Mutoro Wemukuru Mumutemo

Ukama pakati pamapazu avakuru vakuru nemitemo hunomirira chimwe chezvikurusa zvesimba gurusa muudzori hwedemocracy yazvino uno. Apo mugadzi wemitemo anoisa mutemo, kunowira kubazu guru kuunza mutemo iwoyo kuupenyu kupfurikidza nokushandisa, kuisa murairo, uye kutungamirira. Uku kupesana kwamabasa hakusati kuri kunongova kungoitawo zvako kuumbwa kwakarongwa kwokudzikamisa simba nepo kuchigadzirirwa kuti kuda kwavanhu, sokuratidzirwa kupfurikidza navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa, kushandurira kuchiito chakajeka. Nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende nesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzwisisa kuti mutungamiriri wemitemo unozivisa sei zvisarudzo zvemitemo inozivisa zvakawanda pamusoro pokushanda kwehurumende inotonga.

Basa rokuchengeta harisi remichina. Bazu guru rinofanira kududzira vavariro dzemitemo, kugovera zviwanikwa, kuisa zvokutanga, uye kushandisa dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinokwikwidzana, nguva dzose apo rinenge richishanda mukati memiganhu yomutemo. Muitiro uyu unobatanidza mamiriyoni avashandi vehurumende mumazana emasangano, rimwe nerimwe rinoitwa nokushandisa mitemo yavose mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Kana tsika ino ichishanda zvakanaka, vagari vemo vanofanira kuwana betsero dzemitemo inodzorwa zvakanaka. Kana ikakundikana, mukaha uri pakati pechipikirwa chemitemo uye chokwadi chinoshanda zvinova pachena zvikuru.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo reHurumende

Hurumende dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno dzakavakirwa panheyo yokuparadzana kwamasimba, pfungwa yakavandudzwa navazivi vakadai saMontesquieu ndokuitwa zvakakurumbira zvikurusa muBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Iyi gadziriro inokamuranisa chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa akasiyana uye mano okunzvera mamwe. Kunzwisisa ichi chimiro kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti mutemo unoshanda sei mukushanda.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rinoita ndokuita kuti mitemo iitwe nedare. Pamusoro paro panogara purezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, uyo anobatira vose vari vaviri savakuru vakuru navakuru vehurumende mugadziriro dzakawanda. Bazu guru rinobatanidza chishandiso chikuru chokutarisira kubatanidza madhipatimendi edare, masangano anotungamirira, masangano, masangano ehurumende. Aya masangano anoshandura mirairo yakafara yemitemo kuva mirau, mitemo, uye zviito zvokuchengeta.

Mabasa makuru ebazi rinotungamirira anosanganisira aya:

  • Kuisa mitemo yehurumende kupfurikidza namadhipatimendi akadai seRuramisiro, Kuchengeteka kweHomeland, uye Treasury
  • Kutarisira masangano ehurumende nemari yaanoshandisa maererano nezvirongwa zvemitemo
  • Kuitisa mitemo yokumwe uye kutaurirana zvibvumirano nedzimwe nyika
  • Kunyanyoona kudzivirirwa kwenyika nehondo
  • Kupa zvirevo zvavatungamiriri nezviziviso zvinotungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yomubatanidzwa
  • Kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi uye vakuru vesangano, kunopiwa simbiso yemitemo

Simba rokuchengeta bazu ravakuru vakuru harina kuganhurirwa. Rinofanira kushanda mukati memirairo yemitemo, kuremekedza miganhu yebumbiro remitemo, uye kuzviisa pasi penzvero yokutonga. mirau yehurumende yeU.S. inogovera muenzanisiro wakajeka wemashandire ainoita iyi nzira.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rine simba rokuita, kuisa, uye kudzosera mitemo. Mumiitiro yebicameral, iri bazi rine makamuri maviri", zvikurukuru imba yakaderera inomirira chiverengero chavagari vemo neimba yapamusoro inomirira mapoka enzvimbo. Vatengi vanokakavadzana zvikwereti zvinokarakadzwa, dare rinova nemikanwa, kurukurirano yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye vhota kuti itumire mutemo kumukuru nokuda kwetendero kana kuti kupfuudzira.

Kudzika mitemo kunotevera matanho akasiyana - siyana:

  • Kusuma kwaBill nenhengo yedare romutemo
  • Marusando edare okuhwirudzura nokupa rukudzo apo kugadziridzwa kunorangarirwa
  • Kukakavadzana kwemadokoro uye kuvhota mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri
  • Kuyananiswa kwedare redare resangano apo makamuri anopfuudza shanduro dzakasiana - siana
  • Kupiwa mukuru mukuru nokuda kwesaini kana kuti veto
  • Kupfuura kwokuvhota kwevakuru vakuru

Kupfuura kugadzira mitemo, mutevedzeri wedare anoita basa rinokosha mukutarisira kuitwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye udzori hwemari, vaiti vemitemo vanova nechokwadi chokuti bazu guru rinoita mitemo mukuwirirana nechinangwa chavo. U.S. Constitution inosimbisa iyi gadziriro muZvikamu I ne II, ichiumba gadziriro umo bazi risingagoni kudzora rimwe.

Kubvumira Kunoita Mutongi Anodzora Kupa Mirairo

Kunzwisisa kuti nei mimwe mitemo ichibudirira asi mimwe ichitamburira kuita zvayakaronga kunoda kuti pave nokutungamirira, kutungamirira, uye kutungamirira zvinhu.

Kuronga Kutonga Nokudzorera

Apo Congress inopa mutemo, inowanzotanga nharidzano huru apo inopa mibato ine udzame kumasangano anotungamirira. Aya masangano anopinda mukuita mitemo yetsika dzinokudziridza dzinova nesimba romutemo. Administrative Procedure Act muUnited States inoda masangano kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa, kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose, uye kubudisa mitemo yokupedzisira netsananguro dzavo. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kujeka uye inobvumira vanhu vanotapurwa kutora rutivi mukuumba mashandisirwe emitemo.

Somuenzaniso, apo Congress yakapasa Cease Air Act, yakapomera Environmental Protection Agency kuti igadze mipimo chaiyo yokubudisa zvinobudiswa. EPA ipapo yakanzvera zvesayenzi, yakabvunza vatarisiri vemichina yebhizimisi, ndokupa mirau iyo yakapa revo inoshanda kugadziriro dzose dzomutemo. Nhume idzi dzechiremera chokutonga dzinokosha nemhaka yokuti vaiti vemitemo havana unyanzvi hwokutaura nezvounyanzvi hwemiitiro yakaoma kunzwisisa yenzvimbo dzose.

Zviito Zvokumanikidza Nokutsigira

Kana mitemo yangogadzwa bedzi, masangano anotungamirira anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuteerera.

  • Kuongorora uye kuongorora kuti vaone kuputswa kwemitemo
  • Tsamba dzinonyevera nezviziviso zvokusawirirana
  • Kunzwa Kwehurumende Nezvirango
  • Kupomera mhaka kwehurumende kuti kumanikidzire kuzviisa pasi
  • Kudzokorora kuputswa kweutsotsi nokuda kwokusungwa

Gadziriro dzemipimo dzinoiswa panzvimbo yokutanga dzakavakirwa paganhuriro dzezvishandiso nevavariro dzemiitiro. Safety and Health Administration, somuenzaniso, dzinokomba kunzvera kwadzo kumaindasitiri ezvokufema nenzvimbo dzebasa nenhau dzekuputsa. Iyi nzira yokudzikamisa pamutemo inobvumira masangano kukudza tapuro yawo nemari yakaganhurirwa.

Nhevedzo Dzine Varairidzi Nemirairidzo

Mapurezidhendi namagavhuna vanogonawo kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inotungamirira kuidzo mashandisirwo anoitwa mitemo iripo. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo nokuda kwavashandi vehurumende asi inofanira kuiswa muchiremera chemitemo kana kuti chebumbiro remitemo. Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobvumira mukuru mukuru kupindura nokukurumidza kumigariro pasina kumirira chiito chemitemo, kunyange zvazvo vachiramba vachidzorwa nehwirudzuro yedare uye inogona kuchinjwa navadzori vanotevera.

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru yakashandiswa kushandisa chinjo dzemiitiro yokubuda, kutanga zvinhu zvitsva zvokutanga, uye kuisa mitemo yakananga yesangano. Federal Register inochengeta chinyorwa chakakwana chemirairo yavakuru vakuru neruramiso dzavo dzapamutemo.

Ukama Pakati Pemapazi Ane Simba Neanotonga

Kuoma uku kuri kuita zvinhu nokugadzira zvinhu nemuitiro wokuti kuda chinzvimbo kudzivise kukwikwidza simba.

Nzvimbo Dzobatira Pamwe

Pasinei zvapo nemisiyano yazvo yokuvaka, mapazu evakuru vakuru neanoronga mitemo anowanzoshandira pamwe kuti aite zvinangwa zvakagoveranwa.

  • Kutanga kwemasangano makuru emitemo pamwe chete, akadai semabhiri ezvirongwa kana kuti kuchinja tarisiro youtano
  • Kutaurirana nezvemari yokushandisa kunoenderana nezvinoiswa pakutanga pavakuru vakuru nezvirongwa zvemitemo
  • Zvinangwa zvokumwe zvinogoverana zvinoda zvose zviri zviviri chiito chemibatanidzwa nokuparadza chibvumirano
  • Kushanda kwekupindira kwekurumidziro munguva yenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kana kuti njodzi dzemunyika
  • Kutsigira mapurogiramu akakurumbira, akadai sebetsero dzevagara nebasa kana kuti mari yokutsvakurudza kwesayenzi

Iyi batira pamwe inooneka zvikurusa mukati menhambo dzehurumende yakabatana, apo boka rimwe chetero rezvamatongerwe enyika rinodzora ose ari maviri mapazu avakuru vakuru neanotonga.

Manyuko Erwisano

Kusawirirana pakati pebazi kwakapararira zvakafanana uye kunobatira basa rinokosha rebumbiro remitemo.

  • Kunopesana pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chavakuru vakuru nokududzirwa kwakafanira kwemirau
  • Misiyano mumuitiro pakati pevatungamiriri vehurumende nevakuru vakuru vemitemo
  • Kuongorora kwokutarisira pamutemo kunofumura kusazvibata kwevakuru vakuru kana kuti kusatarisira zvakanaka
  • Kuramba kwechiremera kuhurumende kana kuti zvikumbiro zvamashoko
  • Veto anopopotedzana apo purezidhendi anoramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress
  • Kurayira kwaitangwa nedare rehurumende mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vakuru

[[NHAU] Mapepa akanyorwa [ aikarira idzi rwisano, achisimbisa kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kwaizodzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti sangano ripi neripi ritonge hurumende chose chose.

Nzvero Yenhau Nedzapashure

Kuongorora zvakaitika chaizvo pakutarisira kuti pave nevakuru vakuru kunoratidza kuti simba rapurezidhendi harikwanisi uye harina kuenzana.

Kugadzirisa Kutsva uye Kuderera Kwemari

Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi kwakapa denho isina kumboitika kuudzori hweAmerica. Mumhinduro, Purezidhendi Franklin D.Rosevelt akashanda neCongress kugadza nhevedzano huru yepurogiramu dzinozivikanwa seNew Deal. Bazu rapamusoro rakagadzira masangano matsva akadai seProces Progress Administration, Social Security Board, uye National Labor Relations kuti rishandise idzi nhano dzomutemo.

Nhambo ino yakaratidzira simba ravakuru vakuru rokuita kuti zvinhu zvienderere mberi nokukurumidza, zvakakura. Mumwedzi yepakupfuura, Civilian Conservation Corps yakanga yanyoresa mazana ezviuru zvemajaya muzvirongwa zvokuchengetedza. Social Security Act yakatanga gadziriro yenyika yose yebetsero dzokurega basa idzo dzinopfuurira kushanda nhasi. Zvisinei, New Dector yakatarisanawo nedenho huru dzapamutemo, neDare Rapamusoro rikarovanya mapurogiramu makuru anoverengeka Roosevelt asati aita kuti dare ripambe dare purofiti.

Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu Muma 1960

Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu kunomirira mumwe wemiitiro inokosha zvikuru yesimba rinodzora munhau yeAmerica.Pashure pokupfuura kweChibvumirano Chekodzero Dzevanhu cha1964 uye chiBoing Rights Act cha1965, Purezidhendi Lyndon Johnson uye gare gare Richard Nixon akatarisana nebasa rinotyisa rokushandisa mitemo iyi munyika uye nzvimbo dzairamba kuteererwa.

Bazu guru rakaiswa kuti ridzivirire vatsigiri vekodzero dzevagari vemo, raisa mhaka mumaruwa ezvikoro zvezvikoro zvehurumende, uye rakanyima mari yehurumende kumasangano airamba kubvisa. Chivil Rights Division yeSahlulero yeSahlulero yakawedzera zvinoshamisa, kukwidziridza kuputswa kwekodzero dzokuvhota uye mitemo yedzimba yakarurama. Iyi mirau inosungisa yaida kuti zvirambe zvichidiwa uye inoratidzira kuti chiito chavakuru vakuru muhurumende chinogona sei kuchinja vavariro yemitemo kuva yechokwadi.

Kutarisira Kusingadhuri Kunoshandisika

Patient Protection and Affordble Care Act ya2010 inopa muenzaniso wezvinonetsa zvikuru wekudzikamisa kwevatungamiriri. Pashure pokufamba kwomutemo, bazi guru rakatarisana nebasa guru rokugadzira misika yeinishuwarenzi youtano, kutanga gadziriro dzemakambani einishuwarenzi, uye kubatana nehurumende padzinokwira Medicaid.

Kushanda kwakasangana nedenho dzakawanda, kubatanidza kukundikana kweunyanzvi hwenzvimbo yezvoutano.gov, zvinetso zvepamutemo zvakasvika kuDare Rapamusorosoro, uye chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kuhurumende izvo zvakaramba kutanga kutsinhana kwavo vamene. Bazu ravakuru vakuru rakagadziridzwa kupfurikidza nokurongazve, rinononotsa gadziriro dzakati, uye kuwedzera Medicaid zvakananga mumitezo yaiderera. Nhau iyi inoratidza kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru anofanira kuronga sei zviri pamutemo, zvounyanzvi, uye zvipingamupinyi zvezvamatongerwe enyika pakushandisa mutemo wakaoma.

Kutama Kunomanikidza uye Kuita Zvine Simba

Gadziriro yokubatanidza yave iri nzvimbo inokakavadzana zvikuru yokuisa mapurisa avakuru vakuru. Congress yakakundikana kuparira chinjo inodzorwa yokupinda munyika kubvira kuma 1980, vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vose vari vaviri kushandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vaise zvokuchengetedza. Purezidhendi Barack Obama akabudisa Deference Action for Chigamuchirwe cheNdengedzero yeChildhoom, iyo yakadzivirira vatami vakati vasina kunyorwa kuti vaendeswe. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump akaedza kugumisa DACA uye akatanga zvirambidzo zvokufamba zvakadenha nyika zhinjisatumi.

Zviito izvi zvakakonzera kurwisana kwepamutemo kwevane simba vehurumende kwakavhara kana kuti kugadzirisa zvinoverengeka zvezvirongwa izvi, zvichitonga kuti mukuru mukuru akanga adarika chiremera chake kana kuti akanga aputsa mitemo yepamutemo.

Mhinganidzo Dzokumanikidzirwa Kunobudirira

Zvinetso izvi zvinogona kukanganisa zvikuru kubudirira kunyange kwemitemo yakasanorongwa.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Masangano anotungamirira anoshanda mumibatanidzwa yemari yakarongwa nedare. Kana Congress ichigovera mari isina kukwana nokuda kwemabasa okuita kuti vanhu varambe varipo, masangano anofanira kuisa mibato mizhinji pane mamwe. Somuenzaniso, Securities and Exchange Commission yakafungidzira kuti haina mari yokuongorora mupi wezano remari nekambani yehurumende sezvinodiwa. Mukaha uno pakati pemitemo uye simba rinoshanda unoita kuti pave nemisiyano inoita kuti mitemo ishaye pamutemo.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nokuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga

Bazi rinotonga rinoshanda sechenjedzo inokosha pasimba revakuru vakuru, asi kupiwa mhosva kunogonawo kuvhiringidza nhamburiko dzepamutemo kwemakore apo nyaya dzinongoerekana dzaitika.

Chishoro Chezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokudzivisa Masangano

Apo mapazu avakuru vakuru neanoronga mitemo anodzorwa namapoka akasiyana, Congress ingashandisa masimba ayo okutarisira kudzikamisa. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza kuita kuti kunzwiwa kwokufeyafeya, kubudisa mapepa nokuda kwezvinyorwa, kuganhurira mari inopinzwa kupfurikidza navatasvi vemibato yedare, uye kupfuudza zvikwereti zvinochinja kana kuti kugadziridza mabasa evakuru vakuru. Nepo aya mabasa okutarisira apamutemo, anogonawo kushandiswa kuvhiringidza kuchengetwa kwemitemo uko dare guru rinoshora.

Zvinetso Zvehurumende Nezvekutarisira

Masangano makuru ehurumende anotanga tsika dzawo amene nemiitiro munguva. Vashandi vehurumende vebasa vangadzivisa mirayiridzo mitsva, zvikurukuru apo vanorwisana nemiitiro yakagadzwa kana kuti tsika dzebasa. Kudzikamisa mitemo yakaoma kunoda kubatana mumasangano akawanda, rimwe nerimwe nemiitiro yaro rimene. Iyi ireaucrate inertlia inogona kunonotsa kudzika mutemo uye kuderedza vavariro yomutemo.

Kuzvidavirira uye Kushandisa Michina Kunodzorwa

Kushanda uku kunoita kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, matare, uye vanhu vatarisire basa rokutungamirira uye kukundikana.

Utariri Hunotonga

Dare rinotungamirira richishandisa midziyo inoverengeka:

  • Kutongwa kwedare uko vakuru vakuru vemasangano vanopupurira nezvemabasa avo
  • Kuongorora kwakaitwa nematare akamira kana kuti matare anosarudza
  • Zvirunga zviduku zvinogombedzera kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa nouchapupu
  • Rongai kutongwa kwamasangano anofanira kururamisa zvikumbiro zvawo zvokushandisa mari
  • Kuongorora Kunoita Hofisi Inozvidavirira yeHurumende uye mishumo
  • Vaongorori vakuru vari musangano rimwe nerimwe vanoongorora kupambadzwa kwezvinhu, kubiridzira, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira

Mabasa okutarisira aya anokosha pakuzivisa kukundikana kwekuchengeta uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Office yeGovernation Accouncity [ nguva dzose] mishumo inoonesa nzvimbo umo kudzikamisa mutemo kunokundikana kusvitsa kariro dzemitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare anoita basa rinokosha mukubvumikisa kuti vapurisa vaiwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo nebumbiro remitemo. Vanhu vamwe navamwe namasangano anotapurwa nezviito zvokudzikamisa vanogona kuvadenha mudare, vachitaura kuti mukuru mukuru adarika chiremera chake kana kuti akaputsa zvinodikanwa zvake. Kuongorora dare kunopa nzvero pakudzikamisa mutemo kana kuti kuisa mhaka nepo zvichijekesawo revo yemirau isina kujeka.

Kuzvidavirira Kwavose Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Vagari vanozvidavirirawo kubazu ravakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nesarudzo, nzvero yenhau, uye kuiswa pachena. Zvinodikanwa zvokuona chitarisiko zvakadai seFreedom of Information Act zvinobvumira vatori venhau navanzveri kuwana magwaro ehurumende nokuzivisa kundikano dzokuita kuti mapurisa arambe achipfuurira. Mapoka ezvisarudzo anoona zviito zvesangano uye kubatira pamwe kwesimba guru. Pakupedzisira, kubatanidzwa kwevhotiroma nevanogadzwa kunovimbisa kuti purezidhendi vatarisane nemigumisiro yokukundikana kwavo kwakapararira.

mhedziso

Basa rebazu guru mukusimbisa zvisarudzo zvemitemo ibasa rakaoma, guru, uye rinokosha rehurumende yazvino uno. Kudzikamisa kunoshanda kunoda kwete bedzi chiremera chapamutemo asiwo zviwanikwa zvakakwana, vashandi vane unyanzvi, kuda zvamatongerwe enyika, uye mibato inosimba yokuzvidavirira. Kana izvi zvinhu zvichiwirirana, mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare rinotonga inoita zvinangwa zvaro zvakarondwa uye vagari vemo vanowana betsero dzokutonga kwakanaka.

Vadzidzi vehurumende vanonzwisisa izvi vanonzwisisa kuti nei mimwe mitemo ichibudirira apo mimwe ichikundikana, uye kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoshanda sei mukushanda panzvimbo pokungofungidzira.

Kana tikaona mitemo isati ichishandiswa, kana kuti ichiita seyakanyanyisa, tinogona kukumbira kururamiswa. Nenzira iyi, kufunda nezvokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vasare vari voga hakungovi chinhu chinokosha chokudzidza nezvevagari vemo vakadzidza uye kubatanidzwa mune zvoutongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu.