Kufurira Kunoita Murau Wacho

Kurongedza kunoramba kuri rimwe ramasimba makuru asi anomutsa nharo zvikurusa muudzori hwazvino uno. Inhamburiko yakarongwa navanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, miuyo, uye mapoka efariro kuumba mutemo, mirau, uye muitiro wavose kupfurikidza nokunyengetedza vaiti vemitemo navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Kure kure nokutsinhana kupfuvurira, kunobatanidza gadziriro dzamano-mano yemashoko, kuvaka kwakabatana, uye kuunganidza vanhu vose. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika nenhau, kunzwisisa mibato, simba, uye mipimo yetsika yokupesvedzera zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti kuita chisarudzo chedemocratic commocratic.

MuUnited States moga, kupedza kukumbira kunopfuura mabhiriyoni $4 (Z $4 000 000) gore negore, nezviuru zvavagamuchiri vakanyoreswa vanomirira indasitiri huru iri yose nechisakiso. Pesvedzero yaava vatambi inogona kucherekedzwa padanho riri rose regadziriro yemitemo — kubva pagadziriro yezvirongwa uye pepa rokunyora kuti zvigadziridze kurukurirano nevhoti dzokupedzisira. Nyaya ino inonzvera kupesvedzera kurongwa kwemitemo, marudzi nounyanzvi zvinoshandiswa, gadziriro yokudzora, uye kutsoropodza kunopfuurira kwakapoteredza muitiro wacho.

Basa Rokubira Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kurovha kunoita mabasa anokosha akawanda mukati mehurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo ichiwanzoratidzwa nenzira yakaipa, inogona kushanda sebhiriji pakati pevasarudzi nevagadziri vemitemo, kubudisa zivo chaiyo uye kumiririra maonero akasiyana - siyana. Mabasa makuru anosanganisira:

  • Kupiwa kweZvisakiso: Vakoshi vanovimbisa kuti manzwi amapoka akati — kutorana, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, vatsigiri vemhoteredzo, vasangano dzezvokutengeserana, uye masangano enyanzvi — anzwiwa navaiti vemitemo avo vangava vasina kuva neonano yakananga nezvinowirirana izvozvo.
  • Mashoko neProcetence: Mitemo inotarisana nenhau dzakaoma kuvambira pamuitiro wezvoutano kusvikira kukudzivirirwa. Vagadziri vanogovera mashoko ane udzame, kunzvera kwapamutemo, uye fundo dzemari dzinobetsera vagadziri vemitemo vachiziva mutemo. Somuenzaniso, mutarisiri wezvoutano angagovera mienzaniso inoparira mutengo wechinjo dzinokarakadzwa dzemirimo.
  • Advocacy nenyengetedzo: Varwi veLobbyri vanoshingaira nokuda kana kuti pamibatanidzwa yemari chaiyo, vachishandisa muvhenganiswa wenyengetedzo yakananga, nhimbe dzoukama hwavanhu, uye dzvinyiriro yokuchinja murangariro wezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kubvumiranisa zvinhu: Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, vagamuchiri vanoita senhepfenyuro, vachibetsera kugadziridza nokubvumira kubvumirana kubvumira mutemo kufambira mberi apo fariro dzinorwisana.

Pasina kukurudzira, vaiti vemitemo vaizotsamira panenge chose chose pavashandi vavo vomunhu oga, masangano anotungamirira, uye zvinobudisa nhau nokuda kwamashoko — manyuko angava nemirangariro yawo amene kana kuti pfungwa dzisina kukwana.

Marudzi Okubira Nawo

Kunzwisisa marudzi aya kunojekesa kuti mapoka akasiyana - siyana anoedza sei kudzora purogiramu yemitemo.

Kuchingidzira Kwakananga

Kudavidza kwakananga kunobatanidza kurukurirano yakatarisana nechemberi pakati pomumanikidzi wemitemo nomuiti wemitemo kana kuti vashandi vavo. Ikoku kunogona kuitika muMuiti wemitemo ’ hofisi, pakutonga kwedare, kana kuti kupfurikidza nemisangano yakarongeka. Varobbytes vanobudisa nharo, vanogovera magwaro anotsigira, uye vanopindura mibvunzo. Yaichimbova mitezo yeCongress nevashandi vakuru vanopinda mukamuri rakavanzika savadzo, vachinangidzira ukama hwavo hwomunhu oga nezivo zvesangano — chiitiko chinowanzodanwa kuti “vorite suo.&quo;

Makwenzi Anodzinga

Marasroots anonyandura vanhu vose kuti vataure navamiririri vavo vakasarudzwa. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza nhimbe dzorunhare, runhare, runhare, kutumira manyuko okubudisa nhau dzenzanga, uye ratidziro dzavose. Masangano anowanzoshandisa ndaza dzeemail, kuzivisa, uye zvinoitika zvomunzvimbomo kuti apedze shoko ravo. Vavariro ndeyokuratidzira murangariro wavose wakapararira, nokudaro kuparira dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo vaiti vemitemo vasingagoni kufuratira. [[FLT: 0] Nhetembo:[ Muna 2019, mapoka emhoteredzo anoronga kuronga mitero yeGreen New Areal, achitumira mamiriyoni eshanyo kumahofisi emisangano.

Kudyidzana Kunoda Kuitwa

Apo masangano akawanda anogoverana vavariro imwe cheteyo yemitemo, kazhinji kazhinji anoumba zvibvumirano. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza zviwanikwa, kunzvera, uye kunyorerana mashoko, izvi zvibvumirano zvinogona kupa chigadziko chinotyisa zvikuru kupfuura chingagona kuitwa neboka ripi neripi roga. Colonibility Roundtable[[FL:1], sangano reCEOS rakabva kumasangano makuru eU.S., ndirimwe ramasangano ane simba zvikurusa anonyandura mitero yemitero nebhizimisi panhau dzebhizimisi.

Kudhudhurira

Masangano angapinza makambani kuti ape tsamba dzenhema, kubhadhara vanhu kuti vapinde misangano, kana kuti kushandisa mabhati kuti vaparidze mashoko avose.

Kupfikula Pasuo

Izvi zvinoita kuti munhu ave nezivo huru uye akwanise kupinda, asiwo zvinomutsa kunetseka pamusoro pehondo dzefariro uye kubatwa kwemasangano anotungamirira zvinhu nemabasa okugadzira zvinhu aanotarisira.

Kuumba Kunoita Mucheka Wokudyisa

Kugadza purogiramu yemitemo — kubvisa nhau dzinogamuchira ngwariro nenzvimbo yokutanga — zvichida ndicho chinopesvedzera chine simba zvikurusa chinogona kushandisa. Lobbyisms anoumba zvirongwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka:

  • Misiano yokuisa magetsi epeturu: Vakadzi veLobbys vanoshanda kupa fariro dzavo sezvinetso zvokukurumidzira zvinoda chiito chomutemo. Vanoronga fundo, vanobudisa mapepa emitemo, uye vanobudisa nhau kuti varondedzere nhauro. Somuenzaniso, indasitiri yepeturu yepeturu inopedza makumi amakore ichichinja mamiriro okunze seasina chokwadi kana kuti sechinetso chomunguva yemberi, chinononotsa muganhu.
  • Kupinza Mapereji Emodelsal: Vagamuchiri vazhinji vanotora mabhiri okunyora kana kuti zvigadziriso izvo vaiti vemitemo vanosuma sezvavo vamene. Masangano akafanana neAmerican Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) anogovera mutemo wakagadzirirwa pamusoro penhau dzinobvira pakutama kusvikira kumisi yokushanda, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji unogamuchirwa chinenge chiito nedzimba dzehurumende.
  • Kuisa muMasangano Emipiro yePhondo: Matare ezviito zvamatongerwe enyika (MAPAC) uye vagamuchiri vamwe navamwe vanopa zvikuru kuvakwaniridzi vanotsigira nzvimbo dzavo. Nepo mipiro isingavimbisi vvurura, ivo vanowana mukana wokupinda ndokuita mugariro wokuwedzera. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mitezo yeCongress inogamuchira mipiro mikuru inobva kuindasi yakati sezvingabvira zvikuru kuvhota muindasi iyoyo yemaindasitiri ’ fariro.
  • [ Migove yeDare rokupindisa neManzwi: Varobishi vanogona kusunda kuti zvimwe zvikwereti zvigoverwe kumatare akanaka kana kuti kuti kunzwa kurongedzerwe. Vangapawo ndaza youchapupu ine ushamwari kuchinangwa chavo.
  • Kudzivisa kana kuti Kunonoka Mutemo: Dzimwe nguva nharidzano haisati iri kupfuudza mutengo asi kuudzivisa kufambira mberi. Vakadzi vanoshandisa mano eprocédect, kugadziridza, uye dzvinyiriro pazvigaro zvedare kuchengeta mutemo usingadiwi kuti urege kusvika pauriri.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kushanduka - shanduka Kwemhodzi

Kurovha hakusi chinhu chazvino uno. Mavambo akwo anotambanukira kumazuva apakuvamba eAmerican Republic. Shoko racho rimene rinonzi rinobva mu “lobby ” weU.S. Capitol, uko vanhu vangamirira kutaura nemitezo yeCongress. Nhemberi huru dzinobatanidza:

  • Zana ramakore rechi19: Lobbing yakanga isina kudzorwa zvikuru, nefariro dzeraruwe nedzokubhangi dzichishandisa pesvedzero huru kupfurikidza nechiokomuhomwe uye zvibvumirano zvekudzorwa. Pendleton Act (1883) uye chinjo dzakatevera dzakavamba kuronga basa rehurumende uye kuganhurira vatsigiri.
  • 1930s –1960s: Zvirongwa zveNew Deal neGreat Society zvakaona kukura kwamapoka ebasa akarongwa nemhindu yavose. Kobbolbajeti yakava yakarongeka zvikuru, namapoka akafanana neAFL-CIO neAmerican Medical Association vachigadza mahofisi Washington zvechigarire.
  • 1970s –1990: Mitemo yetsika, kubatanidza Lobbing Displasure Act ya1995, Chiratidzo chakaiswa nokushuma zvinodikanwa. Sangano rakakomba rakakura, richienzanisirwa namapoka akafanana neChisakiso cheCommon neSierra Club.
  • Zana ramakore: Dare Gurusa ’ ma Citamizens United chisarudzo (2010) chakabudisa mutengo wezvamatongerwe enyika usingaganhuriwi wemitengo nesangano namasangano. Kukwira kwamaPACIPUTA makuru namapoka emari yakasviba zvakachinja kuva maindasitiri ane mabhirioni akawanda, nepesvedzero huru zvino zvino inoshandiswa kunze kwegadziriro yokunyoresa yapamutemo.

Suo Rinotenderera: Rutivi Rwegadziriro

Rimwe ramativi anotsoropodzwa zvikurusa eindasitiri inonyandura isuo rinochinja pakati pebasa rehurumende nerinonyandura munhu oga. Yaichimbova mitezo yeCongress, vashandi vedare, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoraira vanounza unyanzvi husingaenzaniswi nebatano kumabasa avo matsva. Nzvero 2021 yakaitwa neCentre for Responsive Politics yakawana kuti inenge 43% yeyaichimbova mitezo yeCongress nyoresa sevasts pashure pokubva pahofisi.

  • Vaiti vemitemo vangaita zvisarudzo zvinobetsera vashandirwi vavo vomunguva yemberi.
  • Indider Access: Vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vanowanzopiwa mukana wokupinda zvakazara kune vaichimbova vabiyavo, kuchipa vatengi vavo betsero.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kubatwa kwebumbiro remitemo: Vadzori vangazengurira kuita chimiro chokumanikidza chinodenha mumaindasitiri avanokarira kukumbanira.

Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seFrance neCanada, dzinoisa nhambo dzokutonhora idzo dzinorambidza vaichimbova vakuru vakuru kukumbira kupinda kwechiverengero chakati chamakore pashure pokubva pahofisi. muUnited States, ganhuriro dziripo nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vakati vebazu asi dzisina kusimba nokuda kwemitezo yeCongress.

Kugadziridza Nokuona Zvakanaka: Basa Rakagadzirwa

Kuti dzideredze ngozi dzouori uye kupesvedzera kusina kufanira, hurumende dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yokuda kuzivisa.

  • Lobbying Dislosure Act (1995): Vagamuchiri vanoda kuti vanyorese naClerk weImba uye Munyori weDare, uye kuti vapedzisire vachitaura vatengi vavo, nhau, uye mari yavanopedzera.
  • Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (2007): Kuziviswa kwakasimbiswa, zvipo zvakarambidzwa kumitezo yeCongress, uye zvirango zvakawedzerwa nokuda kwokuputsa.
  • [ Vamiriri vorumwe rudzi Breadial Act (FARA): Vanoda vanhu vanomirira hurumende dzokumwe kana kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kunyoresa nokuzivisa mibato yao.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi mitemo, zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvinopfuurira. Masangano anopedza chitsauko chidukusa pakukumbira mari angasafanira kunyoresa. “ Dark mari ” mapoka —501(c) masangano enzanga egarikano — anokwanisa kupinda mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kuzivisa vapi vavo. Fundo ya 2019 neHulumeni Accounment Actation Office yakawana kuti inodokuva hafu yemasangano ose ayo masangano anoedza kunyoresa sezvinodikanwa.

Kuenzanisa kwenyika dzakawanda kunoratidza nzira dzakasiyana. European Union yakagadza Translarect youzvidira muna 2011 (yakaitwa yakafanira kuti isvike kuvakuru vakuru vakati muna 2020). Australia uye Canada ine zvisakiso zvemitemo zvokuzvinyima. Mukupesana, nyika dzakawanda dzichiri kubudirira dzine murairo wakaneta kana kuti usiri kudzorwa, dzinoita nzvimbo yakaorera uori.

Nzvero Dzepesvedzero Yokubira

Kunzvera zvinoitika zvakananga kunoratidzira simba chairoiro rokupesvedzera kuumba mutemo nomuitiro wavose.

Kugadzirwa Kwefodya: Makore Gumi Okunonoka

Kubvira kuma1950 kusvikira kuma1990, indasitiri yefodya yakakwidza imwe yenhimbe dzinobudirira zvikuru munhau. Yakakumbira vatsvakurudzi kupanikira kubatana kuri pakati pokusvuta nekenza, vezvematongerwe enyika vaitsigira kupesana nemitemo, uye mauto aishandira kuti arege kudzora mitemo inorambidza kusvuta kusvuta panzvimbo dzinotongwa nehurumende. Pasinei zvapo nokuwana ufakazi hwekuvadziko, hwakatozosvika muna 2009 kuti Dare reU.S. ripfuure mhuri yokudzivisa kusvuta neFDA Act, richipa chiremera cheFDA kudzora zvigadzirwa zvefodya.

Simba Rokugadzira Mishonga

Indasitiri yemishonga ndeimwe yemari hurusa inotapurwa pakuda kubatira mari muWashington, ichipfuudza kunyange chikamu chedziviriro. Pakati pa1999 na2020, indasitiri inopedzerwa inopfuura mabhiriyoni 4,5 emadhora pakukwidza. Yakarwisa nenzira inobudirira gadziriro dzemitengo muMedicare Part D (2003) uye Afford Care Act (2022), Indation Reduction Act yakabvumira Medicaricdarity Act pakupedzisira chiremera chakaganhurirwa chokupfuudza mitengo yemirimo yemirimo yakati ye— kukunda kwemimwe miuyo yemichina yemichina, asi indasitiri inopfuurira kusimudzira nokuda kwezvirongwa zvokunetesa gadziriro.

Mapoka Emhoteredzo Nechiito Chokuchenesa Mhepo

Vagamuchiri vemhoteredzo, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji vachikunda vashori vemaindasitiri, vakawana rukundo rukuru. Sierra Club neNatural Resocial Defense Council zvakashandiswa mukusunda Ceake Air Act ya 1990, iyo yakanyorera mvura ine asidi nechepfu yemhepo. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, Sunrise Movement namamwe mapoka epwere akasimba akashandisa dzvinyiriro yemidziyo yeuswa kuti ikwidziridze chinjo yemamiriro okunze pamigariro yenyika, ichipesvedzera mamiriro okutarisira mamiriro okunze eBiden Actquo; miitiro yemamiriro okunze.

Mutsetse weBharde Lobbing: Chibvumirano cheU.S.-Mexico-Canada

Varimi vezvibage veIowa vaitsvaka kuti vasazotengeswa, nepo vagadziri vemotokari vakakurudzira mitemo yorumano yemavambo kuti vatsigire kugadzirwa kweAmerica. Chibvumirano chokupedzisira chakaratidza kuva pakati peidzi fariro dzinokwikwidzana.

Kutsoropodza Nezvinetso

Nepo kukurudzira kuchiitwa mumutemo uye kunyange kwakadzivirirwa nebumbiro remitemo sechimiro chokukumbira hurumende, kunotarisana netsoropodzo huru iyo vadzidzisi vanofanira kutaura mukirasi.

  • Kuparadzana kweHungu: Fariro dzinodzorwa zvikuru dzinopfuura mapoka efariro dzavose. Muna 2021, nokuda kwe $17 iri yose inopedzwa nemibatanidzwa yebasa pakugamuchira kwehurumende, masangano akapedza $35. Uyu muitiro usina kuenzana unoguma kuvapfumi.
  • Kuda kusvika pakusvika uye Kupesvedzera: Suo rinotenderera nemipiro yenhimbe zvinoita gadziriro umo vakwiri vanonyatsobatanidzwa vane pesvedzero huru zvikuru kupfuura vagari vemowo zvavo. Kufunda kwa2014 kwakaitwa naPrinceton namayunivhesiti okuMadokero kwakadziva kumadokero kwakawana kuti vakatanhamara vezvemari nefariro dzakarongwa zvinodzora muuyo, nepo murangariro wavose une muuyo muduku wakazvimirira.
  • Rack of Transparency: Mari isina tariro nokupinda kusina kushumwa zvinoita kuti zviomere vavhoti kuziva kuti ndiani ari kupesvedzera vamiriri vavo. Ikoku kunoderedza kuzvidavirira kwedemocracy.
  • Kubatwa kwebumbiro remitemo:[ Maindasitiri anodzora kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa pesvedzero yakakwana kuumba masangano amene akarehwa kuvatarisira, kuchitungamirira kumitemo yokudzikamisa yakaneta nemirau yemibato yebhizimisi.
  • Kuitwa kwoUori: Kunyange apo kubvumirwa nomutemo, muitiro wokutengesa mipiro unogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu. Mapoka anoramba achiratidza kuti voruzhinji veAmerica vanodavira kuti gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inotsigirwa nokuda kwefariro chaidzo.

Kuchinja Kwakavimbiswa

Zvikarakadzo zvakawanda zvinovavarira kuderedza miuyo yakaipa yokuda kufadza asi zvichichengetedza mabasa azvo apamutemo. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

  • [[[Nhamba]] Dhipatimendi rakacherwa: Rinoda kushuma chaikoiko kwenguva yokukwidza shamwari nendyiko, uye kuvhara zvibudiso nokuda kwamapoka emari asina kujeka.
  • Nguva dzeCoolting-Off: inotambanudza chirambidzo paaichimbova vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanokurudzira masangano avo kufukidza mapazu ose ehurumende, uye kuwedzera nguva yechirambidzo.
  • Kudzorwa kwemipimo yezvisarudzo: Kuderedza kuvimba nezvipo zvavanhu kupfurikidza nokugovera mari inowirirana yavose yemipiro miduku, sezvinoitwa muNew York City.
  • Tsika dzinosimbisa kumanikidza:[[FLT: 1] Anogovera Hofisi yeMitemo yeHurumende yechiremera chokutarisira chakasununguka uye mari yakakwana.
  • [ Kuratidza chitarisiko kwapaburi retsono Kunoda kuti marusando ose okupa rukudzo azarurwe kuvanhu, uye kuti rugwaro rwakazara rwemabhii runyorwe paIndaneti inenge maawa 72 pamberi pevhoti.

Mugumisiro: Kushandisa Mitemo Miviri

Kubhadharwa hakuna kuipa nenzira yomuzvarirwo kana kuti kubetsera zvakafanana. Chishandiso chinogona kukudza zvose zviri zviviri fariro dzemasangano ane simba uye manzwi enzanga dzakaderedzwa. Democracy denho yenzanga ndeyokudzora kugamuchirwa munzira idzo dzinochengeta betsero dzadzo dzemashoko nedzemireza apo dzinodzivisa bviro dzadzo dzokushatisa purogiramu dzemitemo mukutsigira vashoma. Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunonzwisisa udzame hwemashandire anoita — kubva pakunanga kudzosera kuruvara rwesuo riri pedyo nesuo— kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuva mugari wemo nokunzvera kushanda kwenhamburiko dzokuvandudza. Kungogona bedzi kusimbisa kuoma kweiri muitiro uyo unosimbisa mitoo yebasa yehurumende panzvimbo pokuiputsa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve: [[FLT: 0] Openshets. org nzira dzinopinda munhepfenyuro yokushandisa nokushandura mitaro yesuo. Nhevedzo yeSangano rePurogatori[ inogovera zvikamu zvisingachinjiki zvemitemo inodzorwa. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Sunday Foundation Foundation inotsigira kujeka kwehurumende. GAO paringidzira kushamira. [[FLT:]] inosimbisa zvikamu. [[FL:]]