Kunzwisisa Muitiro Womutemo MuCongress

Gadziriro yokuita mutemo muUnited States Congress igadziriro yakasanogadzirwa inoshandura pfungwa dzemiitiro kuva mirau inosungirwa. Iyi nhano ine nhidi, yakarongwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, inovimbisa kuti mutemo unowana nzvero yakakwana, kurukurirano, uye kubvumirana usati wasvika padhesiki raPurezidhendi. Kuvagari vemo, vanonzwisisa kuti mutemo unokosha sei kukuva mutemo unokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende nokusaidzira. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza matanho etsika chete - yakarongwa (akadai sesumo, kuhwirudzura dare, chiito chouriri, uye kutendera kwapurezidhendi wepasi), uye kutenderwa kwemasanga kufanana nepesvedzero yeboka. Nyaya inopa rondedzero yenhungamiro ine udzamendero, kupfurikidza nechirongwa chokusimbisa kubvumira kurongwa kwemitemo, mifungo, uye kuisawo.

Danho 1: Kutanga Kwebhiri

Rwendo rwemitemo runotanga apo mutezo weCongress(a Mumiririri kana kuti Senator) unoisa pamutemo. Mutezo unosuma pamutemo unova mutsigiri mukuru wepepa, kunyange zvazvo vasonganiri vazhinji vemitemo vangasaina kuti varatidze tsigiro yakafara. Mabhii anogona kubva mumanyuko akasiyana- siyana: zvinonetsa, zvikarakadzo zvebazu, mapoka ezvinashanguro, kana kuti vagadziri vemitemo vamene. Imba neDare mumwe nomumwe zvine mitemo yavo amene yokusuma; somuenzaniso, zvikwereti zveimba zvinofanira kuiswa muhomwe pedyo nedhesiki rebhabhabhabhabha rama, apo zvikwereti zvedare zvinopiwa nenzira yapamutemo nomukuru mukuru mukuru wedare anotungamirira.

Marudzi Omutemo

Congress inofunga nezvenzira dzakasiyana - siyana, imwe neimwe ichinyatsoita kuti mitemo ienderane:

  • [ pepa rePublic: Rondedzera voruzhinji uye ive mitemo yavose kana ikaitwa.
  • [[[NHAU]] Mabhiri [: Yana nhau dzomunhu kana kuti dzesangano, dzakadai seyamuro yokubuda kana kuti kutaura mukurwisana nehurumende.
  • Zvisarudzo zveRevoits: zvakafanana namabhiri asi anowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwegadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo, ziviso dzehondo, kana kuti mari yechinguvana. Zvinoda siginicha yaPurezidhendi kutoti kwaita kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo.
  • Zvisarudzo zvechibvumirano panguva ino: zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwenhau dzomukati (muremo, ganhuriro dzemari) uye hazvina simba romutemo.
  • [ Zvisarudzo zviri nyore: Kutapura kamuri rimwe bedzi (mutoo, mirau inochinja, inoratidzira mirangariro).

Pashure pesumo, bhii rimwe nerimwe rinogoverwa nhamba (g. H.R. 1 kana kuti S. 1) ndokudhindwa mu Conforional Record. Iro ipapo rinonongedzerwa kudare rakakodzera kana kuti matare akavakirwa panhau, matare anogona kuva ane nharo kana muganhu ukabatanidza. Mukuwirirana ne [FLT]]] Controg. web /]], anopfuura 10 000 mingava inopinzwa panhau imwe neimwe, asi chikamu chiduku bedzi chinotangira.

Nhano 2: Kuhwirudzura kweDare

Matare(__Mapoka enhengo chaidzo dzinobva kumativi ose ari maviri) ndidzo mabhiza ebasa remitemo. Anoongorora musengwa, anounganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi, anokurukura kugadziridzwa, uye anosarudza kana mutengo wacho unofanira kupfuurira. Kuongorora kwedare kazhinji kunotema kufanoitika; zvikwereti zvakawanda zvinofa pano pasina kurangarirazve.

Mubatanidzwa Wapasi Wokunzwa

Dare revabereki ringaigovera kudare rinopa mari yedzokororo yokutanga. Kunzwa kunoitirwa Zvapupu [[FLT: 1] apo zvapupu / hurumende, dzidzo, vamiriri veindasitiri, uye mapoka ezvemari (anoyera pamipimo yepepa, mari inotengwa, uye pesvedzero dzenzanga. Zvapupu zvinoisa mashoko akanyorwa nemibvunzo kumitezo. Somuenzaniso, Game Game neMate Committee kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinotungamirira kunzwa kwemitemo yomutero. Uku kunzwa kunoitwa navose uye kazhinji kazhinji kunoparadzirwa kupfurikidza [[FLT:][FLT][FF]][FLT][FFF]]

Zvikamu Zvokucherekedza

Pashure pokunzwa, dare duku kana kuti rakazara rinobata chitupa uko mitezo inokarakadza nokuvhota pagadziriso. Mubhadharo unogona kuva muitiro murefu, namativi ose ari maviri achipa chinjo kuumba pamutemo. Kana dare rikangovhota kushuma pamutemo wacho, inopa mushumo mushumo [ rugwaro rwakakwana runotsanangura donzo remitemo, rinofungidzirwa kuva ndyiko, uye mirangariro mishoma. Voti zhinji mudare inodikanwa kushuma mutongo; kana ikakundwa, bhishopu yacho kutonge yamutswa kupfurikidza nokubudiswa.

Kurovedza Simba Rezvipunu

Matare ane chiremera chokupa zvikamu zviduku nokuda kwezvinyorwa nechipupuriro, chishandiso chakakomba choutariri.

Nhano 3: Nharo Dzakanaka

Kana mutongo wangoshumwa kubva kudare, unoiswa pakarenda kuti ukakavadzwe neSairuvara yakazara kana kuti Dare. Mugariro wekurukurirano unosiana zvikuru pakati pamakamuri maviri;

Nharo Dzomumba Nemitemo

Imba yeVamiririri inoshanda mukurukurirano yorumano inoitwa neDare , iro rinopa mutemo unoratidzira ganhuriro dzenguva, nhamba yedzosero inobvumirwa, uye kana bhiri richigona kuchinjwa pauriri. Zvikwereti zvizhinjisa zvinokurukurwa pasi pe mutemo unovharwa (kusaguma) kana kuti mutemo unotenderwa [[[FLT:]] bedzi yapamberi yakatenderwa). Imba inogona kupfuudza mabhiri rimwe pazuva rekurukurirano iyi. Contemplited anowanzokamuraniswa pakati pezvikamu zvizhinji.

Nharo yeDare Nechikwata

Dare rinozvitutumadza pakurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa, richibvumira mutezo upi noupi kutaura pauriri kwenguva refu sezvarinoda. Iyi gamuchidzanwa inoita kuti iri mufilibuster[ , unyanzvi hwokunonozesa kana kuti kuvhara bvumo kupfurikidza nokutambanudza. Kugumisa mutezo wedare. Kugumisa muteme, Dare rinofanira kukumbira [[FL:2] kukumbira [, kuraira kuti utatu hwemifati hurusa (Zvikuru 60). Miganhuro inopfurarira kupfuudzira maawa 30. Huru. Chino chedare chinoshandiswa pakodzero dzakakwirira, uye kusatonga. Muno yeChirevoko cha2017, uye muRukasarudzo rweChite. Chino chinosara chipfuure kupfurikidza nechibvumirano nokuda kwe “Ndo yeSarume.

Mitemo inodzorwawo norusununguko zvikuru muDare.Senators dzinogona kukarakadza “kugadziriswa kwemari” kusina chokuita nenhau yepepa, muitiro unozivikanwa sa“ varoyi.” Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuchinjo dzemiitiro yokusvika kure dzinobatanidzwa kumutemo unopfuura.

Danho 4: Kutaurirana Nevana

Pashure pekurukurirano yapauriri, mavhoti eimba imwe neimwe okupfuura, kupedza, kana kuti kuramba mutero.

  • [[FLT: 0] Vota [: Mutungamiriri anokumbira ee nenays; muuyo unosarudzwa nevhoriyamu inonzwisiswa. Anoshandiswa nokuda kwezvitanho zvisingawirirani.
  • Pepanhau rovhoti: Mitezo inomira kuti iverengerwe; chigaro chinozivisa urefu. Rare mumuitiro wazvino uno.
  • Puretal shevedzo yevhoti: Vhoti yenhengo imwe neimwe yakanyorwa yoiswa pamabhodhi emagetsi. Uyu ndiwo mutoo unopenya zvikurusa uye unodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuudzwa kwokupedzisira kwomutezo upi noupi.
  • Savota yakanyoreswa (Imba): Mitezo ipinza makadhi okuvhota ocking; miuyo inobudiswa nokukurumidza.

MuImba, ruzhinji rwakapfava rwevokuvhota ivavo (runongedzerwa chisakiso) rwuripo kuti chipfuure. Darewo rinoda voruzhinji vakapfava nokuda kwezvikwereti zvizhinjisa, kunze kwokuronga matanho okuyananisa anofanira kuwirirana noMutemo weByrd. Kana pepa rikapfuudza makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana, rinonyoreswa ndokutumirwa kuna Purezidhendi.

Danho 5: Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana – Dare Romusangano uye Kugadziridzwa Kwemigumo Pakati Pemahofisi

Kuti vasvike pakanyorwa mashoko akabatana, Dare rinogona kushandisa nzira mbiri:

Kugadziridzwa Kwezvibvumirano Pakati Pemahofisi

Kamuri rakagamuchira mutongo pakutanga ringa “kugadziridzwa” kana kuti kukarakadza zvimwe chinjo, zvichibvira kupfuura nomumativi anoverengeka okutsinhana. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri akabvumirana pashanduro yokupedzisira pasina musangano, muitiro unodzokororwa.

Dare Romusangano

Kana misiyano ikapfuurira, makamuri anoumba dare rokuwirirana rinoumbwa nemitezo yakakwirira inobva kumatare akakodzera edzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Dare rinokurukura shanduro inobvumiranwa([ youdzori [[[FLT]]]], inotenderwa nevazhinji vevapanisi. Ipapo mushumo unotumirwa kunzvimbo imwe neimwe yekamuri rimwe nerimwe nokuda kwevhoti (haipo mibatanidzwa yokuwedzera inobvumirwa). Matare esangano anogona kunyorazve zvikamu zvose zvemitemo. Zviwanwa zve 2023 zvinofanira kubvumirwa ne [FOct:4][FFF]

Kana musangano usingagoni kubvumirana, mutongo ungafa. Muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, Congress inoshandisa pong (kuchinjana kwokudzokororwa) panzvimbo pemusangano wakarongwa kuti usvike bvumirano.

Danho 6: Chiito Choutungamiriri Hwehurumende

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angotendera mutengo wakafanana, unoendeswa kuMutungamiriri wehurumende, uyo ane mazuva gumi (anotora maSvondo) okuita chiito. Zvisarudzo ndeizvi:

  • [ Chiratidzo pamutemo [: Mutemo unova mutemo. Mutungamiriri wenyika anowanzoita mutambo wokusaina navatsigiri.
  • Kudzosera kupepa: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoridzorera kuCongress nokuramba. Congress ingapfuura nevhoti mbiri nhatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Kushatisa purezidhendi weveto hakuwanzoitiki; kwakaguma kwabudirira muna 2020 mukati moudzori hweTrump.
  • Remekedza kuva mutemo pasina siginicha: Kana Purezidhendi asina kuita apo Congress iri murusando, mutengo wacho unova mutemo pashure pamazuva gumi. Iwawawa unozivikanwa se [ pocket veto kana Congress ichidzosation ipostns mukati nhambo iyoyo: mutemendi unofa pasina pamutemo.
  • Pocket vento: inoitika chaizvoizvo apo Congress inofa [ (magumo) Window rezuva gumi risati rapera. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kungofuratira muromo, uye hausi mutemo.

Purezidhendi anopawo mashoko anoisa chiratidzo [ anoratidzira kududzira mutemo kana kuti itiro hanya dzebumbiro remitemo, kunyange zvazvo izvozvi zvisingasungi. Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakayera kushandiswa kwokusaina mashoko muzvinoitika zvakadai se Clinton v. City of New York [1998] pamusoro pechikamu chemutsetse chezvikamu .

Basa Routungamiriri Hweboka uye Kungova Mubhadharo

Kupfuura nhano dzapamutemo, masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika anopesvedzera zvikuru mutoo wewirogio. Vatungamiriri veChikamu cheProfey .(Mutauri weImba, Mutungamiriri weMajoni, uye Wips) anodzora karenda yemitemo, anosarudza kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinotanga, uye shandisa dzvinyiriro pamitezo kuvhota mumativi ebato. [Chentename Majoity Guide Guide ane simba guru rokuronga nguva youriri nezvinovhara kupfurikidza ne “miitiro".

Kupfurikidza namapoka echimuko, masangano, uye mapurofiti isimba rakapararira. Lobbing Displaying Act inoda kunyoreswa kwevagamuchiri vanopedza nguva inopfuura mabhiriyoni maviri. Mukuwirirana nemashoko kubva ku [FLT]] [[FLT]]] Actrets[ Webting], inoshandiswa panzvimbo inogamuchirwa nahurumende inopfuura mabhiriyoni $4 000 000 mu 2023. Lobbys inogovera unyanzvi, mutauro wezvokuronga, uye purogiramu youswa. Nepo kukoka kudzivirirwa mumutemo pasi pePramendimendidzo, vatsoro.

Kubatsira Kungaita Vagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa kuti kugadzira mitemo kunobatsira vanhu kuti vabudirire.

  • Kusangana nomumiriri wako/mumiriri [[FL:1]: Tsamba dzomunhu oga, maemail, kana kuti runhare kumahofisi oruwa kunogona kupesvedzera nzvimbo yomutezo. Misangano yehoro yeguta inopa kurukurirano yakananga.
  • Kuedza padare rokutonga: Nepo kokero dzakarongwa dzakaganhurirwa, nyanzvi dzinonzwa zhinjisa dzinogamuchira uye chipupuriro chapachena. Vanhu vangapa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa.
  • Kupa hurukuro munguva yetsinhiro dzavose: Mitemo yehurumende yakagoverwa (kubva kumitemo inopiwa) yakazarukira kuhwirudzuro yavose pa [[FLT]]]. gov[FLT]] [[FLT]]]
  • Mapoka okunyengera [ anoronda mutemo ndokuunganidza mitezo.
  • Kuvhota nokutsigira [ vane muitiro wokutanga unowirirana nemirangariro yako.

Mafungiro Asina Kunaka Anowanzovapo uye Zvinetso Zvinogara Zvichiitika

Gadziriro yemitemo inowanzoratidzirwa seyakananga, asi mitsimba yebhotoro nezvinoshamisa zvakarovedzeka. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinokundikana nemhaka yekubatanidza, kushaikwa kwenguva yedare, kana kuti jastial tyisidziro. armark[ kurambidza (kubviswa mu 2021]) (kunobviswa nenzira yakananga mano enhengo okuita kuti zvivako zvive nesimba, kuchiita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru. Kuwedzera, mitero yemabhiri yemabhakiti [] .]

Rimwe denho ndiro muitiro wekuyanana kwakaipa, unobvumira mitero yakati nokupedza mabhiri kudarika Dare rina vanabuster nevoruzhinji vakapfava. Rutsiviso rwakashandiswa nokuda kwomutemo mukuru wakadai seAffordable Care Act (2010) neTex Cuts neJobs Act (2017), asi unoganhurirwa kumiganhuro yezvirongwa zvemari inodzo uye haugoni kushandiswa kupfuura kamwe chete pagore rimwe.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kwokuziva Vanhu

Muitiro wokuita mutemo irwendo rwoune uye rwakaoma runoratidzira chinangwa choMuvambi chokunzvera simba kupfurikidza nemavara akawanda. Kubva mukutanga kwegweta kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira chaPurezidhendi, nhano imwe neimwe inopa mikana yekurukurirano, kugadziriswa, uye kuongororwa navanhu. Nepo gadziriro yacho inogona kuva inononoka uye inovhiringidza, yakarongedzerwa kuita mutemo. Kuva mugari wemo ane ruzivo. Kuziva, kuvhota, uye kuvhota kuti mitemo inoitwa muCongress zvinomirira zvechokwadi zvichaita kuti nyika ive negarike zvakanaka. Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kugadzirira mitemo, zviwanikwa zvakadai se [[FLT:].[FLD:1] uye [FLD]