Kutanga: Muitiro Wapurezidhendi Wehurumende weU.S.

Makore mana ari ose, vaAmerica vanoenda kunzvero kuti vasarudze purezidhendi wavo. Muitiro wacho hausati uri chinoitika chimwe asi nhevedzo yenhano dzinobatanidza anodokusvika makore maviri, inobatanidza staprim, kokorodzano, sarudzo yavose, uye gadziriro yokuvhota isina kunanga yakasiyana inonzi Electoral College. Kunzwisisa kuti matanho aya anowirirana pamwe chete kunobetsera vagari vemo kuona kuti kuvhota kwavo kunoshandura sei mudariro renyika yakakwirira zvikurusa. Nyaya ino inotsanangura chikamu chimwe nechimwe mumutauro wakajeka, kubva pachiziviso chomutengi kusvikira kuchinoitika chokupedzisira.

Gadziriro inorondedzerwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., mutemo wehurumende, uye mirau yehurumende. Inodzikamisa simba rehurumende nokuda kwavanhu, ichiita muitiro wakavapo kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Nepo gadziriro huru inoramba yakatsiga, denderedzwa rimwe nerimwe rinoparira gadziridzo itsva, kubva mugadziriro dzenhimbe kudenho dzapamutemo.

Mugwagwa Murefu: Mari Nemikoto

Pamberi pesarudzo yavose, mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anofanira kusarudza kuteverana kwemakwikwi enzvimbo yehurumende. Ikoku kunoitika kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yamakwikwi enzvimbo yehurumende anozivikanwa se utsotsi uye ussues[. Izvi zvinoitika zvinobvumira mitezo yebato kuratidzira kuda kwayo nokuda kwomutendi. Miuyo inosarudza kuti nhume ngani dzinogamuchira nhume dzakawanda dzebato.

Mabhanzi ezvirugu zvinonzi “Caucuuses ”

Vapari vemhosva vanoshandiswa nehurumende dzehurumende uye vanoshanda sesarudzo yakatarwa: vavhoti vanoenda kunzvimbo dzokuvhota ndokukanda bhavhoti yapachivande. Misangano inoitwa namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika amene, umo vapindi vanokurukura vadaviri uye ipapo vovhota, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuratidzwa kwamaoko kana kuti kurongwa muzvikamu. Nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanotora nguva yakawanda uye vanoda kutora rutivi runoshingaira, vanokombamira kuvhota vashomanene, vavhotera zvikuru.

Mitezo inosarudza kana ichifanira kuva nezvikwata kana kuti zvipumburuso, uye mitemo yayo inosiana zvikuru. mimwe inobvumira bedzi mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa kuvhota (vavhoti), nepo mimwe ichibvumira vanhu kuzvimirira kutora rutivi (pamavambo okutanga). mwaka mukuru unowanzovamba muna February wegore resarudzo uye unopfuurira kusvikira muna June.

Kukoka Vamwe Kunokosha Uye Kunogamuchirwa

Mubato mumwe nomumwe unopa mibayiro nhamba yakati yenhume kunyika imwe neimwe yakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo nesimba romubato. Kuti ahwine kuiswa mufanikiso, mudanho anofanira kudzivirira voruzhinji venhume pakokorodzano yenyika. Republican Party inopa mibayiro mukuwirirana munyika dzakawanda, nepo Democratic Party ichishandisa gadziriro yapakati ine 15% kuti vadavirike nokuda kwenhume. Kana pasina mutendi akawana voruzhinji muprinta nemunyuzi, kokorodzano inova kokorodzano ye "kudzosa," apo nhume dzinotaurirana kusvikira parimo.

Kokorodzano Dzorudzi: Kunyima Mabhurukwa

Kana mwaka mukuru wangopera, mubato mumwe nomumwe unoita kokorodzano yenyika. Zviuru zvenhume dzinobva mhiri kwenyika zvinoungana kuti zvione mutungamiriri wadzo uye mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi. Kokorodzano dzinogamuchirawo chikuva chedare rebato, gwaro rinoratidza zvinhu zvaro zvinokosha zvamakore ari kuuya.

Pakokorodzano, munhamba inopa hurukuro inogamuchira inobudisa misoro yenhimbe uye zviono. Chinoitika chacho chinofukidzwa zvikuru nezvinobudisa nhau uye chinobatira kubatanidza boka navanotsigira pamberi penhimbe yesarudzo. Nepo kokorodzano dzazvino uno zvikurukuru dziri dzemhemberero, dzinoramba dziri fambiro mberi inokosha mukarenda yakasarudzwa.

Mushandirapamwe Wekusarudza

Chikamu ichi chinobva pakokorodzano dzokupera kwezhizha kusvika kuZuva Rokusarudza mukuvamba kwaNovember.

Nhimbe yacho inonangidzira ngwariro pakuwina nyika dzinokosha — zvikurukuru avo vane vhoti dzakawanda dzevoti kana kuti idzo dzingagona kutenderera kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Iyi Hurumende" inowana ngwariro nemhaka yokuti chinjo duku mumufambiro wevoti inogona kusarudza muuyo. Candidate shangete inotumira mashoko avo kuzvinonetsa zvomunzvimbomo, kubva pakugadzira muMidwest kusvikira pakupinda munyika muSouthwester.

Mari inoita basa guru munhimbe dzazvino uno. Inoita chisarudzo chokusimudza mari kubva kuvapi vamwe navamwe, matare ezviito zvamatongerwe enyika (PACS), uye madare ebato. Federal Envotion Commission (FEC) inodzora mari yemipiro uye inoda kuziviswa kwemipiro nendyiko. Sezvo chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo cha2010 mu Citazens United[[FLT]], makambani namasangano zvinogona kupedza zvitsama zvitsama zvisina muganhu pakuzvibhadhakisa nokuzvibhadharira, zvichitungamirira kukukwira kwePUPCS.

Munhimbe yose, vadaviri vanotorawo rutivi munharo dzapurezidhendi. Izvi zvinoitika zveterevhizheni zvinopa vavhoti enzanisa parutivi pezivo, chimiro, uye zvikarakadzo. Nharo dzinorongwa neKomishoni isiri yepapatiti pamusoro penhau dzaPrezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo nhevedzano dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakaona chinjo mumipimo yokutora rutivi.

Zuva Rokusarudza: Mutambo Wakakurumbira

Zuva reSarudzo ndiro Chipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November. Vagari vanonyoreswa kuvhota vanovhota mavhoti avo nokuda kwapurezidhendi. Zvisinei, havasati vari kuvhotera zvakananga nokuda kwomubhadhari asi nokuda kwechidhindo che vavhoti [[FLT: 1] vakavimbisa mutendi iyeye. Irori ndiro vhoti yakakurumbira.

Hurumende imwe neimwe inotungamirira kusarudza kwayo imene, kubva kumirano inonyoreswa kusvikira kuidzoro yevhoti. Dzimwe nyika dzinovhota chose chose neposi (mureg., Oregon, Washington), apo dzimwe dzinoda muvhoti nechisarudzo chakaganhurirwa. Pashure pokuvhara, vakuru vakuru vasarudzo vanoverenga mavhotaro uye vanoshuma miuyo nokuda kwenyika imwe neimwe nehurumende. Iyi miuyo haiwiriraniswi kusvikira yapupurirwa navakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uko kungatora mazuva kana kuti mavhiki nemhaka yokutumirwa kumitoro nemifananidzo.

Muwini wevhoti akakurumbira munyika imwe neimwe — kunze kwemuMaine neNebraska) anobudisa zvose zvezvivhoti zvehurumende iyoyo. Maine naNebraska vanoshandisa gadziriro yoruwa, vachitusa vhoti mbiri dzinovhota kumukundi wehurumende yose uye mumwe kumuwinwi woruwa rumwe norumwe rwedare. Munenge nyika dzose, mutevedzeri anowana vhoti dzakakurumbira zvikurusa anowana vhota rehurumende yose (winner-tall).

Electoral College: Musarudzi Chaiye

Electoral College ibasa, kwete nzvimbo. ine vavhoti 538, mumwe nokuda kwomutezo mumwe nomumwe weCongress uye vatatu nokuda kweWashington, D.C. kuti awane purezidhendi, mutevedzeri anofanira kuchengetedza mavhoti akawanda: anenge 270.

Nzira Iyo Varavi Vanosarudza Nayo

Sarudzo isati yaitwa, mubato rimwe nerimwe rezvamatongerwe enyika rinosarudza chitupa chavasarudzi muhurumende imwe neimwe. Ava kazhinji kazhinji vatsigiri vebato vakavimbika nemubato .varwi vehurumende, vatsigiri vezvokurwira, kana kuti vatsigiri venguva refu. Mazita avavhoti anooneka pavhota, asi vhoti inowanzoona zita romutsigiri wedanho. Apo muvhoti anovhota nokuda kwomubhadhari, chaizvoizvo vavhotera nokuda kwepepa revhoti.

Kusangana Kwavazivisi

Muna December, vavhoti vanosangana mumadzimbahwe avo ehurumende akasiyana kuti vasaidze vvutiro dzavo dzapurezidhendi nomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi. Vanosaina magwaro matanhatu okuvhota, ayo anotumirwa kuvakuru vakuru vakasiana - siana, kubatanidza Purezidhendi weDare (Mutongi), National Archives and Records Administration, uye mahofisi ehurumende okuvhota. Constitution haidition kuti vasarudzi vatevere vvuki hwakakurumbira munyika yavo, asi maruwa 33 neRuwa reColumbia ane mitemo inosunga vasarumbidzi kuvimbika kuchivimbo chavo. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira mitemo iyi muna 2020 mu Cafalo v. Washington inotonga kuti vatsigiriki kana kuti vabvise kana kuti varange vasa vasaruki vekutenda.

Vazivisi Vasina Kutenda

Panhambo nenhambo, vhoti dzemivhoti yomumwe munhu kunze kwomuvhoti yavakavimbisa kutsigira. Chinozivikanwa se "muvhoti asingatendi," ichi hachiwanzoitika uye hachina kumbochinja mugumisiro wesarudzo yapurezidhendi. Zvisinei, kubvira kwacho kunowedzera kusava nechokwadi. Muna 2016, vavhoti vanomwe vakabva pamhiko dzavo ($_aposesarudzo imwe. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu ] Chifalo] anotaura chiremera chokubvisa kana kuti kuranga vasaruri vasina kutenda, kuchideredza bviro ravavhoti vashanyi vakadaro mumasarutsi anotevera.

Chibvumikiso Chokupedzisira: Kuverenga Majesi

Vhoti dzinosarudzwa dzinotumirwa kuCongress ndokuverengwa murusando runobatanidza rwakaitwa pana January 6 pashure pesarudzo. Mutungamiriri weSanihe, saPurezidhendi weDare, anotungamirira pakuverengwa. zvinyorwa zvakasarudzwa zvinovhurwa nenzira yamabhii nehurumende, uye mavhoti anoziviswa navapinduri vanobva kuImba neDare.

Kana mutsigiri ane mavhoti anenge 270, Mutungamiriri weSanihe anozivisa mukundi. Iyi nhano yokupedzisira inowanzova muitiro, asi inogona kuva inokakavara kana zvirambidzo zvikamutswa. Mupasi peElectoral Count Act (apo yakachinjwa neElectoral Reformation Act ye 2022), zvirambidzo zvinofanira kuitwa mukunyora nokusainwa neinenge 1/5 yemitezo yose iri mudzimba. Kana chirambidzo chikamutswa, Imba neDare kurukurirano zvakapesana kana zvichigamuchira mavhoti avana vavhoti. Pashure pekurukurirano, makamu; kana vabvumirana, mavhotera acho anobviswa.

Kuverenga kwaJanuary 6 kwakawana ngwariro yakavandudzwa pashure pedenho ya 2021 Capitol. Chinjo 2022 dzakajekesa basa raPurezidhendi weVice seyoushumiri bedzi, yakabvisa kujeka pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende, uye yakamutsa danho rezvirambidzo zvokudzivisa zvinetso zvisingakoshi.

Kushambadza: Mugodhi Wehofisi

Kana Congress yangosimbisa sarudzo, mutongi anotanga mhiko yehofisi pana January 20 (kana kuti January 21 kana yechi20 ikawira paSvondo) pamutambo wavose unozivikanwa setsauriro. Ruramisiro Mukuru weDare Rapamusorosoro inopa mhiko: "Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichaita Hofisi yaPrezidhendi weUnited States nokutendeka, uye ndichachengeta, nokudzivirira, nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States."

Nemhiko, purezidhendi mutsva anogamuchira masimba ose ebumbiro remitemo nemitoro.

Kumwe Kufunga Nezvekuchinja Zvinhu

Chibvumirano Chenyika Chakakurumbira cheVote Interstate

Dzimwe nyika dzakakumbanira chibvumirano chinonzi National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Pasi pouyu mubatanidzwa, nyika dzinobvumirana kuvhota mavhoti adzo ose akasarudzwa kuanowana vhoti yakakurumbira yorudzi, pasinei zvapo nokuti ndiani anokunda nyika yavo. Mubatanidzwa wacho uchangoshanda bedzi apo nyika dzakakwana dzinobatanidzwa kusvika kuhwerengedzo yavavhoti 270 vavhoti. Kubvira muna 2025, 17 wezvematongerwe enyika neRuwa rweColumbia zvakazvibudisa, zvichimirira mavhota anovhota akasarudzwa ane 209. Chiso chirongwa chapamutemo nemitemo yemitemo, asi chinoramba chiri nhamburiko yokuchinja kunoshingaira.

Nhamburiko Dzokuvandudza Electoral College

Kwave kune zvikarakadzo zvakawanda zvokutsiva Electoral College nevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika. Zvizhinjisa zvinoda kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, uko kunoda voruzhinji vane mativi maviri matatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress nokunatswa nedzitatu dzenyika. Kubva pakukamukana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nenzvimbo, kugadziriswa kwakadaro hakubviri munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Zvisinei, gakava racho rinopfuurira, zvikurukuru pashure pesarudzo umo muwani wevhoti yakakurumbira akarasikirwa nechivhoti (g. 2000, 2016).

Kodzero Dzemari Nemhindu

Gadziriro yesarudzo inotsamira pakukwanisa kuvhota. Nhau dzakadai semitemo yeID yomuvhoti, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, mapepa anonyoreswa, uye miganhu yokuvhota inotapura kudzorwa kwetsamba. Help America Vote Act ya2002 uye mitemo yakatevera yakavavarira kuvandudza kusvika kwevhoti nechengeteko. Hurumende dzinopfuurira kuvandudza miitiro yadzo yevhoti, uye matare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anobvumirana pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota.

Nyaya Yenhano Huru

  • Primita & Caucuses (February-June): Mitezo yeboka inosarudza nhume kukokorodzano dzenyika.
  • [ Kokorodzano dzeNyika (July-August): Zvikamu zvinorumbidza pamutemo kuva purezidhendi wavo navatevedzeri vedavi.
  • [ Musangano Wekusarudza waSangano woruzhinji (September-November): Kurukurirano, zivisa, uye kuunganidza vavhoti.
  • Zuva reSarudzo (Chipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November): Vagari vakavhota vavhoti vavo vavhotisi vakasarudzwa vakavimbisa kutora mumwe nomumwe.
  • .Electoral College Musangano[[FLT: 1] (pakati-Decembr): Varavi vanosangana mumadzimbahwe ehurumende kuti vavhote.
  • Chibvumikiso cheChibvumirano (January 6): Congress inoverenga mavhoti anosarudzwa uye inozivisa anokunda.
  • [[FOL:0] Kushambadza (January 20): Mutongi anopika basa uye anova nesimba.

Muitiro wokusarudza purezidhendi weU.S. wakaoma kupfurikidza negadziriro, kunonoka uye kutsiga noune kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana chinoitika chimwe kana kuti kundikano zvinogona kukanganisa kuchinja kworugare kwesimba. Nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti Electoral College yava yechinyakare uye kuti gadziriro yacho haina kusimba, vatsigiri vanotaura kuti inodzivirira basa rehurumende uye vanomanikidza kutsigira kutsigira. Kunzwisisa nhano imwe neimwe yedanho rimwe nerimwe (kubva pacaucus yokutanga kum kumhiko yokupedzisira) vatsigiri vanoonga nhaka uye pfungwa iri seri kwegadziriro yesarudzo yenyika yekare zvikuru inoshanda.

[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa:[