Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States harina kugadziridzwa kuti rirambe riripo. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadziridza wakaoneswa muChikamu V, vagadziri vakagadzira gadziriro inokwanisa kuchinja sezvo rudzi rwakakura. Nhasi, kodzero dzevanhu vokuAmerica dzinoshandisa zuva nezuva (kubva mumashoko adzinotaura kuva voga kwadzinokarira kugadziridzwa nokugadziridzwa kunowirirana nerusununguko runokosha uye kusaruramisira kwenhau. Nyaya ino inopa kuongororwa kwakakwana kwemitemo inochinja zvikuru kodzero dzevanhu, kuongorora kwadzinobva, kududzira kwavo kwenhau, uye kugadziridza kupfuurira munzanga yazvino uno.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzemunhu: Chisakiso Chorusununguko Rwomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, gadziridzo gumi dzokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo, dzinozivikanwa seBill of Rights, pamwe chete seZiviko, dzakabuda munharo dzeRegiontion. Vatsoropodzi veBumbiro reMitemo yapakuvamba vakataura kuti yakanga isina dziviriro dzakananga nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu oga. James Madison akanyoresa idzi dziviriro, achinyora paVirginia Declaration of Rights nemitemo yeEngland. Bill of Rights yaishandiswo bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, asi kupfurikidza ne 1445th Amendmentmented Reserve’s Classiace, zhinjisa dzedziviriro dzayo dzakabatanidzwa kuti dzishandise kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomowo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rwokuratidzira Norudzidziso

First Amendment inosimbisa rusununguko rushanu runokosha: rudzidziso, kutaura, kubudisa, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Inodzivisa hurumende kugadza rudzidziso rwapamutemo uye kudzivirira kushandiswa kwakasununguka kwokutenda. Rusununguko rwokutaura nokudhinda rwave rwuri chinhu chikuru kuAmerica kuupenyu hwedemocracy, ichibvumira vagari vomunyika kutsoropodza hurumende pasina rutyo rwokudzvinyirira. Nhau dzeDare rePamusorosoro dzakaumba miganhuro yeidzi. [[FLT:] Brandenburg v.O [1969] [196], Dare rakarangarira kuti kutsigira chiito chisiri pamutemo kunodzivirirwa kutorerwa kutoti kutozodairwa. New York Times. v.[FLT] [FLT] [1964]) yakadzivirira mapepanhau kubva kurwiromendiro mukuru mukuru mukuru, kunze kwokungerwa kwemipimo wavose. Muneidzi, migariro migaro miganhu mitsva inoto mitsva inoto inoto inotookedzerwa kubatira pamutemo. Munzira ku

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo

Dare reChipiri reMilitia rinoti: "Ichi chinenge chasanodzorwa, chichiva chiri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hachisati chichizodziviswa. Nhoroondo huru yeAmerica, kugadziriswa kwakadudzirwa zvikurukuru mumashoko ebasa rehondo. Zvisinei, mu [[FLT: 0]] Detical of Columbia v. Helder[FLT] [2001] [200] [200] [200], Dare guru rakaziva kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti yezvipfuti mukati momusha. Makore maviri gare gare gare gare gare, [[FLT]] v[FONLAT].[FLANT] , , zvisarusarudzo zvapamutemo zvakagara zviripo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Nokunyepedzera

Wechina Amendment inodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo nokusurumuka kupfurikidza nokuda maruramiro akavakirwa paingabvira. Iyi dziviriro yave iri chinhu chikuru kumaruramiro echivande. Mutemo wekubvisa, wakagadzwa mu Weeks v. United States [14] (14]) uye yakashandiswa kunzvimbo dzinonzi [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio[[FLT:]] [1961]], ufakazi hunowanikwa mukuputswa kweRendementation kubva pakushandiswa mudare. Sangano rezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rakarendeka, Dare rawedzera dziviriro kukuva zvakavanzika. Mu [FLT:] [FLT: 4,4]] v[FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [5], (1918], Dare reSangano rinotonga kuti rishaidze kusungwa.[5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Nokuzvipopotedza

Gadziriro yeFindreFment inobatanidza dziviriro dzakakomba dzinoverengeka: maruramiro kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa, vimbiso yemuitiro wakafanira womutemo, uye kurambidzwa kwokutora zvinhu zvakavanzika pasina muripo bedzi. Chiratidzo chamagarire chinozivikanwa zvikuru kubva kuMiranda, yakagadzwa mu Marda] v. Arizona[[FLT] [196], inoda mapurisa kuzivisa kodzero dzavo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwokupiwa. Muitiro wekudzorwa unorambidza kupiwa kwekodzero. Chirongwa chaClaus chinorambidza kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti bhizimisi pasina miitiro yakarurama. Kutora Clausscius kuvimbisa kuti apo hurumende inotora zvinhu zvayo pachivande nokuda kwokushandisa kwapachena, kunofanira kudzorwa kwapa nhevedzano.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka

Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okutonga kwechimbichimbi nevoruzhinji kupfurikidza nedare rinosarudza, maruramiro okuziviswa nezvorudzi rwepomero, kutarisana nokudana zvapupu, uye kuva nebetsero yezano nokuda kwokuzvidzivirira kwomunhu. Kodzero yokupa zano yakawedzerwa zvikuru mu Gideon v. Wainwr[[FL:1] maruramiro okuziva [[FLT]] [1963], iyo yaidavira kuti inofanira kugovera gweta kudzivirira vapomeri mumi mumiitiro yenhau dzakakomba. Iyi rutongeso gare gare yakaparidzwa kunhau ipi neipi apo kusungwa kunobvira. Hurumbiso runovimbisa kuti vakwidzwa vanogona kuyambuka, dziviriro ine revouchapupu hwemashoko namasimba masimba amo asingapupuri.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare reChibvumirano reHeredhi rinorambidza bheration yakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zvechienzi. Virginia, 2002 nechikamu chemashoko chokuchinja nemitemo yenzanga yetsika dzakanaka. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuganhuriro pachirango cherufu, kubatanidza ganhuriro pakuuraya vanhu vane urema hwoungwaru (] Atkins v. Virginia[[FLD]], 2002] navana (] R.SM [mamonds, 2005]). Chinorambidzawo mitsetse yejeri, seirimo yeda rapamhove. [[FLD] v.[FLD] Florida: 0]

Kukwira Kubva Pakanga Pabviswa Kodzero Dzakawedzerwa

Pashure peHondo Yavagari Vemo uye muzana rose ramakore rechimakumi maviri, kugadziridzwa kwokuwedzera kwakakurukura maruramiro makuru ayo Bill of Rights yakanga yasiya isina kupindurwa, (zvikurukuru nokuda kweAmerica dzeAfrica, vakadzi, uye vanhu vaduku. Idzi chinjo dzakashandurazve hurumende yehurumende yeAmerica ndokuramba iri nhau yerondedzero nemitemo yokushingaira.

Kuchinja Kwechi13: Kubviswa Kwouranda

Chinoiswa mu 1865, Pession yechi13th Amendment yakabvisa uranda nouranda husingazvimiriri, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Yaiva kutanga yeTsitsi dzePendementings uye yakamirira kuchinja kukuru mumutemo weAmerica. Chikamu 2 chinopawo Dare simba rokuita kuti kugadziriswa, kwave kuchishandiswa kupfuudza mitemo inorwisana nouranda hwavanhu. Kusiya chirango cheutsotsi, zvisinei, kwakabvumira kushandiswa kwebasa rejeri pasina donzo, muitiro wakaparira kutsoropodza kupfuudzira gadziriro yokumanikidzirwa kwebasa. Gamendement yechi135 inobatirawo sehwaro yemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inorwisana nokushatisa vanhu. Chirango chetsoro chetsono cha “chipo chetsono nezvinoitika zvouranda.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechina: Kuva Mugari Wemunyika, Kutarisirwa, uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Demend Scott v. Sandford[[FLT:] [5]] chisarudzo kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States vagari vemo. Chibvumirano charo chakashandiswa kubatanidza Bill yekodzero dzavanhu muruwa. Chinodzivirira Claus chinoda kuti pasava nehurumende inoramba dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo, uye yave iri mavambo ezvisarudzo zvedzinza parst ([[FL.2]]Brown. V[F3]], [5]],[5]]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechishanu: Kupa Kodzero Tsvene Dzemarudzi Ose

Chikasimbiswa muna 1870, Demetrimendi ye15 inorambidza hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Zvisinei, kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore pashure pokuparadza, nyika dzeMadokero dzakashandisa mitero yokuvhotera, kuedza kunyora nokutyisidzira kwamasimba masimba kubvisa Black Post. Voting Rights Act ya1965, yakaiswa pasi pesimba reCongress, pakupedzisira yakabvisa mitemuzhinji yeiyi miganhuro. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, Supreme Court mu [Fl:0] County v. Back [Flct:] [Fl 1] [20])) yakarova mutemo weVotation, ichitungamirira kudzo itsva yemitemo uye kubudisa mimwe mitemo.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Pashure pamakumi amakore okusatenderwa, Demetriyo yeLectic Amendment yakatenderwa muna 1920, ichivimbisa kuti kodzero yokuvhota haingagoni kurambwa pahwaro hwevatano. Kuchinja kwakabuda kubva musangano ravakadzi, iro rakaona vatungamiriri vakadai saSusan B. Anthony naElizabeth Cady Stanton vachimanikidza kuti chinjo yebumbiro remitemo iende kuuenzani hwechirume, hakuna kuvimbisa nokukurumidza kuvhotera vakadzi vose, zvikurukuru vakadzi veruvarara.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechimakumi Maviri Nezvina: Kurambidzwa Kwemitero Inoshatisa

Kuiswa pachena muna 1964, Kudzorwa kweMitero inokwana makumi maviri neFourth Amendment kwakarambidza mitero yokuvhota mukusarudza kwehurumende. Mitero yokusarira yakanga yashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMadokero kubvisa mutengo wakaderera wemuAfrica. Kugadziridza kwakananga kwakananga muganhu uyu kuvhota. Gare gare, Dare Gurusa re Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions [1966]

Kuchinja Kwechimakumi maviri neSixternet: Nguva Yokuita Zvinhu Yava 18

Kuitwa kuti itsigirwe muna 1971, Dare reMitemo rechimakumi maviri nerechitanhatu raderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvika ku18. Simba rakabva panhambo yeHondo yeVietnam, apo majaya ainyorwa pazera ramakore 18 asi aisagona kuvhota. Kugadziriswa kwakasimbiswa munguva yakare munguva ino inotevedzerwa pashure pokunge paPunices. Yave ichibatsira mukuwedzera kutora rutivi kwepwere mune zvematongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo pazera ramakore 18 kusvikira ku24 pamakore 18 zvave zvave zviri pasi pamapoka akura. Nhambudzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakaitwa kuti vanyore vavhotera pakoreji uye kunyoresa vechiduku chipikirwa ichi zvakananga.

Kuumba Kunoita Kusunungurwa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo hakugoni kunzwisiswa pasina kunzvera muitiro wokubatanidza uye basa redare rehurumende. Nokuda kweyakawanda yehurumende yapakuvamba, Bill of Rights yakabatanidza hurumende yehurumende bedzi. Pashure peKill of Rights ye 144th Amendment, Dare Gurusa rakashandisa zvishoma nezvishoma gadziriro dzaro kuhurumende kupfurikidza negadziriro yokusarudza. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, gadziriro iri yose yeBill of Rights yakabatanidzwa, nokusiyana kupfuvurira mberi kwechikamu chechitatu chechikwata chejeri nechinodikanwa chikuru chedare reSandudzo yeshanu). Uku kubatanidzwa kwakareva kuti kodzero dzevagari vemo dzakafanana kudarika nyika yose, kudzivirira kubatwa zvisina kufanira nomutemo sehurumende.

Maererano nenhau dzeRevolvement yapanyika yakapinza upenyu muidzi gadziridzo. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yakashandisa Indundumiso ye 144 kugumisa dzinza muzvikoro zvavose. [[FLT:]]] Mardamav. [[FLT][FLT:]][FLT]][6] [6] [6] Akapa miitiro yekotsekaidzo kuropafadzo yeFindmendement mukurwisana norst. [[FLT] [FLT]] Rioe v. [[FLT] v.[FLT:]] [5] [7] [iinoshandiswa kuratidzira rugwaro rumwe.] [FLT] [idzo dzinoda kuratidzira mufambiro wavose, dzinoda kururamisa, mativi ose.[FLT]

Kuziva Nguva Ino uye Zvinetso

Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunoumba kodzero dzavanhu nhasi hakusi miziyamu.

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Kudzivirira kwakasununguka kutaura kwakapinzwa munharo pamusoro pemirayiro yesocial media, ruvengo, uye mashoko asina kururama. Nepo hurumende isingagoni kunzvera zvakananga kutaura kusiiwa kwakamanikana (kushatisa, kushatisa), zvikuva zvapachivande zvakadai seFacebook neTutter), zvikamu zvapachivande sehurumende uye zvingava zviri pakati nepakati. Kudanidzira kwemitemo yehurumende yokubvisa muganhu weFirst Amendment, sokunongedzerwa kwemitemo inodenha inoganhurira mano evashandi venzvimbo kudzikamisa kana kuti kuderedza dare. Dare Rapamusorosoro rinobatanidza zvinoitika zvingajekesa mwero izvo kutaura kwokuti chikuvarati kuti chiendere kutaura chakati. Kuwedzera, mubvunzo wokuti vakuru vakuru vanogona kumisa kushora kurukurirano yenzanga kubatanidzwa mukuita kukumbira kukumbira kukumbira nokuungana kwenzanga.

Kodzero Dzepfuti Nokuchengeteka Kwevanhu

Dare reChipiri reMitemo yeMitemo yeSangano rePendekosti rinoramba riri rimwe renzvimbo dzinokwikwidzana zvikurusa dzemutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kutevera chisarudzo Bruen, matare maduku akanetseka kuti angashandisa sei muedzo wenhau kumirariro yepfuti yezvombo zvazvino uno. Dare guru rakabvuma kunzwa kururama kwemitemo inorambidza kuva nepfuti dzombo dzinodzorwa nezvisimba zvomumba. Mugumisiro ucharondedzerazve kukura kwechibvumirano cheChipiri munzanga nezvombo zvinorwisa.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana

Pasinei zvapo nePendekosti yechi15, yechigumi nemipfumbamwe, makumi maviri nerechimakumi maviri nerechiRungu, kodzero dzokuvhota dzinopfuurira kutarisana nedenho. Mitemo yeID, kubvisa mirobhoti, kuderedzwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhota dzekare, uye kudzorwa kwose kwakashorwa sekutyora chipikirwa chikuru cheidzi. Dare Repamusoro re 2013 Shelby County chisarudzo chemite yenhau yokuchinja miitiro yokuvhotera pasina mvumo yehurumende. Mumhinduro, Dare rarangarira kuti kufambira mberi kwekodzero dzaJohn Vo Lewis Activement kuti ridzore. Panguva ino, hurumende yakagadza yakaita mubato mubatanidzwa muvhoshonga wekuvhotera chitsarudzo chitsauko chitsauko cha 20 muzana cheDho.

Kuva Wega Nekuchinja Kwechina

Kudzivirira kweGaramende yeChina kuri kugadziridzwa noruzivo rwekuongorora rwazvino uno. Hurumende inoitisa rini kunzvera kunoda pamutemo? “Karindi ine mufungo yokuva woga” yeDare Gurusa, kubva Katz v. United States [1967], yakashandiswa kuGPS kunyora, magetsi anopisa, uye masero-sero. .]

mhedziso

Kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kunoumba kodzero dzemitemo nhasi inheyo dzinoshanda munhau, kududzirwa, uye kurwirana kwevagari vemo. Kuvambira paBill of Rights kusvikira kuReconformations uye kodzero dzokuvhota kugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, gadziriro imwe neimwe inoratidza nhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzorudzi rwokuyananisa pfungwa dzokutanga nezvinodiwa zvenzanga ichangotsigina. Kunzwisisa izvi hakusi kungoshandisawo zvako dzidzo; kunokosha nokuda kwomugari wose anoda kushandisa kodzero dzake zvakanaka uye kutsigira kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzekodzero idzodzo. Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka paruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, zvinoda kuchengetedzwa, kana kuti kuchinja nzanga kunoramba kuri chishandiso chine simba nokuda kweruramisiro, chakagoverwa kuti chive chive chishandiso chinoshanda nokufunga.

, verenga mirangariro yeDare Rapamusoro panhau dzechiratidzo pa nzvera rugwaro rwakazara rwe , woongorora mashoko okuvhotera kwazvino uno paNational Archives. .ECOMT], verenga mirangariro yeDare Gurusa renhau pa [FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]]