Murangariro wecheki nedzikamo ibwe rekona reUnited States Constitution, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende kuunganidza simba risina kudzorwa. Yakavakirwa muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweMontesquieu uye yakanatswa naVavambi, iyi gadziriro inokamuranisa chiremera pakati pechibvumirano chemitemo, dare, uye mapazu edare. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiana, asi rinewo mano okuganhurira mabasa avamwe. Iyi rondedzero inova nechokwadi chokuti utongi hunoramba huchibatira pamwe, hunozvidavirira, uye hunodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Kunzwisisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinonzvera sei dzimwe rusununguko runokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa simba rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu veAmerica.

Bazu Romutemo: Dare Sebazu Rokutanga

Bazu remitemo, rinoumbwa zvikurukuru neCongress, rine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Rine makamuri maviri: Dare neImba yavamiririri. Iri chivako chamazamul rinoshanda secherekedzo yomukati, sezvo dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzichifanira kubvumirana pamutemo isati yagona kutumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Kupfuura, Congress inoshandisa zvishandiso zvine simba zvinoverengeka kunzvera mapazu evakuru vakuru navatongi.

Dzivisa Vetoes

Purezidhendi angapa mari ipi neipi inopfuudzwa neCongress, asi kuti veto haisati iri yakakwana. Dare rinogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri zvevoti muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare. Ikoku kunoda kuvhota kukurusa, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuita asi kunobvira apo kunenge kune chibvumirano chakasimba. Kudzora kwenhau hakuwanzoitiki asi kunokosha, zvakadai sokuva mukuru mukuru wePrezidhendi Andrew Johnson’s as afoto weChirekosodo cha Civil Act ye 18666, uko kwakabetsera kuvamba kodzero dzevagari veAfrica.

Kushandisa Simba Rinoenderana Nezvatinoda

Imba yavamiriri ine simba rimwe chete rokubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi wehurumende, Mutongi weSanihedrini, uye vatongi. Kutonga kwakafanana nokupa mhaka. Ipapo Dare rinotonga, nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokupfimbwa nokubviswa pahofisi. Muitiro uyu wave uchishandiswa mukurwisana naMapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump (murwi), kunyange zvazvo pasina Purezidhendi akawanwa ane mhaka. Simba rinobatira soudzori mumitemo mukunzvera kushandiswa zvisina kufanira simba, uori, kana kuti mhaka huru.

Kusimbiswa Kwezvirongwa Zvokuroorana

Dare rinofanira kusimbisa vazhinji vemifungo yaPurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yeCabinet, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume. Iri basa “kubvuma nokubvuma” rinobvumira Dare kunzvera zvikwaniriso zvavada kuwirirana nekombamiro dzezvematongerwe enyika. Muitiro wokusimbisa unogona kuva unokakavara, sezvinoonwa muhondo dzinorebesa paDare gurusa dzakadai saRobert Bork muna 1987 uye Brett Kavanough muna 2018. Kupfurikidza nokuramba kana kuti kunonotsa, Dare rinogona kuumba nhungamiro yamapazu edare rapamusoro namapazu okutonga.

Kudzora Kushandisa Mari

Dare rine simba rechikwama chacho(*) rinobvumira mari yose nemitero yehurumende. Ikoku kunopa bazu remitemo simba guru pamusoro pebazu rinotungamirira. Pasina approprition, masangano anotungamirira haagoni kushanda nenzira inobudirira. Kana Purezidhendi akaramba kushandisa mari senhungamiro yeCongress, Congress anogona kushandisa masimba ayo okutarisira kuraira kuteererwa. Kukakavadzana kwebhara remari kwakatungamirira kukudzima kwehurumende, sekwakaitika muna 2013 na20182019, kuratidzira ukuremu hwechekero iyi.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Congress ine chiremera chokunzvera bazu guru ndokuchengeta. Matare akamira nguva dzose magwaro echiputu chetsono uye kudana zvapupu kunzvera kupedzerwa kwemiitiro, kunzi kusazvibata, kana kuti tsvina. Mienzaniso yeHigh neprofile inobatanidza kutongwa kweWatergate, kunzvera kweIran-Kontate, uye dare rechi6 raJanuary. Kuziva kunovimbisa kujeka nokuzvidavirira, kumanikidza mukuru mukuru kururamisa zviito zvake.

“ Kuunganidzwa kwemasimba ose, emitemo, ehurumende, uye ematare edzimhosva mumaoko mamwe chetewo... kunganzi nenzira yakarurama irondedzero chaiyo youdzvinyiriri. ” — James Madison, Federalist N. 47

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Hurukuro Souremu Hunorwisa

Masimba aPurezidhendi ane simba rakakura, asi anoongororwa neCongress nedare rinodzora zvinenge zvichiongororwa nebazi guru zvinosanganisira macheki evhu, zvirevo zvevakuru vakuru, kugadza, uye kuchengetedza.

Simba reVeto

Purezidhendi anogona kuramba mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, uchidzivisa kuva mutemo kutoti kwasanaka. Iri simba rinomanikidza kuti rirangarire zvinoiswa pakutanga zvaPurezidhendi ndokutaurirana. Kune marudzi maviri ezvikwereti: vhato yenguva dzose, inodzosera bhirikiti kuCongress, uye dare rehomwe, rinoitika apo Purezidhendi asingaiti chiito mukati mamazuva gumi apo Congress anenge achipoteswa, achiuraya nenzira inobudirira. Vamwe vatongi vehurumende vane mutsetse wezvinhu zvinoiswamo, asi Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga kuti muganhu wemubatanidzwa wechinhu chinonzi congresscinet ungava wakasarukitotiotiotati ([[FL:]]).Clinton City of New York York,[FLK: [F1]

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri

Mapurezidhendi anogona kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vatungamirire masangano ehurumende mukushandisa mitemo kana kuti kuita muitiro. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo nokuda kwebazu guru asi inofanira kudzikamiswa muchiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo. Mirairo yeGuru inogona kudenhwa mudare kana kuti kudzorwa nomutemo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Service Order 9066, iyo yakabvumira Japann internement mukati meHondo yeNyika II, gare gare gare yakashurikidzwa zvikuru uye kudzorwa kuSakaro reSimende Gurukota Guru. Mutungamiriri weSangano raBack Obama anogona kudzorwa kwemiramira pamitemo yokutama yakavharwa norutivi nedare rehurumende.

Kugadzwa kwaVatongi

Purezidhendi anonangidzira vatongi vose vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare repamusorosoro. Simba iri rinobvumira Purezidhendi kuumba mutongi kwemakumi emakore, sezvo kugadza kwokutonga kuri kwenduramo yose. Minenese inova musengwa wesimbi, ichiita nzvero yakananga nebazu remitemo. judicary, inogonawo kunzvera Purezidhendi kupfurikidza nokutonga kuti zviito zvechiremera hazviwirirani. Muitiro wokugadza nokudaro unoparira gadziriro inoumbwa yeganhuriro yemitemo.

Masimba Okumwe Namakurukota

Purezidhendi anoshanda semukuru mukuru wemauto ehondo uye mufambiro wedzimwe nyika, kubatanidza kuita zvibvumirano (nezano reDare nebvumirano) uye kuziva hurumende dzokumwe. Zvisinei, Congress bedzi inogona kuzivisa hondo ndokutsigira mauto. Uku kunyanduka kwakatungamirira kurwisano pamasimba ehondo, zvakadai sehondo yeVietnam nepindiso ya 2011 muLibya. War Powers Resolution yeGasaiam ya1973 kupfurikidza nokuraira Purezidhendi kuti azivise chibvumirano mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto uye kuti adzoke mauto pashure pamazuva 60 kana Congress akasabvumira chiito chinopfuurira.

Simba rePardon

Purezidhendi ane simba rokukanganwira mhaka dzehurumende, kunze kwezvinoitika zvokusatendera. Iri simba rinoshanda secherekedzo padare remitemo kupfurikidza nokubvumira Purezidhendi kukurira zvitendero kana kuti mitsetse yapashure. Hurukuro dzinoregerera, dzakadai saPrezidhendi Gerald Ford anoregerera Richard Nixon naPrezidhendi Donald Trump, kukanganwira kwamasimba ezvamatongerwe enyika, kuenzanisira ukuru hwechiremera ichi. Nepo simba reregeredzo risingadzorwi zvikuru, rinodzorwa kumurangariro wapachena nemiuyo inobvira yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Bazu Rokutonga: Dare Rapamusorosa soMutongi

Bazu redare, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, matare anogona kupedza zviito navose vari vaviri vamapazu emitemo navakuru vakuru.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Simba rehwirudzuro yedare rakatangwa mumhaka yechiratidzo Madison (1803). Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akazivisa kuti ibasa redhipatimendi rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo chii, uye kana mutemo ukaputsa Bumbiro remitemo, Dare rinofanira kurova. Iyi nhau yakagadza muenzaniso wematare ehurumende kuti apedze kusanyorwa kwemitemo. Chifocho, Dare Gurusa raparadza mazana emitemo nemitemo yehurumende, kubatanidza mutemo muNew Aretalment mu1930s uye programme-me-mote muna 1998.

Kududzirwa Kwemitemo

Matare ose anorondedzera mirau, mirau yemitengo, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kuva nemiuyo yakapararira pamuitiro. Somuenzaniso, kududzira kweDare rapamusorosa Claus yeChongedzero yeChommerce Claus mu Wickard v. Filburn (42)[FLT]] yakakudza simba rehurumende rekudzora, nepo dzimwe nguva zviitiko zvakawanda zvenguva pfupi zvakadai se National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebel ( akaganhurira muganhu wesimba reCongress pasi peSault Claus. Darewokududzira rerevo revolution remist, pane dzimwe nguva kusarudza miuyo iyo Kressverisonce yaisa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Dare rinodzorwa namaruramiro avanhu anopesana nehurumende. Munhau dzakadai se Brown v. Board of Education (11954), Manda v. Arizona [196], , uye Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], Dare rapamusoro rakamanikidzira dziviriro dzemitemo nokuda kwokuenzana, muitiro wakafanira, uye kuva woganhuro. Izvi zvisarudzo pane dzimwe nguva zvinorwisana nezvinodiwa nemitemo kana kuti mapazu evakuru, asi kutongwa kweDare rinotonga kunze kwokupunzika nokudzorwa kwedare rehurumende kana kuti kutevedzerwa.

Nzvero Pasimba Romutemo

Congress haigoni kuisa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Dare rinosarudza kana mutemo uchipfuura chiremera chedare kana kuti uchidzorwa pakodzero. Somuenzaniso, Dare rakaputsa mitemo inodzora kuva nepfuti pedyo nezvikoro ( United States v. Lopez, 1995) uye gadziriro dzeRhamo Runorwisana navakadzi ( United States v. Morrison[FL:3], 2000] sesimba rakakwirira reCerresciation.

Nzvero Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Dare rinoganhurirawo zviito zvokutungamirira. Dare rinogona kuvhara mirairo yavakuru vakuru inopfuura chiremera chemitemo kana kuti kuputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Mu vaduku vamatown Sheep & Tube. Co. Saayer[ (1952], Dare Guer rapambwa naPrezidenti Truman rinoputsa murayiro wesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare rakahwirudzudzazve kupfigirwa paGuantanamo Bay, richitonga kuti vatabhendi vane kodzero dzechi ([FLTB]][FLT]] Bhoumedienquee. [FLT]]]], 2008, izvi zvisarudzo izvo Purezidenti haana kuva nemasimba ekurumidzira.)

Kupindira Pakati Pemapazi: Gadziriro Inoita Kuti Zvinhu Zvifambe

Kubatana pakati pamapazu matatu kunoparira dzikamo inopfuurira inochinja simba. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kubatira pamwe kuti ritonge nenzira inobudirira, asi kusawirirana muumbi kunowanzotungamirira kurwisano nekurukurirano. Uku kubatana kunoratidzira kushanda chaikoiko kwenyika kwechekedzo nedzikamo.

Kupindira Kwomutemo

Congress naPrezidenti kazhinji kazhinji vanobatira pamwe kuti vape mitemo, asi kusawirirana kunogona kutungamirira kukupfuudzira nokukunda. Muitiro wemari yegore negore unopedzisa uku kuoma. Purezidhendi anokarakadza bhajeti, asi Congress inoibatanidza kupfurikidza nemari yezvibvumirano. Kana Purezidhendi akatyisidzira kumira, kurukurirano dzinotevera. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kudzorwa kwechisarudzo, iomnibuss kupedza zvikwereti, uye kumisa. Mukuwedzera, bazu rebazu rinofanira kushandisa mitemo seyakanyorwa, asi rine uchenjeri mukuchengeta murairo.

Kupindira Kwokutonga

Bazu guru rinomanikidzira zvirango zvokutonga, asi rinopesvedzerawo vatongi kupfurikidza nokugadza. Mapurezidhendi angabatanidza vatongi vanowirirana nouzivi hwavo hwepamutemo, nokudaro vachiumba kududzira kwomunguva yemberi kwebumbiro remitemo. Dare Gurusa, zvisinei, rinogona kukurira zviito zvevakuru vakuru, sezvakwakaita naPrezidhendi Trump kurambidzwa kwerwendo mu trump v. Hawaii (2017) (kunyange Dare pakupedzisira rakatsigira shanduro yakagadziridzwa). Chikomborero chaPurezidhendi chaMarisa weProjeta yekurukurirano yomukati yemo.[1] Chitendero chakaitwa kuti chizivirwe muzvinoitika [[FLT] United States v[FFFFFF][FFF][3][9]

Kupindira Kwokutonga Nemutemo

Congress inogona kupindura kukutonga munzira dzinoverengeka. Inogona kukarakadza kugadziridza kwebumbiro-mitemo kuti ipedze zvisarudzo, zvakadai sePramendence yechi11 (kuchinja ] Georgia) uye Georganism (Kuchinja Dred Scott v. Sandford). Zvinowanzova, Congress inogona kupfuudza mutemo mutsva kuti igadzirise muuyo wokutonga kwedare, sezvakwakaita neChiito cheRevolution yoRugare rwa 1993 pashure penhau yapamberi yeDare gurusa] [FLTs. [FLT]] [FLT] [FFFFF:] [5] [1990]) inongogonawo kuchinja simba remitemo yedare, kunyange zvazvo yakaita nedare gurusa risingagoni kubvisa dare rapakuvamba.

Kuparadzana Kwemasimba Kuchiitwa: Mienzaniso Inokosha

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvinokosha zvinoratidza kuongorora uye kudzikamisa kuri kuitwa:

  • New Deact Crisis (1930s): Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt akakarakadza mutemo wemari wakakomba, uyo Dare Gurusa rakarova serisiri rehurumende. Roosevelt rakapindura ne “chikarakadzo chedare redare kuti riwedzere ruramisiro, iyo Congress yakaramba. Iyi pakupedzisira yakatungamirira ku “kunzvenga munguva yakaponesa pfumbamwe,” sezvo Dare rakavamba kutsigira mitemo mitsva yeSangano, richiratidzira dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika pakuzvimirira kwomutemo.
  • Watergate (1973-1974): Congress yakanzvera kubatanidzwa kwevatarisiri veNixon mumepu yeWatergate. Dare Rapamusoro rakaraira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa makaseti akarekodwa, kuchitungamirira kukurega kwake basa. Muitiro weRemouse wakanga uri nzvero yakananga yewiro pasimba revakuru vakuru.
  • Act yeAffordble Care (202): Congress yakapasa ACA muna 2010. Zvinetso zvapamutemo zvakawanda zvakasvika kuDare Rapamusorosoro, iro rakatsigira murairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe sewedzero yomutero asi yakaganhurirwa. Mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika ipapo akashandura mativi omutemo mukupindura dare.
  • Chipo chePiviletive and Congregation Oversal (2029-2020): Mukati mokupindwa kwaPrezidhendi Donald Trump, bazu guru rakaramba kuwirirana namapureya anobva kuImba, rinosimbisa ropafadzo yehurumende. Matare pakupedzisira akatonga kuti aichimbova muvambi weWhite House Don McGahn anofanira kupupurira, achisimbisazve chiremera choutariri hweDare.

Tsika Dzinotevedzerwa: Mushandi Wemadhipatimendi Nhamba 5

James Madison, muFederalist No. 51, akajekesa nenzira yakakurumbira kudikanwa kwechekero nedzikamo: “Kuda chinzvimbo kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa gwinyiro.” Akatsigira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nechido charo rimene uye rinofanira kutsamira zvishoma sezvinobvira pane mamwe. Bumbiro remitemo rinoparadzira masimba kuitira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rigovere cheki pane mamwe maviri, richidzivisa udzvinyiriri. Madison akacherekedza zvakananga kuti bazu remitemo ndiro rine simba zvikurusa uye naizvozvo rinofanira kusimudzirwa mudzimba mbiri uye kuongororwa nedare revakuru vakuru.

“ Kudai vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. kudai ngirozi dzaitonga vanhu, kusava nokudzora kwehurumende kwokunze kana kuti kwomukati kwaizova kuri madikanwa. ” — James Madison, Federalst No. 51

Iyi nzwisiso inoramba iri chinhu chikuru kukunzwisisa chikonzero nei vavambi vakavaka gadziriro yezviremera zvinowirirana. Mapazu emitemo, ezvokutonga, uye edare rimwe nerimwe ane masimba akaparadzana asi anobatana. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi, asi Dare rinovasimbisa; Congress anoumba mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuisa; vadudziri mitemo, asi Congress vanogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa. Idzi tsinhirano dzinobvisa simba uye dzinoda batira pamwe mumapazu ose, nepo dzichichengeta kuzvimirira kwehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvava Kusangana Nazvo

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo hadzina kusinorodzwa. Vamwe vanotaura kuti inogona kutungamirira kurumano, zvikurukuru munhambo dzehurumende yakakamukana, umo boka rimwe rinodzora kuva sachigaro uye rimwe rinodzora dzimba imwe kana kuti dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress. Ikoku kunogona kuguma nokunonozeka kugadzwa, kuvharwa kwehurumende, uye kusakwanisa kupedza nhau dzenyika. Vamwe vanopikisana kuti kuwedzera kwesimba rechiremera kupfurikidza nemirairo yevakuru vakuru uye chiito chisina kuva chapamutemo zvakasekesa chiyero chakarongwa. Kumuka kwamasangano ehurumende kunowanzodanwa kuti “bazi rechina." [5]

Asi gadziriro yacho yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba. matare anopfuurira kuganhuriro dzamapurisa, Congress anochengeta simba rechikwama nokutarisira, uye Purezidhendi anogona kungoita nenzira yakasimba mumigariro inokurumidzira, yakananga kupfurikidza nenhambo yapashure.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo inokosha mukuchengeta hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoremekedza kutonga kwomutemo uye inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti dzikamo yemitemo, vatarisiri, uye mapazu okutonga inogona kuganhurira masimba omumwe nomumwe, Constitution inokurudzira kuzvidavirira, kurangarira, uye rusununguko. Kubva kukuvamba nokusarondwa kwejekesera nokudzorwa kwemari kunoitwa negadziriro yezvokutonga, bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa zvishandiso zvakasiyana zvinochengetedza. Kunzwisisa iri dzikamo inokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo mumwe nomumwe, sezvari kusimbisa ukoshinganira kuva nomuchengetedzo wokungwarira wenheyo yemitemo yemitemo. Nyanzvi dzavavambi dziri mukuita hurumende yakakwana asi mukugadzira gadziriro inochinjika nokudzora simba nguva dzose kupfurikidza namapazu.