Table of Contents

Gakava pamusoro penzira yokududzira nayo Bhishopo yeUnited States rave riri nhau huru muhurukuro yemitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica kwamakumi amakore. Pamwoyo weiyi kurukurirano pane mubvunzo unokosha: Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kunzwisiswa mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yapakuvamba panguva yokunatsa, kana kuti rinofanira kuchinja kuratidza mipimo yenhambo nemhesano. Iyi mitoo yakaumbwa neDare gurusa, yakapesvedzera unyanzvi hwemitemo, uye yakatanga gakavaranwa guru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira ravatongi muAmerica.

Kudavira Mashura Kunomborevei?

Kurerekera kuchechi irondedzero yokududzira magwaro epamutemo anotsigira kuti rugwaro rwomutemo, zvikurukuru Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., runofanira kutsanangurwa sezvarwainzwisiswa panguva yokugamuchirwa kwarwo. Panzvimbo pokurangarira Bumbiro remitemo segwaro rinochinjika iro rinochinja revo nokufamba kwenguva, vazivi vemitemo vanotaura kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzine revo dzakasimbiswa apo dzakatenderwa.

Vazivi vemavambo vanodavira kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo runofanira kupiwa revo yavanhu yapakuvamba kuti rwaizova rwakaita kuti ruve mutemo. Iyi nzira inosimbisa kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo ine chinangwa uye inowanwa kupfurikidza nenzvero yenhau. Revo yapakuvamba yemagwaro ebumbiro-mitemo inogona kunzwisiswa mumaduramazwi, mabhuku egirama, uye kubva mumamwe magwaro epamutemo umo rugwaro rungakweretwa. Runogonawo kutorwa kubva muzvinoitika zvapashure zvapamutemo uye kurukurirano yavose yakaita kuti pave negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mutoo uyu unochengetedza mutemo kupfurikidza nokuremekedza zvinangwa zvavatongi nokuganhurira kudavira dare. Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta dudziro yebumbiro remitemo murevo yenhau, vatsigiri vapakuvamba vanotaura kuti vatongi vanorambidzwa kuisa zvisarudzo zvavo zvetsika parudzi kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvokutonga.

Kufambira Mberi Kwedzidziso Yokutanga

Nheyo Dzapakuvamba

Vatsigiri vedzidziso yapakuvamba vanotaura kuti kudavira pakuvamba kwakanga kuri mutoo mukuru wokududzira nawo pamutemo muAmerica kubvira panguva yokutangwa kwayo kusvikira panguva yeNew Deal, apo rondedzero dzinokwikwidzana dzokududzira dzakakura mukukurumbira. Chizvarwa chokutanga chimene chakaratidzika kuva chinogamuchira nheyo dzapakuvamba mukududzira kwacho pamutemo.

Ufakazi hwenhau hunokarakadza kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwokufunga kwapakuvamba pakati pavatungamiriri veAmerica vapakuvamba. James Madison, anowanzodanwa kuti "Baba weBumbiro remitemo," akanyora muna 1826 pamusoro poukoshi hwokuchengeta revo yapakuvamba yomutauro webumbiro-mitemo. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall nenzira yakafanana akasimbisa kuti vavariro yeBumbiro remitemo inofanira kuunganidzwa mumashoko ayo sezvinonzwisiswa naavo vaiitirwa chishandiswa. Uku kutaura kwapakuvamba kunoratidzira bvumirano yokuti revo yebumbiro remitemo inofanira kusimbiswa mukunzwisisa avo vakatsigira chinyorwa chacho.

Kutangazve Kwechitendero Chazvino Uno

Mutsigiri Robert Bork anorumbidzwa kuti ndiye akaisa rondedzero yokutanga yazvino uno yechiNgezi muwnaidzo yake yomutemo ya1971, Neuthal Principles and Other First Amendment Problems, yakabudiswa muThe Yale Law Journal. Akacherekedza kuti pasina kurondedzerwa murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, vatongi vakasununguka kuisa mipimo yavo vamene vachidudzira bumbiro remitemo. Bork akakarakadza mutoo mumwe wenheyo kuti vadzivise uyu: nokuti vatongi vanofanira ku "tora murugwaro nenzira yakati kuti rugwaro kana kuti nhau inoratidza kuti vagadziri vemipimo chaizvoizvo vangava vakadai uye vanokwanisa kushandurirwa mumitemo ine nheyo."

Sangano remavambo rinochengeta tsika rakatungamirirwa naRaoul Berger muma 1980 rakanga riri chikumbiro chokudzora kwokutonga asi mumakore ose misiano inokosha yakatanga pakati penyanzvi dzepakuvamba. Ma 1980 akaratidzira nguva inokosha mukubudirira kwemavambo, sezvo yakava yakabatana zvikuru nomufungo wetsika wapamutemo neFederalist Society. Muna 1985, Edwin Meese, United States Attorney General pasi paPresidenti Ronald Regagan, yakapfumisa jini yebumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa padonzo rapakuvamba mukutaura pamberi peAmerican Bar Association, jurispridence iyo "ingabereka nheyo dzinodavikwa dzehurumende idzo dzisati dzichizoshatiswa neProfecration."

Zvikoro Zvakasiana - siana Zvomufungo Wokutanga

Kunzwisisa kupesana uku kunokosha pakunzwisisa kusiyana kwakaita dzidziso dzepakutanga uye kuitisana nharo munzanga yepakutanga.

Kutanga

Chinangwa chokutanga chinoti pakuturikira rugwaro, dare rinofanira kusarudza zvakanga zvichiedza kuitwa nevanyori verugwaro, uye kuita kuti mutemo wavaida kuti uite, rugwaro chairwo pasinei zvapo nomutemo wacho. Iyi nzira inonangidzira ngwariro pavavariro dzinofungwa dzevagadziri veBumbiro remitemo neratifi.

Zvisinei, chinangwa chokutanga chinotarisana nedenho dzinokosha. Kufunga kwokutanga kunoreva kuti kune chinangwa chimwe, chakabatanidzwa kuseri kworugwaro. Munhau yeUnited States Constitution yePhiladelphia yakaitwa navarume vanopfuura makumi mashanu, vakapedza zhizha rose vachibvumirana uye vachikakavadzana pamusoro pegadziriro dzakadudzirwa nenzira yakasiyana zvikuru nguva apo rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo rwakava rwavose. Kusiyana kwemirangariro kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma, kana kusingabviri, kuziva `nogadzikisa', kupfurikidza negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Vazivi vakawanda vepakutanga vakabva pamaonero aya nemhaka yezvinetso zvinoshanda uye zvokufungidzira zvokusarudza zvaidiwa nevagadziri vose pamwe chete, zvikurukuru vachipa kushayikwa kwezvinyorwa zvakawanda uye kusiyana - siyana kwemaonero pakati pechizvarwa chakatanga.

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yapakuvamba

Kunzwisisa pakuvamba kwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo paizvo voruzhinji vaizodai vakakunzwisisa kuva kunoreva. Antonin Scalia akanga ari mumwe wenyanzvi dzayo dzakatanhamara zvikurusa.

Uyu mutoo unorangarira revo yakajeka yorugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo sezvaingadai yakanzwisiswa navose, kana kuti munhu ane mufungo, uyo akararama panguva iyo Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa. Panzvimbo pokuedza kuzivisa vavariro dzinofungwa dzevagadziri, revo yapakuvamba yavanhu yapakuvamba inonangidzira parevo yokuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo rungadai rwakapa muravi akadzidza panguva yokuitwa maratimendi.

Mutongi Amy Coney Barrett, uyo akarondedzerwa semutsigiri weScalia, akataura pakunzwa kwake kuti anodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo "sokunyora mashoko, uye ndinonzwisisa kuva nerevo yokuti iro vanhu vakanga varitendera panguva yacho. Mashoko aya anoratidza kugamuchirwa kwerevo yeDare Gurusa rekare rekare semutoo wemavambo anodiwa wegadziriro yetsika.

Kuvamba kwoMutemo Kwapakuvamba

Kushandisa nzwisiso dzaH. L. A. yaHart’s prositivism, kutenderwa kwomutemo kwapakuvamba kunowana chiremera cheBumbiro remitemo mumaidi enzanga egadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Yakadzorwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo Stephen Sachs naWilliam Baude, iyi rondedzero inotenderwa kuti "mutemo wepakuvamba" weBumbiro remitemo ._8 mirau yemitemo nemitemo zvinoshanda panguva yokugadzwa kwayo.Nyama inoramba iri musungo nhasi kunze kwokunge yachinjwa nenzira yapamutemo (g., kupfurikidza neandementmentment).

Kusafanana nerevo yavanhu yapakuvamba, iyo inonangidzira ngwariro pamashoko anotaurirana kana kuti "revo yomutauro" yorugwaro kuvagariwo zvavo, mirau yapakuvamba inonangidzira ngwariro pa "revo yemitemo" kana kuti mitemo yapamutemo yaikumbirwa nokuda kwamagweta navatongi panguva (iyo ingabatanidza revo yayo yapakuvamba yapachena). Iyi nzira inoziva kuti Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa mumutauro wapamutemo uye rinofanira kushandurwa mukuwirirana nekokorodzano dzapamutemo nenzwisiso dzenguva yokuvamba.

Mitoo Yapakuvamba Yokutanga

Mitoo yapakuvamba inoreva kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kududzirwa richishandisa mitemo imwe cheteyo inodudzira iyo vanhu panguva yacho vangadai vakarangarira kuva inoshanda kurugwaro. Kushandisa mitemo imwe cheteyo inodudzira inzira yakanakisisa yokubata revo yapakuvamba yechinyorwa. Uku kuedza kubatanidza mitanha mifungo yakasiana-- siyana yemufungo kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro pamitoo yokududzira iyo ingadai yakashandiswa pakuvambwa.

Zvose zviri zviviri vavariro yapakuvamba nerevo yavanhu yapakuvamba zvinoraira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ridudzirwe richishandisa mitemo imwe cheteyo inoturikirwa. Pasi perevo yavanhu yapakuvamba, munhu ane mufungo uye anoziva panguva yacho angadudzira rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokushandisa mitemo iyo yaifungwa kuti ishandisirwe kwairi. iyi synthesis inokarakadza kuti gakava pakati pezvikoro zvemavambo zvakasiyana - siyana ringava rine revo duku zvishoma kupfuura zvarinooneka pakuvamba.

Kupopotedzana Kuchidiwa Nemashoko Okutanga

Vatsigiri vedzidziso yokutanga vanotsigira zvibvumikiso zvinoverengeka zvinogombedzera nokuda kwechikonzero nei iyi mitoo yokududzira inofanira kutungamirira kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo.

Kusachinja uye Kufanodeya Kutaurwa

Kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvakatanga sei kunobatsira kuti zvive pachena, zvitsigirwe nemitemo.

Kupfurikidza nokutevera revo yapakuvamba, Dare rapakuvamba rapamberi paro naizvozvo raizo "sada kuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikuru," uye rutongeso rwaro rungadzorwa. Uku kugombedzera pachisarudzo chokutonga chinhu chikuru kukukwirira kwapakuvamba, sezvo kuchikarakadza kuti vatongi vanoshandisa mutoo wekuvamba vasungwa norugwaro nenhau zveBumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvavo vamene.

Kutonga Kwehurumende Kwechiito

Avo vanofarira kushandiswa kwerevo yapakuvamba senzira yokududzira nayo inonongedzera kurefu rayo renhau nokunamatira kwaro kukuda kwedemocracy kwavanhu avo vakatanga kuumba nokutendera Bumbiro remitemo. Vanodavira pakuvamba vanotaura kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinowana chiremera charo mukubvumira kwavanotongwa, sezvinoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuvandudza. Kuchinja revo yeMitemo yeMitemo pasina kugadziriswa kwetsika yehurumende inodzivisa muitiro uyu wedemocracy.

Kupfurikidza nokubvuma kusungwa navanasekuru vakuru zvikuru veKinaith Amendment, tinowanawo simba rokusunga vanasekuru vedu vakuru navazukuru vatsva. Kuvamba kweBumbiro remitemo nokudaro kunobvuma kuti zvino zvine misengwa kuzvose zviri zviviri munguva yakapfuura uye kunguva yemberi, uye kuti sezvo munhu ari wose asiri chitsuwa oga oga, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe hachisati chiri chitsuwa chose chose. Iyi mirangariro yetsika inosimbisa kuti murairo unobatanidza misengwa iyo inopfuura chizvarwa chimwe chipi nechipi.

Kuganhurira Kuchenjera Kwokutonga uye Kuita Muitiro

Vatsigiri vedzidziso yapakuvamba vanotaurawo kuti kusvika kunoganhurira chisarudzo chokutonga, kuchidzivisa vatongi kusarudza nhau mutsinhirano nemirangariro yavo vamene yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kugombedzera simba rokutonga kunokosha zvikurukuru mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu umo vatongi vasina kusarudzwa vanoshandisa chiremera chinokosha pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kupfurikidza nokuraira vatongi kuisa zvisarudzo zvavo muufakazi hwenhau panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvenguva ino, chiKristu chapakuvamba chinotsvaka kudzivisa vatongi kuva vatongi vanozvimanikidza kuva varavi vavo vamene vetsika yakanaka parudzi rwacho. Vanodavira pakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji vanopa tsananguro dzakasununguka zvikuru, vachizivisa kuti vanobvumira nokuda kwechiito chokutonga uko vatongi vangachinja mitemo yakavakirwa pazvitendero zvomunhu oga panzvimbo porugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo.

Kuremekedza Rugwaro Negadziriro zveBumbiro reMitemo

Vagadziri vacho vakanyatsogadzira mutauro webumbiro remitemo nokukurukurirana kwakakura uye kubvumirana.Vaiongorora nyaya dzepakutanga vanotaura kuti kana zvichibva pakutsanangura mutemo wacho zvinoda kuturikira maererano nerevo yomutauro wawaida, pane kuunyorazve kuti uratidze zvawaida panguva iyoyo.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera mutoo wechinjo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadziridza wakarongwa muChikamu V. Kristorists inotaura kuti uyu muitiro wetsika unofanira kuva mutoo bedzi wechinjo yebumbiro remitemo, panzvimbo pokubvumira vatongi kururamisa nenzira inobudirira Bumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nedudziro dzinochinja. Uku kuita kunochengeta mugariro weBumbiro remitemo semutemo wakanyorwa panzvimbo pokurishandura kuva muunganidzwa wezvisarudzo zvemitemo.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzokuwana Maruramiro Maduku

Vanodavira pakuvamba vanofunga kuti Mutezo weMitemo weKinaith We Amendment nguva dzose wakarambidza kusarura dzinza (kubva pakugamuchirwa kwawo muna 1868, kusvikira kuchisarudzo chakaipa cheDare Rapamusorosa chaitsigira kusarurana muPlesby v. Ferguson.

Kubva muuyu murangariro, chinetso nenhau dzakafanana naPlesty chakanga chisiri chokuti Dare rakanga risinganyanyotsigiri pakuvamba, asi kuti rakakundikana kushandisa nenzira yakafanira revo yapakuvamba yeKineith Amendment’s Explace Protection Claus.

Kutsoropodza Nedenho Dzokuvamba

Pasinei zvapo nokukurumbira kwaro muhurukuro yapamutemo yapanguva ino, kuvamba kunotarisana nokutsoropodzwa kukuru kunobva kunyanzvi, vatongi, uye varapi vemitemo.

Kusanyatsoziva Nhau uye Kusanzwisisa

Nhoroondo dzekare dzepanguva yakatanga kunyorwa zvinhu hadzina kukwana, hadziwanzotevedzerwi, uye kazhinji kacho hadzina kujeka.

Kunyange kana kokorodzano yacho yaizova nedonzo rimwe, rakabatana, hakuna kujeka kuti ingagona sei nenzira yakarurama kubva padaro ramazana maviri amakore. Kufamba kwenguva kwakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nenzira inowedzera kuvakazve mitauro, pamutemo, uye tsika umo gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakanyorwa ndokutenderwa. Manyuko mazhinji anokosha akarasika, uye ayo akapukunyuka angasagona kuva anomirira nzwisiso huru yavose.

Mutongi William Brennan akaramba murangariro waMeese, achitaura kuti vavariro yapakuvamba yokuwana vanaBaba veUnited States yakanga isinganzwisisiki, uye rugwaro irworwo rwaigona bedzi kunzwisiswa mumashoko azvino. Iyi chinyorwa chinokarakadza kuti chirongwa chepakuvamba chingava chine zvikanganiso zvikuru kana ufakazi hwenhau hunodikanwa kuwana revo yapakuvamba husingawaniki kana kuti husingavimbiki.

Kuchinja nzanga Nokugadziridza Kunoita Bumbiro Romutemo

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mavambo mutoo usingachinjiki, wakashatiswa wedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, unorwisana kuti vanhu vomunguva imwe cheteyo yeBumbiro reMitemo havangagoni kuva vakafunga nezvezvimwe zvemigariro yaizomuka munguva dzazvino uno. Vagadziri vaigara munyika yakasiana zvikuru nesu timene, namatendi akasiyana, zvivako zvenzanga, uye denho. Kushandisa nzwisiso dzamakumi maviri nezvikamu zvamakore gumi namasere kuzvinetso zvamakumi maviri okutanga zvingaparira miuyo isingashandisiki kana kuti isina kururama.

Zvinyorwa zvazvino uno zvakadai semakombiyuta, ruzivo rwokubereka, kuongorora kwemagetsi, uye maInternet zvinosanganisira ruzivo rwemakombiyuta uye miitiro yenzanga yakanga isipo pakatanga.Vatsoropodzi vanoti kuomerera pamavambo kungadzivisa kufambira mberi nokudzivisa Bumbiro remitemo kuti rigadzirise matambudziko aya. Vanoti revo yeBumbiro remitemo haifaniri kugadziriswa panguva, asi, panzvimbo pezvo, inofanira kuita zvinodiwa nemazuva ano.

Mutongi weDare Rapamusoro Elena Kagan, mutsoropodzi wenguva dzose wedzidziso yapakuvamba yakakomba, anotaura kuti mamwe mativi eBumbiro reMitemo akanga akafara namaune uye asina kujeka kubvumira kuti zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zviadudzire seakakodzera nguva.

Kuitira Hanya Kodzero duku Neruramisiro Yenzanga

Vatsoropodzi vanoenderera mberi vachiti kutsanangura Bumbiro Remitemo rakavakirwa parevo yapakuvamba kungakundikana kudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji nemhaka yokuti vakadzi nemapoka maduku vakanga vasina kodzero dzakafanana panguva yokutangwa (kana kuti kuiswa kweVane Mubatanidzwa Wehondo) sezvavanoita nhasi.

Vatsoropodzi vanonetseka kuti kusaruramisira kwepakutanga kungaitwa munhoroondo dzekare kupfurikidza nokuda kuti matare adudzire gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo maererano nokunzwisisa kwenzanga yakanga isinganyanyi kuzivikanwa nevanhu uye isinganyatsoenzaniswi kupfuura yedu.

Kunzwisisa Zvisinganzwisisiki uye Kuzviisa Pasi

Pasinei zvapo nokutaura kwokuti kudavira pakuvamba kunodzvinyirira chisarudzo chokutonga, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti gadziriro yapakuvamba inobatanidza zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvechisarudzo chenhau izvo zvinobvumira vatongi kusvika mhedziso dzinowirirana nezvisarudzo zvavo zvetsika.

Vatongi venhau dzekare vanofanira kusarudza kuti manyukoi enhau okunzvera, kuti ungayera sei ufakazi hunorwisana, mweroi wezvisarudzo zvokushandisa mukurondedzera revo yapakuvamba, uye nzira yokushandisa nayo nzwisiso dzenhau kumigariro yazvino uno. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinobatanidza danidzo idzo dzinogona kuva nepesvedzero huru. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kutaura kwemavambo kwokudzivisa chisarudzo chokutonga kunonyanyoziviswa.

Chinetso nokuva nerondedzero dzakasiana - siana dzeshoko ndechokuti hakuna chiremera chinogona kuita kuti rondedzero yakati ishandiswe, naizvozvo vanhu vane mitoo yakasiana - siana vose vanogona kuzvidana vamene kuti vazivi vapakuvamba.Izvozvi zvinogona kuva zvinovhiringidza, sezvo mumwe munhu angatsigira mitoo yakati yapakuvamba yokududzira uye kwete mimwe. Mhatsa yemavambo inosvika imene kuti mavambo angasagovera rondedzero yakajeka, yokudzivisa mhinduro dzinotaura.

Kuoma Kwegadziriro Ye Amendeko

Vamwe vanopanikira dzidziso dzokutanga vanodenha murangariro wokuti Chikamu V chinofanira kuva chishandiso bedzi nokuda kwokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo, sezvo nyaya iyoyo ichiparira muuyo mukuru wekugadziridza kwetsika. Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kwakaoma noune, kuchida mikurumbira mikuru mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress uye kutsakatika nedzitatu kutatu dzehurumende. Iyi bhawa rakakwirira rinoita kuti tsinhirano yemitemo ive isingawanzowaniki uye yakaoma kusvika.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuomerera pakugadziridzwa kwomuitiro senzira bedzi dzapamutemo dzechinjo yebumbiro remitemo kungaita kuti Bumbiro remitemo riome zvikuru zvokusagona kupindura zvinodikanwa zvenzanga nezvinokosha.

Mibvunzo Pamusoro Pedzidziso Yokutanga Yenhau yeKedigree

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti dzidziso dzokutanga, sedziri kushandiswa iye zvino, chinhu chichangobva kuitwa chisati chiri kuratidza nzira dzokududzira nadzo dzinonyatsoshandiswa nechizvarwa chakatangwa kana kuti nematare munhoroondo yose yeAmerica.

Nyanzvi yezvemitemo yeColumbia Law School inonzi Jamal Greene inotaura kuti dzidziso yokutanga hainyanyi kukurumbira kunze kweUnited States (kubatanidza Canada, South Africa, India, Israel, uye zhinjisa yeEurope), uko kuisa mitemo mishomanene kana kuti kunyora magwaro kuri mhinduro dzechokwadi kugadziriro yedare rokutonga.

Kushandisa Kumwe Kududzira

Kuedza kutsanangura kwemitemo kunoverengeka kwakatangwa ndokudzivirirwa nenyanzvi nevanotonga, imwe neimwe ichipa mifungo yakasiyana pamanzwisisiro anofanira kuitwa matare uye mashandisirwe aanofanira kuitwa mitemo.

Kurarama Kwomutemo

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vanodavira kuti revo yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo inochinja nokufamba kwenguva, sezvo zvimiro zvenzanga zvinochinja, kunyange pasina kugamuchirwa kwechinjo yebumbiro remitemo yakarongwa inochinja kuva Chikamu V cheBumbiro reMitemo.

Kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo kunorangarira Bumbiro reMitemo segwaro rine simba rinofanira kuchinjira kumipimo yenhambo nemigariro. Panzvimbo pokusungwa nenzwisiso dzezana ramakore gumi namasere, vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vanotaura kuti revo yebumbiro remitemo inofanira kushanduka kuti iratidzire bvumirano yenzanga yazvino, yetsika, uye yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi mitoo inosimbisa nheyo dzakafara dzeBumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pokushandiswa kwenhau chaiko.

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo mhenyu vanotaura kuti uku kuchinjika kuri madikanwa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rirambe rakafanira uye richibudirira mukupedza zvinetso zvazvino uno. Vanoomerera kuti vagadziri vebumbiro remitemo vakanyora Bumbiro remitemo mumashoko akafara, anozivikanwa navose kubvumira chaizvoizvo kuchinjika kwenguva. Tsungiriro yeBumbiro remitemo, ivo vanotaura kudaro, inotsamira pasimba rayo rokutaura kuzvinofungwa nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe.

Vatsoropodzi vanorarama vebumbiro remitemo, zvisinei, vanotaura kuti rinopa vatongi uchenjeri hwakawanda zvikuru uye nenzira inobudirira rinobvumira kuchinja Bumbiro remitemo pasina kutevera mutoo wetsika. Kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo kwakarondedzerwa se "juristical justration, kuchinja ruvara nechimiro munhambo imwe neimwe". Vazivi vemavambo vanotaura kuti iyi nzira inoderedza kuzvidavirira kwehurumende nemitemo kupfurikidza nokuita kuti revo yemitemo itsive pane kutsamira pazvinodiwa nemitemo panzvimbo perugwaro rwepamutemo.

Kunyora mashoko

Kunyora mashoko irondedzero yokuti tinofanira kuturikira magwaro apamutemo, kubatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo, rakavakirwa parevowo zvayo yorugwaro. Mutsigiri wamashoko anofuratira zvinhu zviri kunze kworugwaro, zvakadai sechinetso mutemo uri kutaura nezvacho kana kuti izvo vagadziri vomutemo vangave vakarangarira.

Pasinei zvapo nechitendero chakakurumbira, hapana musiano pakati pekushandura kwapakuvamba nemagwaro. Vanyori vemavambo vanodudzira Bumbiro remitemo nerevo yaro yapakuvamba; vadudziri varapi vemitsetse nerevo dzayo dzapakuvamba. Mutoo mumwe chetewo, magwaro akasiana. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinowana misiano pakati peiyi mitoo, nemavara anonangidzira ngwariro zvikuru parevo yomutauro nerevo yapakuvamba inobatanidza mativi akapoteredza enhau akaregeredza.

Musiyano uri pakati pawo ndewokukura, kwete uzivi: Kududzira zvinyorwa zvechiJudha kunoreva zvakananga kududzira Bumbiro remitemo zvakavakirwa parevo yamashoko anotorwa panguva yokunyora, nepo mashoko akanyorwa achinongedzera kukududzira magwaro ose apamutemo nerevowo zvayo yorugwaro, achiisa parutivi zvinhu kwete murugwaro pacharwo. Zvose zvinosimbisa ukuru hworugwaro pamamwe manyuko anodudzirwa, asi angasiyana mukudisa kwazvo kurangarira mashoko enhau nenzwisiso.

Kutenga

Kutsvaka zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pamitemo kunoreva zvakawanda pane kuti zvairehwa nezvazvaireva kana kuti kushanda panguva imwe cheteko zvinobvunza kuti idambudziko ripi rakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa uye kududzira gadziriro yacho zvichienderana nechinangwa ichocho.

Vaongorori vanotaura kuti kunzwisisa chinangwa chomutauro webumbiro remitemo kunobvumira kududzira kune mufungo zvikuru uye kunotsinhirana kupfuura kungonangidzira ngwariro parevo yomutauro bedzi.

Vatsoropodzi vedzidziso dzenhema vanoti kunopa vatongi uchenjeri hwakawanda hwokusarudza zvinangwa zvakasiyana - siyana, zvichikwanisa kuvabvumira kusvika migumisiro yazvinodiwa.

Kuzvitutumadza

Vazivi vemitemo vanotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kufunga nezvemigumisiro chaiyo yenyika yezvisarudzo zvakasiyana - siyana zvinodudzirwa vosarudza dudziro dzinoguma nezvinoguma zvaitika kuvanhu.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoti kutsanangura mitemo inofanira kutungamirirwa nouchenjeri hunoshanda uye kuisa pfungwa pane kuomerera zvakasimba kunzira ipi neipi yokutsanangura nayo zvinhu.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kufungidzira kunopa kumanikidzirwa kusina kukwana pachisarudzo chokutonga uye kungabvumira vatongi kutsiva zvisarudzo zvavo vamene zvemitemo nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

Kurava Kwetsika Nemharidzo Dzouzivi

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo mukuwirirana nenheyo dzetsika dzakanakisisa nedzezvematongerwe enyika dzadzinogona kunzwisiswa kumunhu.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mutauro wakafara weBumbiro reMitemo (8) nhambo dzakafanana ne "dziviriro yakaenzana," "kufamba," uye "chirango nechirango chechienzi"" --inoreva kududzira tsika. Vanoomerera kuti vatongi vanofanira kududzira gadziriro idzi maererano nokunzwisisa kwakanakisisa kwenheyo dzetsika dzavanoratidzira, panzvimbo pokusungwa nezvishandiso zvenhau zvingaratidzira zvikanganiso zvetsika kana kuti ganhuriro.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti izvi zvinopa vatongi simba rakanyanya rokumanikidza pfungwa dzavo pachavo dzetsika uye zvinoderedza kuzvidzora kwehurumende.

Kurenda Mumuitiro: Zvirongwa zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kunzwisisa kuti pakuvamba kunoshanda sei mukushanda kunoda kunzvera kuti vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro vakashandisa sei mitoo yapakuvamba muzvinoitika chaizvoizvo.

Ruwa rweColumbia v. Heller

Murangariro woruzhinji weMutongi Scalia muRuwa rweColumbia v. Heller unoratidzira kushandiswa kwerevo yavanhu yapakuvamba mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Muchinoitika ichocho, Dare rairangarira kuti Dare reChipiri, serainzwisiswa pakuvamba navagariwo zvavo, rakadzivirira maruramiro omunhu mumwe nomumwe okubata pfuti nokuda kwokushandisa kwapachivande pasina kubatanidzwa nebasa mumauto.

Murangariro waMutongi Scalia wakanzvera manyuko akasiyana- siyana enhau kuti aone revo yavanhu yapakuvamba, kubatanidza maduramazwi aripo panguva yokuwanikwa uye gadziriro dzakafanana mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Murangariro unomirira muenzaniso werevo yavanhu yapakuvamba yavanhu, nokunzvera kukuru kwokushandiswa kwenhau namashoko emitemo.

Chisarudzo cheHeller chinoratidza zvose simba nedenho zvemiitiro yapakuvamba. Vatsigiri vakarumbidza kunzvera kwakakwana kwenhau kwenhau uye hwaro hwayo mumanyuko okuvamba. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti murangariro wacho wakanga unosarudza mukushandisa kwawo ufakazi hwenhau uye kuti vezvenhau vane mufungo vangagona kusvika mhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro perevo yeSecond Amendment.

Ruramisiro Yekare

Vatongi Antonin Scalia, Amy Coney Barrett, Clarence Thomas naNeil Gormoth vanozvirondedzera vamene savatangi mumanyoro ounyanzvi nehurukuro dzavose.

Mutongi Scalia, uyo akabatira muDare kubvira muna 1986 kusvikira parufu rwake muna 2016, akanga ari mutsigiri akatanhamara zvikurusa neanopesvedzera wedzidziso yepakuvamba. Mirangariro yake namanyoro zvakakurumbira mumiitiro yapakuvamba zvakapesvedzera chizvarwa chamagweta navatongi. Mutongi Thomas akakudziridza mutoo wake amene wapakuvamba wakasiana, kazhinji kazhinji achinyora zvakaparadzana kutsanangura kurangarira kwake kwapakuvamba kunyange pakukumbanira mirangariro mizhinji.

Vatongi Gormoth naBarrett vanomirira chizvarwa chitsva zvikuru chavatongi vapakuvamba. Kugadza kwavo kwakasimba pesvedzero yapakuvamba paDare uye kwakavimbisa kuti mutoo wapakuvamba uchapfuurira kuumba dudziro yebumbiro remitemo kwamakore anouya. Kuvapo kwavo paDare kwakaita kuti mavambo ave mutoo mukuru mukududzira muDare rapamberi pezvisarudzo renhau rapanguva ino.

Kupesvedzera Kwedzidziso Yokutanga Patsika Dzepamutemo

Pasinei zvapo nezvinonyorwa zvapakuvamba zvapanguva dzose, uye masangano anonyengetedza akawanda avarapi vazvo, panguva ino irondedzero hurusa yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo muUnited States Supreme Court. Pesvedzero yeChorst inotambanukira kupfuura vatongi vanozivisa zvakajeka savatangi, inotapura kuti ruramisiro dzose dzinosvika sei mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kunyange vatongi vasingazivi sevatangi vanowanzobatanidzwa nenharo dzapakuvamba noufakazi hwenhau mumirangariro yavo. Ukuru hwekunzvera kwapakuvamba hwakaita nzvero yenhau rutivi rwamagamuchidzanwa rwedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, pasinei zvapo nouzivi hunodudzira hwukuru hweruramisiro. Iyi chinjo inoratidzira budiriro yetsika dzapakuvamba mukuumba kurukurirano yebumbiro remitemo.

Misiyano Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Youmwari

Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvose zvakatanga zvatanga kuzivikanwa senzira yokududzira nayo zvinhu zvisina kwazvakarerekera, iripo mune zvematongerwe enyika uye mupfungwa dzinotevedzerwa dzinoumba kukura kwahwo nokushanda kwahwo.

Kutanga Nesangano Rapamutemo Rinotsinhirana

Kazhinji kazhinji, vanhu vanotsigira chiShona chezvamatongerwe enyika vane mipimo yetsika dzetsika. Vamwe vanodavira kuti tsika dzapakuvamba dzinofunga nezvenzira yokududzira nayo Bumbiro remitemo richadzivisa vatongi kuchinja mitemo pachevo vamene. Kubatana pakati pechiito chapakuvamba nechitengo chezvamatongerwe enyika kwave kuri rutivi rwekubudirira kwamazuva ano.

Uzivi hwokutanga hwakava nomukurumbira mukupera kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, huchiwirirana nepfungwa dzepamutemo dzinoomerera pane zvadziri uye kazhinji kazhinji hwakabatanidzwa nevatongi vakaita saAntonin Scalia.

Zvisinei, ukama pakati pechibvumirano chapakuvamba nevezvoutengi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakaoma uye hunopokanidzwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti uzivi hwapakuvamba, hunoshandiswa zvakafanira, hahusati huchitongotungamirira hahwo kumiuyo inowirirana. Vanoomerera kuti mutoo wapakuvamba hautsigiri mamiriro ezvinhu kunyange kana vatangi vazhinji vakava vasingatsigiri zvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhoroondo Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Gakava redzidziso yapakuvamba rakakamuranisa vanhu veAmerica chifo chechisarudzo chechikoro cheparation muBrown v. Board of Education. Mukuwirirana naCalvin Terbeek, chikumbiro choustrist munguva dzazvino uno chakasimba mukuramba kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwechisino kuBrown v. Board of Education Court nesholo kumutemo wamaruramiro avagari vemo.

Mutsigiri wesangano Sam Ervin akanga ari mutsigiri wapakuvamba wapakuvamba sezvo akashandisa rondedzero yacho kurwisana nemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo mukati mama 1960. iyi batano yenhau yakatungamirira vamwe vatsoropodzi kurangarira kuvamba nenyumwiro, vachikuona sounyanzvi hwokunzvera hwakakudziridzwa kudzivisa chinjo yenzanga inofambira mberi.

Vanodavira kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ekare vanobvuma kuti sangano iri rinoratidza kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemitoo yapakuvamba panzvimbo pezvinetso zvomumutoo wapakuvamba umene. Vanopikisa kuti kutendeutsa kwapakuvamba kwakafanira kungadai kwakatsigira mugumisiro muBrown v. Board of Education uye zvimwe zvisarudzo zvekodzero dzavagari vemo, nemhaka yokuti revo yapakuvamba ye 144th Amendment yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza.

Kudzidzisa Nokudzidza Nezvokutanga

Kurwisana nedzidziso yepakutanga kunoitwa nedzidziso yokuti vanhu vaikwanisa kuva nemitemo yepamutemo kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pomutemo, hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, uye kutsanangura kunopfuura dzidziso yepamutemo.

Mibvunzo Inokosha Yokuongorora

Paunenge uchidzidza nezvemashoko okutanga, mibvunzo mikuru yakawanda inogona kutungamirira pakuongorora uye kukurukura:

  • Chii chiri manyuko echiremera chebumbiro remitemo? Chiremera cheBumbiro reMitemo chinobva mukubvumira kwechizvarwa chakagadzwa, kana kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chine basa mukusarudza rerevo yebumbiro remitemo here?
  • [ Chii chinorambidza kushandisa mano okutonga?[[FLT: 1] Kutanga kunogona kuganhurira nenzira inobudirira mano avatongi okuisa mipimo yavo vamene, kana kuti kunongonyepedzera bedzi kukoshesa zvisarudzo seri kwenharo dzenhau here?
  • Tinofanira kudzikamisa sei kutsiga nokuchinja? revo yebumbiro remitemo inofanira kuramba yakatsiga kuti igovere dzikamo, kana kuti inofanira kuchinja kuti iwirirane nemigariro inochinja nezvinokosha here?
  • [ Ibasai rinofanira kuitwa? Vatongi vanofanira kunangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pakuziva revo yapakuvamba, kana kuti vanofanirawo kufunga miuyo inoshanda yedudziro dzavo here?
  • [ Zvinosvika sei parevo yenhau? Tinogona kuziva nenzira yakakotsekana kuti igadziriroi dzebumbiro remitemo dzakareva pakuvambwa, kana kuti chinyorwa chenhau hachina kukwana zvikuru uye chinokwikwidza here?

Zvinhu Zvinobatsira Kuti Tirambe Tichidzidza

Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanofarira kunzvera mavambo zvikuru vanogona kunzvera zviwanikwa zvakawanda. Constitution Center yeNational Center inogovera zvinhu zvedzidzo pakududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza zvinhu pamusoro pemitemo yapakuvamba uye dzimwe nzira. Conftictive Constitution's medict ine rondedzero dzinomirira mifungo yakasiana, inobvumira varavi kuenzanisa mirangariro yemavambo neyouzivi pamiitiro yakananga yebumbiro remitemo.

Magazini anonzvera akadai seHarvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, uye Stanford Law Review anowanzobudisa nyaya dzinokwikwidzana nedzidziso yapakuvamba nezvitsinhano zvayo. Aya mabhuku enyanzvi anogovera mukunzvera kwakadzama rondedzero yemavambo nokushanda kwayo kumibvunzo chaiyo yebumbiro remitemo. Zvikoro zvemitemo zvakawanda zvinochengetawo zvitengo zvepaIndaneti nenhevedzano yehurukuro dzinokurukura kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Mifungo yeDare rapamusorosoro imene inogovera manyuko makuru anokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti ustric hunoshanda sei mukushanda. Kurava mirangariro kupfurikidza navatongi vapakuvamba saScalia, Thomas, Gormoth, uye Barrett, pamwe chete nokusabvumirana navatongi vasiri vapakuvamba, kunozivisa misiano inoshanda pakati pemitoo yokududzira. Nhevedzano yedare reSango ye inogovera mifungo yose yapachena, ichiita kuti izvi zviwanike nyore kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi.

Zvirongwa Zvekirasi

Vadzidzisi vanogona kubetsera vadzidzi kupinda mudzidziso yapakuvamba kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana - siana. Kurovedza kweDare Rapamusoro reMock Kunobvumira vadzidzi kushandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana yokududzira nayo mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, kuzivisa kuti ruzivo rwemiuyo runotapura sei miuyo. Vadzidzi vanogona kugoverwa kuitisana nharo vachishandisa kurangarira kwemavambo, ipapo kuenzanisa zvibvumikiso zvavo neizvo zvakavakirwa pakuwirirana nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kumwe mitoo.

Zvirongwa zvokunzvera zvenhau zvinogona kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa denho dzokuwana revo yapakuvamba. Nokunzvera manyuko emavambo neasati anyorwa. “Manyuko, mashoko emitemo, nyaya dzenhau, uye nharo dzemapepanhau (nziyo) zvinogona kuva nezvinetso nezvinovhiringidza zvinobatanidzwa mukududzira kwepakuvamba. Uku kusvika kwamaoko kunoita kuti nharo dzemiitiro yendangariro dzive dzakajeka zvikuru uye dzinosvikika.

Vadzidzi vanogona kuongorora kuti vatongi vakasiyana - siyana vanosvika sei pamubvunzo mumwe chete uyu webumbiro remitemo, vachiziva basa rinoitwa nenyanzvi dzokududzira mashandiro adzo pakuumba mafungiro avo nemhedziso.

Nguva Yemberi Yokutanga

Sezvo dzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvakatanga kushanduka - shanduka uye zvichitarisana nematambudziko matsva, zvinhu zvakawanda zvingangoumba pfungwa dzazvo dzeramangwana uye kupesvedzera mutemo weAmerica.

Kugadziridza Nzira

Nyanzvi dzepakutanga dzinopfuurira kuvandudza uye kuvandudza nzira dzokutanga. Nharo dziri munzanga yevakatanga pamusoro pemanyuko akarurama nemitoo yokuziva nayo revo yapakuvamba sezvingabvira dzichapfuurira, zvichibvira zvichitungamirira kumisiyano mitsva yerondedzero yapakuvamba. Kutangwa kwemutemo wapakuvamba nemitoo yapakuvamba yapakuvamba kunoratidzira kuti mavambo anoramba ari mutoo une simba uye unochinja kududzira.

Kufambira mberi mumitoo yokunzvera yenhau uye michina yemichina kungagovera zvishandiso zvitsva nokuda kwedudziro yepakutanga. Kunyorwa kwemanyuko okuvamba evhu nenhamba dzemagwaro enhau zvinogona kupa nzwisiso itsva rerevo yapakuvamba. Kufambira mberi uku kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kungataura zvimwe zvinotsoropodza pamusoro pokuwanikwa uye kuvimbika kwouchapupu hwenhau.

Zvinetso Zvinobva Mumibvunzo Mitsva Yebumbiro Remitemo

Kuwedzera kwemichina yemagariro avanhu zvichapfuurira kuongorora kukwanisa kwekuvamba kupindura mibvunzo mitsva yebumbiro remitemo. Nhau dzinobatanidza ungwaru hwokugadzira, kuchinja kwemavara okugara nhaka, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kuvandika kwemichina dzinomutsa mibvunzo iyo chizvarwa chapakuvamba chaisagona kukarira. Magadzirirwe achaita zvinetso izvi achatapura zvikuru kuvimbika nepesvedzero zvemavambo.

Rubudiriro kana kuti kundikano yavazivi vapakuvamba kuiyi mibvunzo mitsva ingasarudza kana chitendero chapakuvamba chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chinodudzira mutoo wemitoo kana kuti kana mitoo yokutsiva ichiwana donzo. Kana mavambo achibvumikisa kuva akapfava zvakakwana kupedza zvinetso zvapanguva ino apo anoramba akatendeka kurevo yenhau, kungasimbisa chimiro chayo. Kana chikaratidzika kuva chakaoma zvikuru kana kuti chinoparira miuyo isingashandiki, tsigiro yemitoo yakasiana ingakura.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nenzanga

Revo youmwari ichaumbwawo nezvinoitika zvikuru zvezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga. Chinjo mukuvambwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro, kuchinja mumurangariro wavose pamusoro pebasa reDare, uye nhevedzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinochinja zvose zvichatapura utanhamari hwechinjo nepesvedzero. Ukama pakati pechirongwa chapakuvamba nechiteshi chezvamatongerwe enyika hungavapo sezvo zvizvarwa zvitsva zvavagwetagiwa navatongi zvinotanga kusvika kwavo vamene kukududzira kwemitemo.

Kunzwisiswa kwavose nokubatanidzwa nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo kungatapurawo chitendi chedzidziso yapakuvamba. Sezvo gakava pamusoro pedzidziso yapakuvamba rinofamba kupfuura kutaurirwa kwavose kwapamutemo kuva kwapamhene, zvimiro zvakakurumbira kumavambo zvingapesvedzera kutanga nokushandiswa kwazvo. Ukuru uhwo ustrist hunogona kuchengeta kuva hwapamutemo apo kutarisana nemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo inomutsa nharo zvichava zvinokosha kukubudirira kwahwo kwenguva refu.

Nharo Dzinopfuurira Nerevo Yadzo

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pedzidziso yokuti Dare Repamusorosoro rakatanga kuri kuramba kuchiumba zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro, unyanzvi hwepamutemo, uye hurukuro yavose pamusoro pomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Iyi haisi kurukurirano yedzidzo chete, asi ine migumisiro chaiyoiyo yokuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinonzwisiswa ndokudzivirirwa sei, kuti masimba ehurumende anogoverwa sei uye anoganhurirwa, uye kuti Bumbiro Remitemo rinochinjirwa sei (kana kuti rinokundikana sei kuchinjira) kumigariro inochinja.

Vatsigiri vanoona kutenderwa kwapakuvamba sedziviriro pamitemo inotonga youdzvinyiriri uye mutoo wokuchengeta nawo udzori hwehurumende. Vanopikisa kuti uzivi hwapakuvamba hunoremekedza Bumbiro remitemo somutemo panzvimbo pokuribata sechisaririra chisina chinhu nokuda kwokuita muitiro wokutonga. Kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira kutongwa nokuda kuvimbika kurugwaro nenhau zvemitemo, mavambo echitendero anotsvaka kuchengeta mutemo uye kudzivisa vatongi kuisa zvido zvavo zvomunhu oga parudzi.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kudavira pakuvamba kunogona kuva kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwenzanga inochinja uye kungakundikana kudzivirira maruramiro netsika izvo zvakaoneka chifo chokuvamba. Vanopikisa kuti kutaura kwepakuvamba kwokudzvinyirira kuisa chisarudzo chokutonga kunonyanyoziviswa uye kuti vatongi vapakuvamba vanoshandisa uchenjeri hunokosha mukusarudza nokududzira manyuko enhau. Vatsoropodziwo vanonetseka kuti kudavira pakuvamba kungabatanidza kusaruramisira kwenhau uye kunodzivisa Bumbiro remitemo kusawirirana nedenho dzazvino uno.

Kunzwisisa iyi mirangariro inokwikwidzana kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo zvakafanana sezvavanonzvera hwaro hwomutemo weAmerica nemhindumupindu inopfuurira yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo.

Panzvimbo pokurangarira gakava pamusoro pekuvamba sechisarudzo chakapfava pakati penzira dzakarurama nedzakaipa, kungava kunobudirira zvikuru kuziva kuti mitoo yakasiana - siana yokududzira inoratidzira mipimo yakasiana nenzvimbo yokutanga. Kufunga kunosimbisa dzikamo, kuva noumhizha hwehurumende inotonga. Kumwe kurangarira kunosimbisa kuchinjika, fambiro mberi yetsika, uye mano eBumbiro remitemo okukurukura zvinodikanwa zvenguva ino. Kukakavadzana pakati peiyi mirangariro kunoratidzira kusagadzikana kunopfuurira muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uko kusingabviri kugona kupedzwa zvizere.

Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro rinopfuurira kupindura mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo, gakava pamusoro pedzidziso yapakuvamba richaramba riri chinhu chikuru kuhurukuro yapamutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Kana munhu achibatanidza kuvamba, achiramba, kana kuti achitsvaka hwaro hwapakati, achibatanidzwa zvakakomba nezvibvumikiso zvapakuvamba uye kurangarira kwavo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa mutemo webumbiro remitemo wenguva imwe cheteyo. Kuva pamutemo kwemavambo segadziriro yemiitiro yetsika kuchapfuurira kukurukurwa, kuedzwa, uye kunatswa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwavadzidzisi, kushanda kwedare, uye hurukuro yavose.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofunda mutemo webumbiro remitemo, gakava pamusoro pedzidziso yapakuvamba rinopa purofiti mumibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pedudziro yapamutemo, simba rokutonga, uye murairo unodzora. Kupfurikidza nokurwisana neiyi mibvunzo, vadzidzi vanokudziridza unyanzvi hwokufunga hwakakomba uye nzwisiso huru yemashandire anoita mutemo munzanga yedemocracy. Gakava pamusoro petsika dzapakuvamba nokudaro rinobatira kwete bedzi senhau yefundo asiwo semotokari yokuongorora mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pomutemo, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye ruramisiro izvo zvinova zvinokosha nhasi sezvazvakanga zvakaita pakutanga.