Democracy, pakati payo, itsika yokutonga umo simba rinogara navanhu. Zvisinei, nzira iyo simba rinoshandiswa nayo nenzira yakasiana zvikuru pakati pemienzaniso mikuru miviri: democracy nedemocracy inomirira. Democracy inopa simba vagari vemo kuti vavhote zvakananga pamitemo nemitemo, nemitemo, nepo vamiririri vatongi vehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvavo voruzhinji. Sangano rimwe nerimwe rine betsero dzakasiana neganhuriro dzinoumba kuvimbisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, rudzi rwetsika, uye mamiriro enzanga. Nyaya ino inogovera kufananidzwa kukuru-kuru kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunzvera midzi yavo yenhau, zvishandiro zvavo zvazvino unovakwa, simba, uye utera kuti vasarudze kuti gadziriro ipi ingava yakakodzera zviri nani nokuda kwokutonga kwapanguva ino.

Kunzwisisa Ubati Ushe Hwose Hwakananga

Ubati ushe hwehurumende yakananga chimiro chokudzora umo vagari vemo vanotora rutivi zvakananga mukuita zvisarudzo, panzvimbo pokugovera basa iroro kuvhota vamiriri. Uyu muenzaniso unonongedzera mavambo awo kuAtene yakare, umo vagari vemo vechirume vakaungana muGungano kuti vataure uye vavhote pamitemo, nhau dzehondo, uye zvisarudzo zvokutonga. Munyika yazvino uno, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga inowanzoshandiswa zvikurusa kupfurikidza nezvinotevedzerwa, zvigadziko zvavagari vemo, uye kuyeuka sarudzo, kubvumira vavhoti kutendera kana kuti kuramba mitemo yakati.

Switzerland muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa wazvino uno wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gadziriro yayo yehurumende inobatana vamiriri vanosarudzwa kazhinji kazhinji novezvematongerwe enyika pamichinjiro yebumbiro-mitemo, zvibvumirano, uye mutemo mukuru. Vagari vemo veSwitzerland vanogonawo kutanga nhano dzakakurumbira dzokukarakadza mitemo mitsva kana kuti kugadziriswa, chero bedzi vachiunganidza nhamba yakakwana yesiginisita. Iyi mitoo yemivhenganiswa yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji inoratidzira kuti democracy inogona sei kushanda pamwe chete namasangano anomirira. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seItaly uye dzimwe nyika, dzinoshandisawo kuzivisa kwemifungo mitsva nemhizha, kunyange zvazvo zvichiwanzova nemwe mwero wakaganhurirwa.

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, muvhoti anosarudza zvakajeka nhau imwe neimwe. Ikoku kunoda mwero wakakwirira wokutora rutivi kwenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza zvikuva zvemagetsi zvokuvhota kana kuti mabhokisi okuvhota. Kukura kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwamuchina wamagetsi kwakamutsidzira fariro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, kuchigonesa kutora rutivi rwakawanda kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwepakombiyuta uye kuvhota. Zvisinei, kushandisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nenzira yakananga pamwero wenyika yose hakuwanzobvira nemhaka yedenho nedenho dzinoshanda.

Nheyo Dzenhau Nedzidziso

Midzi yeruzivo rwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga iri mupfungwa youchangamire hwakakurumbira, umo chiremera chapamutemo chinobva mukuda kwavanhu vose. Vafungi saJean-Jacques Rousseau vakataura kuti rusununguko rwechokwadi runoda vagari vemo kutora rutivi zvakananga mukuita pamutemo, somufananidzo usingadzivisiki unoderedza kuda kwavose. Mubasa rake The Social Contract, Rousseau akaomerera kuti mitemo inofanira kuiswa navanhu vamene kuti vachengetedze rusununguko nokudzivisa ushati. Iri donzo rakafuridzira masangano nokuda kwokutonga kworutivi rwapasi munhau yose, kubva kumisangano yeguta razvino uno kumisangano youswa.

Betsero Dzoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Yakananga

Ubati ushe hwakananga hunopa betsero dzinogombedzera dzinoverengeka idzo dzinogona kukudza kuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvimbisana mugari wemo.

  • Chibvumirano chaMagariro eChizvarwa chinowedzerwa: Apo vanhu vanenge vane kutaura kwakananga muzvisarudzo zvemiitiro, vane bviro huru yokuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro penhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende. Kubatanidzwa kwakananga kunogona kuchinja nhau dzisingashandi kuva vagari vemo vanoshingaira, vachisimudzira tsika yakasimba yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
  • Kurevererwa: democracy yakananga inobvumira hurumende kuita chiito nokukurumidza mumhinduro kumurangariro wavose. Panhau dzokukurumidzira dzakadai sekugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti bvumirano, mamenume anogona kukunda miitiro yemitemo mirefu ndokuratidzira kuda kwazvino kwavanhu.
  • Traxation neKuzvidavirira: Nemhaka yokuti vagari vemo vanoona chaizvoizvo chiri kuvhotwa uye kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga inogona kuderedza mabanza ezvirongwa zvekudzosera zvinhu neuori. Vhoti iri yose ichinyorwa chavose chakajeka, kuchikuita kwakaoma nokuda kwefariro chakatanhamara kuti ishandure miuyo.
  • Simba reMiduku: Nepo kazhinji kazhinji kuchitsoropodzwa nokuda kwomutemo mukuru, democracy yakananga inogonawo kupa simba vanhu vashomanene apo vanoshandiswa nounyanzvi. Somuenzaniso, macomputer omunzvimbomo anogona kupa nzanga rukudzo pamusoro pezvirongwa zvingavakuvadza nenzira isingaenzaniswi, zvakadai senjodzi dzemhoteredzo kana kuti chinjo dzinoshandiswa munyika.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Yakananga

Pasinei zvapo neiyi betsero, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga inopawo zvinetso zvinokosha zvinogona kusekesa kudzora kunobudirira.

  • Kuoma nokuoma kwemiitiro: Miitiro yakawanda yakadai sechinjo yomutero, tarisiro yezveutano, kana kuti murau wemhoteredzo. Mugari wemo avhareji angashaiwa unyanzvi hwokuyera zvikarakadzo zvakaoma, zvichitungamirira kuzvisarudzo kana kuti kudzoresa kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzinotsausa.
  • RISK yeMajority Tyranny: democracy yakananga inogona kuparira “kupesana kwavazhinji,” uko voruzhinji vanosarudzawo zvavo kuisa kuda kwavo paboka duku. Pasina dziviriro dzesangano, madherefoni anogona kuguma nemitemo yokusasarura inoita kuti mapoka ave asina dziviriro.
  • Kuneta kwemabhomba nePurtout: vhoti nguva dzose panhau dzakawanda dzinogona kukurira vagari vemo, kuchitungamirira kukushatisa uye kuvhota kwakaderera. Apo vavhoti vanonyanyoremerwa, vangapfura zvikwereti kana kuti kuvimba nezvisaririra, vachideredza kunaka kwokuita zvisarudzo.
  • Zvinetso zveCostant neLogistical Dekin: Kuronga kazhinji kazhinji kunoda zviteshi zvinokosha zvokudzora, kubatanidza marobhoti okutsikirira, kugadza zviteshi zvokuvhota, uye mashoko okuzivisa. Nokuda kwamarudzi makuru, idzi ndyiko dzinogona kuva dzinodzivisa.
  • Chiratidzo chePopulism neMyoyo yokuita zvisarudzo:[[FLT: 1] democracy yakananga inogona kukudza kutaura kwechiziviso chephompulist, sokukurudzira kwemirangariro kungachinja vavhoti panhau dzakaoma. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti nhimbe dzerendimedzo dzinowanzotsamira pakunyanyovakwa nokutya, kuchitungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvinopokanidza fariro yavose yenguva refu.

Kunzwisisa Ubati Ushe Hwomumiriri

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunomirira muenzaniso mukuru munyika yazvino uno, umo vagari vanosarudza vakuru vakuru kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvemiitiro nokuda kwavo. Iyi tsika yakabuda munhambo yeNjereso sechigadzikiso chinoshanda nokuda kwokutonga vanhu vazhinji, vakasiana--- siyana. Panzvimbo pokuvhota panhau iri yose, vamiriri vanosarudzwa kuune, kurukurirano, uye mutemo weunyanzvi, kazhinji kazhinji mukati menzvero dzebumbiro remitemo nedzikamo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza United States, United Kingdom, Germany, India, uye dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa namademocracy.

Muhurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, sarudzo inobatira somutoo mukuru wokuzvidavirira. Vagari vavhoterwa vavatendi vakavakirwa pazvikuva zvebato, perero yomunhu oga, uye nzvimbo dzemiitiro. Pavanongosarudzwa, vamiriri vanokarirwa kudzikamisa fariro dzavamiriri vavo nezvakanaka zvikuru zvavose. Kuchinja kuripo, zvakadai segadziriro dzeparamende (panobuda mukuru padare remitemo) uye gadziriro dzapurezidhendi (panosarudzwa mukuru mukuru mukuru).

Kukura Kwenhau

Murangariro wehurumende inomirira une mavambo ekare mumagungano eRoma neparamende eMiddle Ages, asi wakajekeswa zvizere mukati mezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18. Vafungi vakafanana naJohn Locke naMontesquieu vakatsigira nokuda kwokuparadzana kwamasimba nomufananidzo kudzivisa udzvinyiriri uye kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma enzanga yazvino uno. Chinjo dzeAmerica neFrance dzinomirira hurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, nedzinosarudzwa namadzishe anoshanda senzwi ravanhu. Nokufamba kwenguva yakati, masangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende akawedzera, uye masangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa akawedzera zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo kumirira kuchiramba kuri chinhu chakanaka.

Betsero Dzoubati Ushe Hwomumiriri

Ubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunopa simba rinoverengeka rinoriita rakakodzera nzanga huru, dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

  • [ Expertise and Delimitation: Vakuru vakuru vanoregeredzwa kazhinji kazhinji vane zivo chaiyo, tsigiro, uye kusvika kuuchapupu hwenyanzvi. Vanogona kupinda mukurangarira nokurangarira, vachiyera ufakazi nezvokutengeserana, izvo zvakaoma kuti voruzhinji vaite panhau iri yose.
  • Kuterama neKonfitime: Hurumende dzinomirira dzinogovera dzikamo yesangano kupfurikidza namashoko akatsiga, miitiro yakagadzwa, uye mabasa ehurumende anodzidzisika. Uku kupfuuridzirwa kunobvumira kuronga kwenguva refu nemibato yemiitiro pasina kuvhota kwakananga.
  • Kudzivirirwa kweManomity Rights: Vamiriri vanogona kutsigira mapoka maduku angafuratirwa muvhoti yakananga. Dziviriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo, dzakadai semabhiri ekodzero nenzvero yokutonga, dzinobatanidzwa nyore nyore zvikuru mumiitiro yemimiririri, inodzivirira pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kwevamiririri.
  • Kubudirira nokusashanda:[[FLT: 1] zviyero zvokumirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvinobudirira kuvagari vemo vakawanda. Panzvimbo pokuda kuti mugari wemo ari wose avhote pamazana enhau, vamiriri vanobata basa guru remitemo, vachisunungura vagari vemo kuisa ngwariro pazvisarudzo zvikuru zvezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuzvidavirira Kupfurikidza neSarudzo: Sarudzo yenguva dzose dzinobvumira vagari vemo kubvisa vamiriri vasingashandi kana kuti vakashata. Nepo urongwa ihwohwu husati hwakakwana, hunogovera nzvero yenhambo nenhambo pasimba uye hunokurudzira kupindura kumurangariro wavose.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzoutongi Hunomirira

Pasinei nokusasarura kwahwo, hurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu inosangana nematambudziko anoramba achinetsa ayo anogona kukanganisa kuvimbana uye kubudirira.

  • Kubatanidza pakati pavamiriri navagari: Nokufamba kwenguva, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vangadzivirirwa paitiro hanya dzavo, kuvimbika kwebato, zvishuvo zvomunhu oga, kana kuti fariro dzomupi wefariro pamusoro pezvakanaka zvavose. Uku kuisa zvinoparira shatiso dzezvisingabvumiki uye zvinoraira zvimiro zvakananga zvikuru zvokutora rutivi.
  • [[FT:0] Kuchinja kweLobbing nefariro Chaidzo: Mapoka ezviwanwa zvakanaka anogona kushandisa pesvedzero isingachinjiki pamusoro pomutemo kupfurikidza nokugamuchira, mipiro, uye miitiro yapaimba inotenderera. Ikoku kunosekesa nheyo yomufananidzo wakaenzana uye kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro inobetsera vashomanene pakurasikirwa navazhinji.
  • Kusakendenga neTow Turnout:[[FLT: 1] Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vhoti yavo inoita musiyano muduku, kana kuti kuti vose vanosarudzwa vakafanana, vangarasha. Muvhoti akaderera anonetesa maruramiro ehurumende dzakasarudzwa uye anogona kuratidzira pamutemo kupfumi, muvhoti anonyandurwa zvikuru.
  • Garlick nePartisan Polarection: Gadziriro dzokumiririra, zvikurukuru idzo dzine mifungo mizhinji seCongress yeU.S., dzinogona kutambura nokuoma kwemitemo. Kugarwa kwenzvimbo dzinowanzodzivisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuchisiya zvinetso zvinokosha zvisingagadziriswi.
  • Kupiwa mutoro: Vamiriri vanoratidza kusarura vanogona kutungamirira kutsika yokusaita chiito, umo vagari vemo vanorega mutoro wokutonga uye vanongotora rutivi bedzi makore mashomanene ari ose. Ikoku kunogona kushatisa wirirano yenzanga ndokuita kuti nzanga dzive dzisina kudzivirirwa kurumano.

Kuenzanisa: Direcracy Democracy yoMumiriri

Kuenzanisa gadziriro mbiri kunoratidza kubuda kwezvokutengeserana mumativi anoverengeka makuru.

Kukurumidza Kusarudza

Ubati ushe hwehurumende yavanhu hunogona kuita zvisarudzo zvekukurumidza panhau dzakananga, sezvinoonekwa muSwiss inogona kupedzwa mumavhiki. Zvisinei, kudikanwa kwokuronga vhoti ndokuzivisa vavhoti kunogonawo kudzongonyedza zvinhu kana nhau yacho yakaoma. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunobatanidza dare rinotonga kwenguva refu, nharo dzapauriri, uye kugadziriswa, izvo zvinogona kunonotsa chiito. Bva muitiro iwoyo wokubvisa muvhoti unogona kugadzirirwa kuita miuyo inorangarirwa nokungwarira zvikuru.

Kubatanidzwa Pachena

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunorerekera kusimudzira mwero yakakwirira yebvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika inotsigirwa. Vagari vanova vanobatanidzwa nokushingaira mukunzvera nhau, kuiitisa nharo, uye kuvhota. Mukupesana, hurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kukurudzira kuva mugari wemo asingadzorwi zvikuru, nokuvimbisana kuganhurirwa kuvhota uye kuita chiito chapanhambo nenhambo. Zvisinei, maturusi azvino uno (g., paIndaneti, bhajeti yemari yokubetsera) ari kukanganisa uyu mutsetse kupfurikidza nokubvumira mativi okutora rutivi chakananga mukati memiitiro.

Kuzvidavirira

Muhurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuzvidavirira kunorevererwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo. Vadzori vanogona kutonga vasarudzo vakavakirwa pachinyorwa chavo chose, asi kunogona kuva kwakaoma kuisa kundikano dzakati dzemiitiro. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga, kuzvidavirira kwapakarepo: kana mesendimu ichiita muuyo wakaipa, vagari vemo vamene vanofanira kupomerwa mhaka, uko kungaderedza kusundwa kwemhosva.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Ubati ushe hwamadhimoni hunomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, necherekedzo dzahwo nedzikamo, hwirudzuro, uye dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, zvinowanzogovera dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwamaruramiro avanhu vashoma. Ubati ushe hwehurumende yakananga, husina aya macheki, hunokomba zvikuru kuudzvinyiriri hwavazhinji. Zvisinei, mimwe mibatanidzwa yakavhengana inoda zvisaririra zvikuru nokuda kwemitezo yakasiana, ichigovera ruvara rwedziviriro.

Kunzwa zvakanaka

Ubati ushe hwedemocracy hunogona kuwanda, hwakasiana - siana. Democracy yakananga inova inodenha nenzira yenzira inodzorwa sezvo nhamba yavavhoti nenhau inowedzera. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwuri kuderedza zvishoma nezvishoma idzi mhinganidzo, kuchigonesa nyika yose kunzvera uye kupfuurira.

Mapikicha Ehwanyai: Kubatanidza Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Nehunomirira

Hurumende dzamadomu dzazvino uno dzakawanda dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvegadziriro dzose dziri mbiri kuti dzibate simba reimwe neimwe nepo dzichidzikamisa utera. Muenzaniso weSwitzerland ndiwo wakakudziridzwa zvikurusa, nomutemo wetsika wesangano nepo masangano anowanzobvumira mubatanidzwa wakananga wevagari vemo panhau huru.

Kubatanidzwa kwemari muitiro wemibatanidzwa unowedzera, kupayona muPorto Alegre, Brazil, uye zvino unoshandiswa muzviuru zvamaguta munyika yose. Vagari vanovhota zvakananga pamusoro penzira yokugovera nayo chikamu chemari yemisika, kubatanidza utarisiri hwemimiriri nokuita chisarudzo chakananga. Uyu muenzaniso wakawedzera kujeka, kuderedza ushati, uye kudzokororwazve nzanga dzakaganhurirwa. Dzidza zvikuru pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemari yokushandisa muparatiko munyika yose.

Zvikamu zvemadhigirii zvakadai se zvinotaura imwe nzira yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakavhengana, umo vagari vemo vanogona kuvhota zvakananga panhau kana kuti kutumira vhoti yavo kunyanzvi kana kuti vaenzani vanovimbwa. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira kutora rutivi kwakananga apo vaichengeta betsero dzemireza. Mapoka enyika akawanda, akadai sePirate Party muGermany neIceland Redecial Party, akaedza kuvhotera kudiscracy nokuda kwokuita chisarudzo chomukati.

Referendom dzinowanzoshandiswa mumiitiro yavamiriri. Somuenzaniso, muUnited Kingdom, madanho enyika akasarudza kuva mutezo muEuropean Union uye chinjo kugadziriro yokuvhota. Nepo iyi mivhoti inogona kupedza nhau dzinokakavadzana, ivowo vanopa njodzi yokuparadzanisa kuvhota uye kupesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvenguva pfupi. Enclopædia Britannica pakupinda pakunongedzera kwemibatanidzwa [ inogovera mamwe manyuko pakushandiswa kwavo neganhuridzo.

Mugumisiro: Chii chiri nani?

Mubvunzo wokuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga kana kuti inomirira iri nani haigoni kupindurwa zvakajeka nokuda kwemashoko ose. Democracy yakananga inopfuura zvikuru munzanga duku, dzine nzanga dzine vagari vemogeneon umo vane nguva nefariro yokubatikana zvikuru nenhau imwe neimwe. Inokurudzira kutora rutivi kwakakwirira, kujeka, uye kudavira. Mumiririri wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, nenzira inopesana, inokodzera zviri nani nzanga huru, dzakaoma kunzwisisa uko unyanzvi, dzikamo, uye dziviriro shomanene dzinodikanwa.

Kurangarira simba nezvikanganiso zvegadziriro imwe neimwe, mutoo wemibatanidzwa unobatanidza zvinhu zvose zviri zviviri kazhinji kazhinji ndiyo mhinduro inoshanda zvikurusa. Ruzivo rwazvino uno runopa mikana mitsva yokubatanidza kutora rutivi kwakananga nezvivako zvinomirira, kugona kuwedzera bvumirano yenzanga pasina kuisa basa rakanaka kana kuti kudzivirira maruramiro. Somuenzaniso, chinoitika cheSwitzerland chinokarakadza kuti zvikamu zvenguva dzose, zvinosanosainwa zvinogona kuva pamwe chete negadziriro yakasimba yemimiririri. Nenzira yakafanana, kuronga mari yemari nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvinoratidza migumisiro inovimbisa mukusimudzira chisarudzo chokuita chisarudzo chizere.

Pakupedzisira, “chimiro chakanakisisa chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu chakaenzana” chinotsamira paukuru hwenzanga, mhatsa, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye gadziriro dzemichina. Vatungamiriri navagari vemo vanofanira kurangarira kuedza mitoo yakasiana-- siyana kuti vawane dzikamo yakarurama nokuda kwemigariro yavo yakananga. Gakava pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu navanomirira hachisi chisarudzo chechiviri asi kokero yokuronga udzori huri zvose zviri zviviri hunodzora uye hunobudirira.