneti) inobvumira ruzivo rwomuvhoti uye chivimbo mumigumisiro. Chinoitika cheEstonia neI-Kuvhota chinoratidza kuti kuvandudzika kunogona kuwedzera, asi kusavirira kwekombiyuta kunoramba kuri mhinganidzo huru kukugamuchirwa kwavose mumavhotabheti makuru enyika.

Mugumo: Masangano Anopesvedzera Kukura

Mutoo wokuvhota hautongorina kutsigira, udzame hwokudzora. Isimba rine simba rinoumba nokushingaira mufambiro wezvamatongerwe enyika wamamirioni avagari vemo. Kubva mugadziriro yezvokuyera, inodzorwa nemuvhoti muPest-Fost kutsika yePurost kuzivikanwo, muvhotera mugadziriro yePropotical Irectationationation, mitemo yemuteokratiswo yehurumende inoumba zvikurukuru mamiriro echisarudzo ehurumende edemocracy. Sezvo nzanga dzinotarisana nedenho dzokuderera chivimbo, kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye democracybacracy, nzwisiso yakakomba yenzira yokupesvedzera nayo mufambiro kuti inodikanwa sei. Vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kupa ngwariro yokungwarira kugadziriro idzi dzetsika dzokugadzira kuti dzisabudisa hurumende dzakatsigikana, dzinoitwawo, dzinoitwa nedzikiswa nedzi chisarudzo chapachokwadi. Chisarudzo chechisarudzo chokusarudza nzira yokutonga.

Kumwe Kurava Nezviwanikwa