Revo Yakajeka Yokuenzana Mumutemo

Nheyo yokuenzana pamberi pomutemo inopfuura kutaura kwapamutemo; inzvimbo inovakwa nzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzapamutemo. Pachinhu chayo chakapfava, inoreva kuti munhu ari wose (‘angava musoro wehurumende kana kuti mugari wemo asingazivikanwi) anozviisa pasi pemitemo imwe cheteyo uye ane chiremera chimwe chetecho chepamutemo. Hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo, uye hapana munhu ari pasi pawo. Iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti ruramisiro haitsamiri papfuma yomunhu, dzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo inoziviswa zvizere, pamberi pezvivimbo zvemitemo zvokuti vanhu vose vanogona kutsvaka kudzorerwa mumatare, kunzwiwa pasina kusarura, uye kurangwa kana kuti kurapwa kunowirirana naavo vanoshandiswa mumigariro yakafanana. Pasi penheyo ino inovimbisa, gadziriro yose yetsika inorasikirwa nechiremera chapamutemo uye inoshatapukira pamutemo.

Bva mashoko okuti “kuenzana pamberi pomutemo” kazhinji kazhinji anofukidza kusawirirana kukuru. Uku ndiko kurangarira kwapamutemo munhu ari wose chaizvoizvo zvakafanana ne(8) dzimwe nguva kunogona kuparira miuyo isina kururama apo vanhu vanotanga munzvimbo dzakasiyana zvikuru. Mutemo unorambidza kusawirirana, somuenzaniso, unoshanda zvakaenzana kumunhu asina musha uye mukuru mukuru mukuru akapfuma, asi miuyo inoshanda iri kure nokuenzana. Ndicho chikonzero nei mufungo wazvino uno wapamutemo uchisiyanisa pakati pouenzani hwetsika nohumwe hunowirirana, kubvumwa kwokupedzisira kubvumwa kuti kubatwa kwakafanana kungaita kuti kusaenzana kuve kwakarevesa kana kusakwakwakwa kwegadziriro yemiitiro kusati kwataurwa. Kunzwisisa uyu musiyano kunokosha kunzwisisa icho mutemo unoda zvamazvirokwazvo munzanga yakaoma, yakasiyana - siyana.

Kuenzana Kwepamutemo Kunotora Nguva Refu: Kubva Pakupesana Kusvika Pakujekeswa

Pfungwa yokuti mutemo unofanira kushanda zvakafanana kumitezo yose yenzanga ndeyakare, asi kushanda kwawo kunoshanda kwave kusina kufanira nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa yomunhu. Mumitemo yapakuvamba yakadai seKiratiko yaHammurabi (c. 1754 BCE), zvirango zvakasiana zvikuru neboka renzanga (aa akakwirira uyo akapofumadza munhuwo zvake akabhadhara faindi, nepo munhuwo zvake akapofumadza munhu akakurumbira aigona kuurawa. Matafura ane gumi namaviri eRoma (c. 450 BCE) akaita nhano duku mberi kupfurikidza nokubudisa mitemo pachena, achiaita kuti asvikire kuvagari vemunzanga avo vaichimbova pasi pemitemo yapachivande yechiremera chapachivande. Bva muRoma, kuenzanidzwa kwapamutemo kwaichengeterwa vagari vemoka, kwete varanda kana kuti vatorwa.

Kusvetuka kukurusa kwakauya neMagna Carta muna 1215. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji yakaratidzirwa, chikumbiro chayo chikuru — chokuti mambo weEngland aisagona kuisa musungwa vanhu nenzira yapamutemo pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.(____) akagadzira mbeu yaizokura kwamazana amakore. Claus 39 na40 akazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kubatwa, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kurambidzwa “kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika,” uye kuti ruramisiro iyoyo haisati yaigona kutengeswa, kurambwa, kana kuti kunonotswa. Iyi mitsetse yakanga isiri pakuvamba ku “vanhu vakasununguka,” vashomanene muEngland inorwisana), asi ivo vakatanga nheyo yokuchinja yokuti mutongi amene akanga akasungwa nomutemo.

Vazivi vakajekeswa vakakudza pfungwa yacho. John Locke akataura kuti mumugariro wechisiko, varume vose vakanga vakaenzana uye vakasununguka, uye hurumende iyoyo yapamutemo yaida kubvumiranwa kweAmerican Declaration of Independence pasi pemitemo inozivikanwa, ine mira. Baron de Montesquieu akasimbisa kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba sedziviriro pakutonga kwounyengeri. Jean-Jacques Rousseau akasimbirira kuti mutemo unofanira kutaura wogaro, woga woga woga uye kushandisa zvakaenzana. Iyi mifungo yakaumba zvakananga American Declation of Independence (“varume vose vakasikwa vakaenzana” uye Gwaraclation of Man neous (Acicle 1: maruramiro enzanga akaberekwa uye anoramba maruramiro akaenzana”. Mazana ane gumi namakumi amakore 20 akaona izvi zvichiedzwa uye zvichikura kupfurikidza namasangano echikadzi, kurwisana kwekodzero dzoruzhinji, uye kurwisa maruramiro echipfumbi, anoverengwa muganhu chimwe chepamutemo. “pamberino.

Kuenzana Mutemo Usati Wavapo Mumutemo Wenyika Dzakawanda Wazvino Uno

Nhasi, kuenzana pamberi pomutemo kunosimbiswa munenge muchishandiso chikuru chimwe nechimwe chekodzero dzevanhu.Chikamu 7 cheUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) chinoti: “Vose vakaenzana pamberi pomutemo uye vane kodzero dzisina rusaruro rwakaenzana kudziviriro yakaenzana yomutemo.” International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), iyo inosunga pamapoka 173 ehurumende, inoenderera mberi muChikamu 14, ichivimbisa chinzwano pamberi pematare nematare. Zvishandiso zveruwa zvakadai seEuropean Convention on Human Rights neAmerican Convention on Human Rights Convention on Human Rights (ICR), zvinosimbisa nheyo imwe cheteyo.

Zvibvumirano izvi hazvingodzokorori zvakaenzana; zvinogadzira misengwa yekongiri nokuda kwehurumende. Zviratidzo zvinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti gadziriro dzazvo dzokutonga dzinowanika, hadzisaruri, uye hadzisaruri. Zvinofanirawo kuita nhano dzakasimba kubvisa mhinganidzo dzinodzivisa mapoka akaganhurirwa kufarikanya chimiro chakaenzana chapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, Dare reHuman Rights rakadudzira Chikamu 26 cheICPR kuti ride kuti nyika dzidzivise rusaruro mumutemo nomuitiro zvose zviri zviviri, uye kutora matanho okurega kana kuri madikanwa kuwana kuva nomwero. rugwaro rwakazara rweICPP[FFF:1] runowarira nokuda kwenongedzero.

Mhinganidzo Dzegadziriro: Musiyano Pakati Pezvakanaka Nechokwadi

Pasinei nokuumbwa kwemitemo kwakasimba, mamiriyoni evanhu haakwanisi kuwana kuenzana kwemitemo isati yatemwa.

Kusaenzana Kwenzanga Nekuwana Ruramisiro

Pfuma ndiyo inotema kunaka kwemimiririri yepamutemo, uye kumirira kunowanzoita migumisiro. Nzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti vakwirirwi vakaderera vanowana mitongo yakakomba, sezvingabvira zvikuru vachasungwa dare risati raitwa, uye vangasawana pomero kana kuti kuderedzwa. Munyaya dzechizvarwa, kushayikwa kwebetsero yepamutemo yapamutemo inoreva kuti kakavadzano pamusoro pedzimba, chikwereti, maruramiro okuchengeta mwana, uye betsero dzinogara dzinogamuchidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinopedzwa pasina mutsigiriri upi noupi. American Bar Association’s mushumo 2023] wakawana kuti dzinopfuura 80% dzezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvevagari veAmerica vanowana zvinogamuchirwa zvapamutemo zvinoenda kupfuvura. Kana ruramisiro ichida mari, haisati iri ruramisiro.

Kubatana Kwedzinza Nedzinza Mutsika Namatare

Urudzi hwemiitiro inoshatisa mwero uri wose wegadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi. MuUnited States, Matema anogara muAmerica anoiswa mujeri kanopeta kashanu mwero wevachena veAmerica, pasinei zvapo nemwero yakafanana yokushandiswa kwemirimo. Zvidzidzo zvokusarudza vatongi, kubhadharira zvisarudzo, uye kuranga zvirango zvinoramba zvichiratidzira kusawirirana kusingabviri kupfurikidza nemitengo youtsotsi yoga. Kushandiswa kwemitengo yengozi mudzimwe nyika mudzimwe nyika kwakaratidzirwa kufungira mano akaipa edzinza, vacheri vanyorwi veBlack sengozi huru kupfuura vapomericistssssssss nemifananidzo youtsotsi yakafanana. Miitiro yakafanana iripo muEurope inopfuura miganhuro yeRoma kusarura muganhu yemaganda muAsia. [FLT] Justicerictic [FFlation]

Rusaruraganda Nekusaenzana Kwepamutemo

Vakadzi naLGBTQ+ vanhu vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzakananga. Mumiitiro yakawanda yapamutemo, mitemo inodzora roorano, chatanuro, nhaka, uye masimba masimba omumba achiri kuratidzira fungidziro dzamadzitateguru. Kunyange uko mitemo iri yapamutemo yevatano yevatano nemubatanidzwa wevatano, kumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunoderera. Mitengo yevatano, somuenzaniso, ine mwero yakaderera zvikuru yepwisvis dzinoparirwa nyajambwa, mitemo inoregeredza inotendera vakwidzwa, uye kusawirirana nemitemo yomutemo. Vanhu vanoisa vanhu vamwe navamwe kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokubatwa kune utsinye mumatare namajeri, uye vangawana kuti mapepa anozivisa haawirirani anozivikanwa, achiparira pamutemo [[FLT:] basa ravakadzi vapamutemo [FLD]

Kuenzana: Chikamu Chiri Kushayikwa

Masangano mazhinji apamutemo zvino anoziva kuti kubata kwakaenzana mumirau yakafanana kunogona kupfuuridzira kusaenzana. Uku kuzivikanwa kwakaparira mufungo wokuenzana kusingachinjiki: pfungwa yokuti mutemo unofanira kuparira mhinganidzo dzenhau nemhinganidzo dzokuvaka. Somuenzaniso, kugovera vaturikiri nokuda kwavatauri vasiri veEngland mudare, kubvumira gadziriro inochinjika nokuda kwavabereki, kana kuti kubvisa zvitendero zvishomanene pamitemo yakati hazvisi nyasha chaidzoidzo.

Matare pane dzimwe nguva akabvumirana nouyu mutoo. Dare Rapamusoro-soro reCanada, muna 1989 Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia chisarudzo, chakatonga kuti kuva akaenzana pasi peCanadian Charter of Rights neFreedoms kunoreva zvinopfuura kubatwa zvakafanana; kunoda kuti mitemo isatsigire kana kuti kuisa ganhuriro. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare reMitemo reSouth Africa radudzira kuenzanirana kuenzana kuraira kuenzana kwavose uye kuenzana, kurangarira kuti mazana amakore edzvinyiriro inorongwa haagoni kubviswa nokungozivisa munhu ari wose zvake. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinomirira chiono chakatete, chakakura chokuenzana, chakakura.

Kuchinja Kunoshanda: Kusimbisa Kuenzana Pamberi Pomutemo

Kuvhara musiyano pakati penheyo nokushandisa kunoda kuchinja kwamaune, kwakavakirwa paufakazi. Hedzino nzira dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza chipikirwa kumativi ose akasiyana.

Kuwedzera Kuwana Yamuro Yapamutemo Nemienzaniso

Gadziriro dzeyamuro dzepamutemo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kusiyana - siyana Kwevatongi Nerovedzo Yebias

Chirevo chinoratidzira mhatsa yechiverengero chavagari vemo chinogona zvikuru kunzwisisa nokusatsarukana kwegadziriro dzekero. Nyika zhinji dzakatanga matanho okubatanidza kugadzwa kwedare . zvakadai savarongi vakafanira navadaviri vakabva mumapoka asingapiwi. Rovedzo yefungidziro nokuda kwavatongi, vachuchisi, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanogona kubetsera kuderedza pesvedzero yemifungo yokuita zvisarudzo. Kufunda kwerovedzo muUnited Kingdom neAustralia kunoratidza kuva nemiuyo ine mwero asi yakanaka pakuziva nomufambiro, zvikurukuru apo kunobatanidzwa nechinjo dzakafanana nerovedzo yemirayiro.

Vatongi Vetsika Nematare Enzanga

Rondedzero yeruramisiro yetsika inosimbisa kuti nzwisiso yavanhu yeruramisiro inotsamira kwete bedzi pamiuyo asi pamabatirwe avanoitwa. (kana vachinzwiwa, kubatwa noruremekedzo, uye kupiwa inzwi.) Gadziriro dzinobatanidza nheyo dzemitemo yemitemo yetsika, dzakadai sematare omunzanga anobata nhau dzenzanga dziri munzvimbo yokungoranga mhaka dzenzanga, dzakaratidzwa kuva dzinowedzera kubvumirana ndokuderedza kutsigira. Red Hookin Community Justice Center muBrooklyn, New York, somuenzaniso, dzinobatanidza mutongi mumwe namasangano enzanga, tsigiro yendangariro yezvoutano hwendangariro, uye kurovedza, uye dzakashuma kuzviisa pasi kwemitemo yetsika kupfuura matare egamuchidzanwa.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakareruka

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogona kuva munondo unokosha nechekutemwa. Kune rumwe ruoko, maarufabheri uye mapurisa anofanotaurwa anogona kuisa mativi echiito. Kune rumwe rutivi, mashoko akavhura pakusungwa, pomero, mitsetse, uye zvisarudzo zveparati, zvinogonesa vanzveri nokutsigira kuzivisa kusawirirana. Makhamera edare, manyorero edare, uye nhau dzinotepfekerwa paIndaneti dzinovandudza kuzvidavirira. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda “kutapura kwemitemo yemitemo yeruramisiro inokarakadzwa, yakafanana nemiuyo yemhoteredzo, kuyera mirangariro inobvira pamberi pokupfuudzira mutemo.

Dzidzo Sechinopedza Nhambo Refu

Kuenzana kusingaperi pamberi pomutemo kunotsamira pavagari vemo vanonzwisisa kodzero dzavo nemitoro. Kugona kuziva maruramiro avo emitemo. (kuziva kwapakarepo) kuziva nhau dzemitemo, kuziva kwokutsvaka betsero, uye kutungamirira miitiro inokosha (jere) yakaderera nenzira inokatyamadza muvagari vazhinji. Kupfuudzira dzidzo yehurumende nerepamutemo muchikoro kubvira pazera rapakuvamba kunogona kuvaka nheyo yokusimba. MuSouth Africa, “Zivai kodzero Dzenyu” purogiramu inoitwa naNGOs inodzidzisa vadzidzi vechikoro chapamusoro pamusoro pedziviriro dzemitemo uye nzira yokufambidzana nayo nemapurisa. Kudzidza kwapamutemo kwakazara kunobatanidza mamota edzidzo yamagariro avanhu nakare, nemiitiro inoshanda semiedzo inoshoro.

Dzidzo yepamutemo yavanhu vakuru inokoshawo. Zvirongwa zvepamutemo zvemunzanga, “mapurogiramu emitemo” mumaraibhurari avose, uye masangano emitauro yakawanda paIndaneti anogona kubatsira kuvhara mukaha. Indaneti yakavhura mikana mitsva: zvikuva zvapachena zvakadai seLawHelp.org zvinogovera mashoko epamutemo akananga ehurumende, uye nyanzvi dzinowedzera kushandisa manyuko enzanga kutsanangura kodzero dzenzanga mumakombiyuta anowanika. Zvisinei, kupatsana kwemakombiyuta kunoreva kuti zvinhu zvemakombiyuta zvinofanira kubatanidzwa nokuwana mashoko, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavakwegura, vakaremarara, uye vanhu vasingagoni kuwana mashoko akaderera vangava vasina kukwanisa kuvhurambira paIndaneti kana kuti kuvhuramwa.

Nyika Dzinotangira Nyika: Dzinotyisidzira Kuenzana

Zera remichina rinopa denho. Ruzivo rwemitemo rune mikana mitsva. Ruzivo rwemitemo, kufanana nokuzivikanwa kwechiso neraisendi inoiswa mumotokari, runoiswa mumitemo yakaderera nenharaunda duku, ruchimutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuenzana pamberi pomutemo munzvimbo dzavose. Chisarudzo chemitemo yemitemo munzvimbo dzakadai sedzimba, chikwereti, uye kuroja kupinza basa kunogona kubudisa miuyo inoparira kuoma nemhaka yokuti masangano anenge akaoma. Kukura kwokuva neruramisiro kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende yehurumende nemuwapurofiti wejeri kunobva mumakambani etorongo kunogonawo kubvisa kuzvidavirira kwavose uye kurapwa kwakaenzana.

Kusaenzana kwepasi pose kune chokuitawo. Mumutemo wamarudzi ose, marudzi ane simba kazhinji kazhinji anopukunyuka kuzvidavirira nokuda kwokuputswa kwamaruramiro avanhu kwakaitwa kunze kwenyika, nepo marudzi maduku achitarisana nezvirango kana kuti kupindira. Dare reInternational Criminal rakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokunangidzira kukurusa pavatungamiriri veAfrica apo risingatongerwi kuhurumende dzine simba. Kuenzana kwechokwadi pamberi pomutemo kunofanira kuva kwapasi pose, kuchitambanukira kwete bedzi mukati menyika asi kushanda munhevedzano yapamutemo yenyika yose.

Mupeto: Basa Rasina Kuparadzwa Rokuenzana

Kuenzana pamberi pomutemo hakusati kuri chiitwa chapanguva imwe chete asi kurwisana kunopfuurira. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuchigadzira ndokuchidzivirira pazvimiro zvitsva zvokusaenzana. Nheyo yacho inoraira kwete bedzi kuti mitemo inyorwe nenzira yokusatora rutivi asi kuti masangano apamutemo ave akarongedzerwa kukurira mazana amakore okusarura, fungidziro, uye ropafadzo. Kunoda kuti masuo eruramisiro avhure munhu ari wose, pasina mutengo kana kuti fungira mano yakaipa, uye kuti masuo iwayo aende kunzvimbo umo munhu ari wose anonzwiwa nokuremekedzwa.

Basa racho harina kupedzwa. Chinjo dzapamutemo, dzidzo, kudzora, uye kungwarira zvose zvinodikanwa kuvhara mukaha uri pakati pezvakafanira nezviri chaizvoizvo. Asi chakaisvonaka icho chimene (8) nzanga umo pasina munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo uye munhu ari wose akaenzana pamberi pawo) inoramba iri chimwe chevavariro dzine simba zvikurusa dzavanhu. Chishuvo chakafanirwa nokuti, pakupedzisira, kuva nomwero pamberi pomutemo hausati uchingova bedzi pamusoro peruramisiro; chiri pamusoro porudzi rwenzanga yatinosarudza kuvaka.