Table of Contents

Ukama pakati petsika nemitemo yavose ikokupindwa nakwo musengwa wehurumende inotonga yehurumende. Tsika dzinogovera gadziriro inodzorwa inotungamirira kuumbwa, kuitwa, uye kurangarirwa kwemiitiro, kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanobatira zvakanaka zvakafanana apo vanoremekedza kodzero dzavo. Pasina hwaro hwakasimba hwetsika, muitiro wavose unova mudziyo wefariro dzinopesana kana kuti miuyo mipfupi, kubvisa chivimbo chavose nesonganiro yenzanga. Iyi nyaya yakakudzwa inopindwa mukushandiswa kwouzivi, denho dzinoshanda, uye kushandisirwa kwenyika chaidzo dzetsika mukuita tsika, kuratidzira kukura mumienzaniso yenhau neyazvinofungwa zvetsika mukutonga.

Mavambo Etsika Dzakatangira Mukutonga

Vazivi vekare vakadai saAristotle naConfucius vakasimbisa basa rokunaka muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika, vachiramba kuti kudzora chete kunoda vatongi kuti vakudziridze unhu hwetsika. Mugamuchidzanwa rokuMadokero, vafungi vokuNzverwa jenel jjoan Locke, Immanuel Kant, uye Jean-Jacques Rousseau / Kutanga rondedzero dzekodzero dzomusikirwo nemhikate dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera nharo dzemitemo nhasi. Somuenzaniso, Kant’s anokosha, inoda kuti zviito zvishande muse chose chose uye zviremekedzo zvomunhu, kazhinji kacho dzinokumbirwa mukurukurirano dzekodzero dzevanhu.

Muzana ramakore rechi 20, kumuka kwehurumende dzegarikano namaruramiro avanhu amarudzi ose kwakanyandurazve kurangarira kwetsika mumuitiro wavose. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) nesungano dzakatevera dzakatanga musiyano wenyika yose nokuda kwokuita tsika, kusimbisa chiremera, kuenzana, uye kusasarura. Nhasi, kunzvera tsika rutivi rwomupimo rwekubudirira kwetsika, nehurumende dzakawanda dzichigamuchira nhungamiro dzetsika dzakarongwa nemiitiro yehwirudzuro.

Mabasa Anoita Kuti Vanhu Varambe Vachitevedzera Mitemo Yavo

Vagadziri vemitemo vanoshandisa dzidziso dzakawanda dzetsika kuti vaone kuti zvinorehwa nezvisarudzo zvavo ndezvetsika here.

Tsika Dzenhema

Deontology, yakabatanidzwa naKant, inonangidzira ngwariro pamabasa, kodzero, uye mitemo. Mumuitiro wavose, iyi nzira inoisa pakutanga kunamatira kunheyo dzakadai seruramisiro, kutendeseka, uye kuremekedza nokuda kwokuzvitonga, pasinei zvapo nemigumisiro. Somuenzaniso, murangariro wezvokusarudza zvinhu ungashora kutambudzwa kunyange kana kungagona kudzivisa kudenha kwamagandanga, nemhaka yokuti chiito chacho chimene hachina kururama.

Kutsigira Kutonga uye Kutsigira Nyika

Chirevo chezvoutano, chinotsigirwa naJeremy Benham naJohn Stuart Mill, chinoyera mitemo yakavakirwa pamano avo okuwedzera mufarwa wose kana kuti garikano. Iyi gadziriro yakapararira mukunzvera ndyiko yemari, kupindira kwoutano hwavanhu, uye miraudzo yemhoteredzo. Mugadziri wemitengo yehurumende angatsigira mutero wecarbon kana ukaderedza kubudisa nokubetsera zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi, kunyange kana zvichiisa mutengo wenhambo pfupi pamaindasitiri. Zvisinei, vatsoropo vanocherekedza kuti kubetsera kwezvoutano hwemari inogona kufuratira kodzero shomanene kana kuti kururamisa kutengeserana kukuvadza.

Tsika Dzakanaka

Tsika dzakanaka, dzakabva muna Aristotle, dzinosimbisa unhu uye vavariro dzevaiti vemitemo. Panzvimbo pokungofunga nezvemitemo kana migumisiro, zvinobvunza kuti mutungamiriri akanaka anoitei ((munhu ane ushingi, akadzikama, anotonga, uye akachenjera). Nzira iyi inokosha zvikurukuru kutungamirira vanhu, uko uchenjeri nechisarudzo zvinokurudzira. Tsika dzakanaka dzinokurudzira kuonana, kuva netsitsi, uye kufunga kwenguva refu mukudzora.

Maitiro Okutarisira Neruramisiro

Tsika dzokutarisira, dzakakudziridzwa navazivi vavanokudzwa navakadzi vakafanana naCarol Gilligan, dzinosimbisa ukoshi hwoukama, tsitsi, uye mutoro nokuda kwavanhu vakatapurwa. Mumuitiro, iyi murangariro inotsigira mambure echengeteko yenzanga, mitemo yemhuri inosiya, uye purogiramu dzeruramisiro. Yakabatanidzwa nerondedzero dzeruramisiro(kuparadzira, uye kuparadzira) uye tsika dzinotarisirwa dzinovimbisa kuti mitemo igovere zvose zviri zviviri ruramisiro netsitsi.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzemakonzo Mumutemo Wavose

Nheyo dzinoverengeka dzinogamuchirwa zvakafara sedzinokosha mukuitwa kwetsika.Idzi nheyo hadzisati dziri dzakakwana asi dzinobatira sezvinopesvedzera nokuda kwokuyera zvisarudzo zvemitemo.

  • Tsika: Tsika dzinofanira kuparadzira betsero nemitoro nenzira isina kusarura, dzichidzivisa rusaruro uye kuvimbisa kusvika kwakaenzana kuzviwanikwa.
  • [ Benecicence:[ Vagadziri veMitemo vanofanira kuita chiito nokuda kwegarikano yenzanga, vachisimudzira utano, dzidzo, uye banza rezvemari.
  • [ Non-main: Dzivisa kukuvadza, kungava kupfurikidza nechiito chakananga kana kuti kuregeredzwa, zvikurukuru kune vasina dziviriro zvikurusa.
  • [[FT:0] Nyora: Rumbidza maruramiro avanhu okuita zvisarudzo zvine ruzivo pamusoro poupenyu hwavo vamene, mukati meganhuriro dzekotsekano yavose.
  • Tractment: miitiro inoita zvisarudzo inofanira kuva iri nyore kunzvera, kuchibvumira vagari vemo kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire.
  • [ Kudzorwa: Vaiti veMitemo vanofanira kuita nokutendeseka uye nguva dzose, vachidzivisa rwisano dzefariro.

Matambudziko Pakusimudzira Tsika Kutsika Dzoruzhinji

Pasinei zvapo nokudikanwa kwakajeka kwokudzikamisa tsika, kudzikamisa chaizvoizvo mitemo kunotarisana nemhinganidzo huru.

Kupesana Kwefariro Netsika

Somuenzaniso, dare reguta rinosarudza kugadzira dzimba itsva rinofanira kudzikamisa kodzero yokuwana pokugara (zvisingatengeki uye ruramisiro) kuti risachengetedze mhoteredzo (kuchengeteka kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi).

Kushaikwa KweConsensus

Vari mumibato yakasiana - siana(kubatanidza mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka amaindasitiri, uye nzanga yavagari vemo (8) kazhinji kazhinji vane gadziriro dzetsika dzakasiana. Nharo pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, eutanisia, kana kuti kudzora pfuti dzinozivisa kuwanda kukuru kwetsika. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, tsika dzetsika dzetsika (miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo zvepasi) dzinova dzinokosha semiuyo yakaderera.

Dzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nenhambo Pfupi

Gadziriro dzekusarudza nemhesano dzekusarudza zvinogona kuisa miuyo mipfupi yenhambo pfupi-kare yetsika. Vezvamatongerwe enyika vanganonozesa chinjo dzisingadikanwi asi dziri madikanwa (zvikurukuru, kushandura kana kuti gadziridzo dzemudyandigere) kudzivisa kudzorwa kwevhota. Iyi myopia inosekesa ruramisiro yechizvarwa netsigano.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Kunyange mitemo yetsika yakanaka inoda mari, vashandi, uye zvinhu zvinokosha. Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, hurumende dzingatarisana ne “chisarudzo chamazvo chokusarudza” chokuisa mitengo yakaganhurirwa yezvoutano pakati pemabasa okurapa neokudzivirira. Zvirongwa zvetsika zvakadai senzvero yemari, nepo ichishanda, inoedza kutora zvizere chiremera chavanhu.

Miganhu

Kushandisa mitemo yehurumende hakurevi kuti mitemo yacho ichashanda zvakanaka.

Kuongorora Vane Mhaka: Tsika Dzinoshanda

Kuongorora mitemo yakati kunoratidza kuti tsika dzinoshandiswa sei — kana kuti dzinoregeredzwa sei.

Act yeAffordble Care (ACA) muUnited States

ACA yakavavarira kuwedzera kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano, kukurukura itiro hanya dzetsika pamusoro pekuenzana kwezveutano nekodzero yokutarisira. Yakatanga matanho akadai sewedzero yeMedicaid, mari, uye dziviriro nokuda kwemigariro iripo. Nepo muitiro wakatarisana neshoro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuita zvinetso, hwaro hwamararamiro hwawo mukubatsira nokururamisira hunozivikanwa zvikuru. Zvisinei, gakavadzano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti kana AA inoita kusvika kwakakwana kupasi pose.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo Nenheyo Yemavambo

Mitemo yemhoteredzo inowanzotaura nheyo yokungwarira, inotaura kuti mukutarisana nekuvadziko isingachinjiki, kushaikwa kweuchokwadi hwakazara hwesayenzi hakufaniri kushandiswa sechikonzero chokusundira mberi matanho anoparira miuyo yemiuyo. Iyi nheyo iri pachena mumirau pamusoro pokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kushandiswa kwemishonga, uye dziviriro yemhando dzezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo. Inoratidzira kuzvipira kwetsika kumunhu asingamiriri pamutemo uye ruramisiro inotsiva. Zvisinei, vatsoropoteri vanotaura kuti nheyo yokungwarira inogona kudzivisa kugadziriswa kwemitoro ndokuisa mitoro yakanyanyisa paindasitiri.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Inochinja uye Ruramisiro Inodzorera

Nyika zhinji mitoo yokufunga nokuda kwokudzorera ruramisiro, iyo inosimbisa kuyanana, nyajambwa, uye kugadziridzwa. Iyi chinjo yakavakirwa mutsika dzokutarisira uye kupesana kwemienzaniso inotapura nzanga dzakaganhurirwa nenzira isingaenzaniswi. Tsika dzakadai sepurogiramu dzokutsiva dzepwere, matare ezvirango, uye kururamisa gadziridzo dzinoratidzira kuti tsika dzinogona sei kudzorera gadziriro dzeruramisiro.

Vabati Nemabasa Avo Oumbozha

Vatambi vakasiyana - siyana vanobatsira kuti tsika dzevanhu dzive dzakanaka.

Vakuru Vakuru Vehurumende Navatungamiriri Voruzhinji

Vakuru vakuru nevashandi vehurumende vanopiwa mirayiridzo vane mutoro mukuru wokubudirira kwetsika dzokutsigira kuti tsika dzive dzepamutemo.Izvi zvinosanganisira kuomerera kumitemo yetsika, kudzivisa kurwisana kwezvinofadza, uye kubatanidzwa mukuongorora zvinhu zvinooneka. Hurumende dzakawanda dzakatanga masangano etsika kana kuti masangano anotarisira kuti aone kuteererwa.

Masangano Enzanga Yavagari Vemo

Masangano ehurumende (NGOS), mapoka ekodzero dzokudzora, uye masangano enzanga anoita basa rinokosha rokungwarira. Anogona kusimbisa kusaruramisira, kukurudzira kuchinja tsika, uye kuwedzera manzwi emapoka anotaurwa. Somuenzaniso, masangano ekodzero dzevanhu anowanzopa ufakazi hwezvinokuvadza zvemitemo uye anokarakadza zvimwe zvinotsiva.

Vatsvakurudzi Vemakemikari uye Matanki Okufunga

Nyanzvi muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, muitiro wavose, uye kushandisa tsika dzinoparira gadziriro dzokufungidzira noufakazi hwokupesvedzerwa hunozivisa kugadzirwa kwemitemo yetsika.Institution dzakafanana neBrookings Institution kana kuti Institute for Social and Ethical Accountability dzinobudisa nzvero nenhungamiro zvinobetsera rondedzero nokushandisa mabhiriji.

Vagari Nezvitsinga

Kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi musarudzo, kunzvera kwavose, uye masangano okuramba, vagari vemo vanogona kuraira mufambiro wetsika kuvatungamiriri vavo.

Michina Yokusimudzira Tsika Mumutemo Wevanhu Vose

Kuronga tsika kunoda kurongwa nemaune.

Kurovedza Tsika Nechivako Choukuru

Hurumende dzinogona kurayira kuti vashandi vehurumende vadzidze tsika, vapedze rondedzero dzetsika, vasarudze nyaya, uye vasarudze zvinhu zvinoshanda.

Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka uye Kuvhura Hurumende

Mitemo yakadai seFreedom of Information Act (US) kana kuti Access to Information Act (Canada) inoita kuti vagari vemo vaongorore zvisarudzo zvemiitiro. Indaneti inomira nokuda kwemashoko ehurumende, vhura misangano, uye tsinhiro dzavose inowedzerazve kujeka, zvichideredza mikana yokushatisa.

Matare Etsika Anozvimirira

Kutanga madare etsika anozvisarudzira kana kuti mabhodhi emitemo — akadai seUnited Purezidhendi paBuhioethics kana kuti UK Committee on Standards in Public Life(anogona kupa nhungamiro yenyanzvi panhau dzinokakavadzana. Masangano aya anowanzobatanidza vazivi, magweta, masayendisiti, uye vamiririri venzanga.

Tsika Dzinotapura

Yakaenzanisirwa netapuro dzemhoteredzo, mirangariro yetsika (EIA) inoyera miuyo inobvira yemiitiro yetsika inokarakadzwa.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Mumutemo Wavose

Unyanzvi hutsva hwesayenzi nenjodzi dzenyika yose zviri kukanganisa miganhu yokudzora tsika.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kururama kwemitemo

Gadziriro dzinoshandiswa mururamisiro youtsotsi, kurovha, uye chikwereti zvinosimbisa funganyo pamusoro porusaruro, kuzvitonga, uye kuzvidavirira. Gadziriro dzeIR( dzakafanana neOECD Principles on Audificial(emphasize) kuonekana, kuomesa, uye kuisa munhu. Asi kushandisa nheyo idzi dzinoramba dzakaoma, sezvo maarogosa anowanzoshanda se “bhokisi matema.”

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze uye Kururamisira Kwemarudzi

Mitemo yemamiriro okunze inoda kudzikamisa kuvapo kwevagari vemo vazvino uno pane iya yezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Mufungo we “miganhu yepasi repasi” uye Chibvumirano cheParis chinoratidzira misengwa yetsika yokutsigira nokusiyanisa mitoro. Zvisinei, dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzemari dzinopfuurira kufambira mberi zvishoma.

Utano Hwenyika Yose Nokugamuchira Kwourombo

ZVINOTAURA ZVINOTAURWA NECHOVAID 16) Zvakaratidza zvinetso zvikuru zvetsika: kuparadzirwa kwemishonga yokuurayana, kutengeswa kwemajekiseni, uye zvisarudzo zvisina musoro.

Kutama uye Kudzora Muganhu

Nharo dzetsika pamusoro pokutama dzinobatanidza kusawirirana pakati pouchangamire hworudzi nemisengwa yomutsa. Miitiro yakafanana nemiitiro yepokupotera, kubatanidzwazve kwemhuri, uye kuchengetwa kwemiganhu inomutsa mibvunzo yeruramisiro netsitsi. UN Global Company for Migration inogovera gadziriro yakavakirwa pakodzero dzavanhu, asi kuita kunosiyana zvikuru.

Maonero Anoita Zvinhu: Tsika Dzakasiyana Nemasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mamiriro ezvinhu etsika neezvematongerwe enyika akasiyana anoumba nzira iyo tsika dzinobatanidzwa nayo kuva pamutemo.

Miganhu Yakasununguka yokuMadokero

Kutarisira kwevakuru vakuru kunowanzotsamira pamitemo yedare, matare anozvimirira, uye kuongorora zvinobudisa nhau.

Musvingo wokuEast Asia: ChiCommunistism nechiConfucius

Munyika dzakadai seSingapore, South Korea, uye Japan, muitiro wavose unowanzoratidzira mipimo yokubatana: tsinhirano yenzanga, kuremekedzwa kwechiremera, uye mutoro weboka.

Scandinavia Welfares

Denmark, Sweden, uye Norway dzinobatanidza mambure echengeteko yenzanga akasimba nemwero yakakwirira yechivimbo muhurumende. Mitemo yavo nguva dzose yakatanhamara pamusoro pokuona zvakanaka, kuenzana, uye kuchengeteka kwemhoteredzo. Muenzaniso weNordic unoratidzira kuti nheyo dzetsika dzechinzwano nedzechisiko chose dzinogona kurongwa sei.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Dzomutemo Wavose

Sezvo nyika inova yakabatana zvikuru uye yakaoma kunzwisisa, mitoo mitsva inodikanwa kutsigira kudzora tsika.

Ubati Ubati Ushe Hwokutonga Hworuzhinji Husingabvumirwi

Magungano evagari vemo, kuronga mari yokushandisa, uye kuongorora kwokusasarudza zviri kuwanikwa senzira dzokubatanidza nadzo tsika dzavose mumuitiro.

Kutonga Kwenyika Yose Nemipimo Yacho

Masangano enyika dzakawanda akadai seUnited Nations, World Bank, uye World Trade Organization anotarisana nedzvinyiriro yokugamuchira nhungamiro dzakasimba zvikuru dzetsika.

Mitemo Younyanzvi Hwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kurangarira tsika kurukudziro yoruzivo rutsva rwemiitiro yezvokugadzira − inozivikanwa se “miitiro kupfurikidza negadziriro” kungapedza zvinetso zvakawanda. Iyi nzira iri kudzorwa muminda semotokari dzinozvimirira, mishonga yeAI, uye gadziriro dzokuongorora.

Kubatana Kwokuranga Kunobatanidza

Kuronga tsika kunobudirira kunoda muuyo unobva kuvazivi, masayendisiti enzanga, mainjiniya, uye nzanga.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati petsika nemitemo yavose ndezvimwe zvinhu zvinowirirana nenheyo uye nesimba. Nheyo dzemitemo yakadai seruramisiro, qhaza, uye udzori dzinogovera kambasi yetsika nokuda kwokutonga, nepo mibato inoshanda(kurovedza, kuoneka, uye utariri) zvinobatsira kushandura nheyo idzodzo kushanda. Zvinetso zvefariro dzinopesana, dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mitengo yezvombo ndezvechokwadi, asi hazvina kukurira. Nokudzidza kubva mumipimo yenhau, kupinza vatengi vapangi vakasiana-nji, uye kubatira zvishandiso zvitsva nokuda kwokurangarira nokuzvidavirira, masangano ezvokushandira zvinhu anogona kushandura mitemo yehurumende isingangoshandisi bedzi asi zvakarurama. Sezvinopfuurira kuchinja kwechinjo yezvokugadzirwa kwechaungagara, kukurumidzira kwezvamagariro, uye mipimo yenzanga inoramba iripo bedzi kupfurikidza nokurangarira tsika dzavanhu.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro penheyo dzetsika dzetsika, ona [[FLT: 1] Encyclopedia yeFilosophy wekupinda paEthics nePublic Policy uye OECD yezviwanikwa zvetsika dzeboka rehurumende. [[FLT:] [FLT]] United Nations retsika dzetsika [] inogoverawo mirangariro yenyika yose pamusoro petsika dzetsika.