Chitanga Kunzi: Hurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Nheyo dzecheki nedzikamo dzinomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinogara zvikurusa mukuisa ngwariro simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi rehurumende kuti ridzore mamwe, tsika inopa chiremera mumativi ose akaparadzana, rimwe nerimwe rina mano okudzivisa zviito zvasara. Nokuda kwavagari vemo navadzidzi vokudzora zvakafanana, kunzwisisa kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoshanda mukushanda kunokosha sei kuziva kuti hurumende dzinotonga dzinochengetedza hurumende dzinotonga dzinochengetedza sei rusununguko, kuzvidavirira, uye kudzorwa kwomutemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera mavambo enhau, mashandiro ebasa renyika chaiyo, mashandiro enyika, uye denho dzinopfuurira dzegadziriro yokunzvera yeAmerica yezvokudzora, kugovera murangariro wakakwana webasa rayo mukudzora kwazvino uno.

Nheyo Dzenhau Nedzidziso

Pesvedzero Yavafungi Vechiedza

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakawana zvikuru uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweNyereso, zvikurukuru manyoro aBaron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo[, Montesquieu yakataura kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa zvakanakisisa apo simba rehurumende rinokamurwa pakati pamapazu akaparadzana , mukuru mukuru wehurumende, uye dare. Akanyevera kuti “kana chibvumirano nemasimba avakuru vakuru zvabatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo, kana kuti mudare rimwe ravatongi, hakugoni kuva nerusununguko.” Iyi pfungwa inonzwika zvikuru navapanduki veAmerica avo vakanga vawana udzvinyiriro hwapakati poumambo hweBritain.

Dzimwe nhamba dzeNjereso, dzakadai saJohn Locke, dzakagovera mufungo webvumirano yenzanga nekodzero yavanhu kukurira hurumende inodzvinyirira. Rocke rondedzero pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba() zvikurukuru musiano pakati pechiremera chomutemo nechavakuru vakuru) wakapesvedzera nomutoo wakananga chimiro chehurumende itsva yeAmerica. Vagadziri vamafomu vakaumba iyi pfungwa, vachiumba gadziriro yemasimba anofambidzana uye miganhu yaizodzivisa kudzora hurumende inodzvinyirira nepo ichigonesa kutonga zvinobudirira.

Kokorodzano yeBumbiro reMitemo Nokubvumirana Kune Zvakawanda

Mukati meGungano reFiladelphia ra1787, nhume dzakakurukura nzira yokudzikamisa nayo simba rehurumende nerehurumende, pamwe chete nenzira yokugovera nayo chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu. Virginia Plan yakakarakadza hurumende yorudzi yakasimba nebhikameral, nepo New Jersey Plan yakareverera nokuda kwomufananidzo wakaenzana wehurumende. Kubvumirana kukuru kwakaparira Imba yavamiririri yakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo neDare rine mireza yakaenzana nehurumende imwe neimwe. Iyi bizaral iyo imene yakava nzvero yomukati mukati mebazu remitemo, ichida kuti makamuri ose ari maviri abvumirane pamutemo isati yagona kutumirwa kupurezidhendi.

James Madison, aiwanzodanwa kuti “Baba veBumbiro reMitemo,” akataura kudikanwa kwechekedzo nedzikamo muFederal Publist No. 51. Akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti,“ Chinzvimbo chinofanira kuitwa kuti chikurire chinzvimbo.” Madison akarangarira kuti kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mitoo yokudzivisa kupindira kwavamwe, Bumbiro reMitemo raizochengeta rusununguko kunyange pasina kuvimba chose chose norunako rwavakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Iyi purogiramu yePragmatic inobvuma kuti kuzviitira hanya kunogona kuiswa mugadziriro yehurumende yokuzvidzora.

Mapazi Matatu: Mapazi, Mabasa, uye Zvirango

Bazu Romutemo (Murwi)

Bazu remitemo, rakaumbwa neDare uye Imba yaVamiriri, rine mutoro zvikurukuru wokuita mitemo.Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa Dare simba rinodudzwa, kubatanidza simba rokutera mutero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzapakati penyika, kuzivisa hondo, uye kusimudza mauto.

  • Presaties centimentile : purezidhendi anogona kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo voruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri vachigona kukurira vhato.
  • [[FUT] hwirudzuro yeJudicial: Matare anogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.
  • Kuitwa kwebasa: Purezidhendi namasangano ehurumende vanogona kududzira mitemo kupfurikidza nemirau, nenzira inobudirira kuumba nzira yainomanikidzirwa nayo.

Dare rinewo simba raro rokuongorora mamwe mapazu, rinodzora mari, rinogona kusimbisa kana kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano (Senate), uye rine simba rokubvisa vakuru vakuru vomuhurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi nevatongi.

Bazu Rine Chiremera (Mutungamiriri Negadziriro Dzamasangano)

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, rinopomerwa kusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anobatira somutungamiriri mukuru wamauto akashongedzerwa, anoitisa mirau yokumwe, uye anogadza vatongi vehurumende nemitezo yedare. Asi mukuru mukuru anomanikidzirwa na:

  • Kutarisira kwoutarisiri: Matare anonzvera zviito zvehurumende uye anogona kunzvera magwaro ehurumende nezvapupu.
  • Chibvumikiso chapakarepo: Kugadza kukuru kunoda tendero yeDare.
  • hwirudzuro yemajeri: Matare anogona kushayisa simba mirayiridzo kana zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvinopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo.
  • Congress inogona kubvisa purezidhendi nokuda kwe “mhosva dzakakwirira uye zvisakafanira."

simba rapamberi peripo, nepo rakafara, harigoni kushandiswa kudzivisa kutevedzerwa kana kuti kukanganwira mumwe munhu nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende. Iyi ganhuriro inovimbisa kuti nyika dzinochengeta chiremera chadzo chadzo chadzo.

Bazu Rokutonga (Dare Rapamusoro Nematare Akaderera)

Dare Repamusorosoro, rakatangwa neChikamu III, ndiro rine shoko rokupedzisira panhau dzemitemo, asi simba raro rinoongororwa neizvi:

  • Muitiro wokugadza: Ruramisiro inosarudzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, ichivimbisa kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [ Vatongi veFederal vanogona kubviswa neDare.
  • Kudzorwa kwemitemo yedare kunoitwa: Congress inogona kuganhurira marudzi enhau dzinotongwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo risingagoni kubvisa chose chose simba raro rokutonga.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Kutsamira pakumanikidzirwa:[[FLT: 1] Mutongi anoshaiwa ruoko rwake amene rwokuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvapamutemo; anotsamira pabazu guru kuti aite mitemo yaro.

Vatongi vanoshandisawo kuzvidzora vamene kupfurikidza nedzidziso dzakadai sokumira, kuibva, uye kuvirima, izvo zvinodzivisa matare kubudisa mifungo yokunyengera kana kuti kupindira mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika zvisiri madikanwa.

Kushandisa Makepi Nedzikamo

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Padare Nemajeri

  • [[FT:0] VET] Kupfuura: Sarudzo yezvitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri inogona kuita kuti dendernarial voto ishaye simba.
  • Simba rechikwama:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora ndyiko dzose dzehurumende, kubatanidza mibhadharo yavakuru vakuru navatongi. Kupfurikidza nokurega kuisa mari, inogona kuvhara nenzira inobudirira miitiro yainoshora.
  • Kutora nokubvisa: Imba inotevedzerwa nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo; vasungwa veDare navazhinjisa vaviri nezvitatu. Uyu muitiro unoshanda kuvakuru vakuru, vapi navapurezidhendi, uye vakuru vakuru vose vehurumende.
  • Chibvumikiso chapamutemo: Vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vomubatanidzwa (kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro), nhume, uye vamwe vakagadzwa venzvimbo yakakwirira vanoda tendero yeDare.
  • [ Kuitwa kwechibvumirano chamarudzi ose: zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinofanira kutenderwa nezvikamu zviviri zvezvitatu zveDare.
  • [ Kutarisira kwoutarisiri: matare eCongress ane kutongwa, zvinyorwa zvinobuda, uye anogona kumanikidza chipupuriro chinobva kuvakuru vakuru vebazu.

Mukuru Mukuru Anonzvera Mapazi Apamutemo Neanotonga

  • Simba reVETO: purezidhendi anogona kuramba mabhiri, achimanikidzira Congress kurangarirazve. Vhoto inogona kuva isingadzoreki, asi inoda tsigiro hurusa.
  • Simba Rokugadza: Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, vachiumba vatongi kwamakumi amakore.
  • [[FOL:0] Mirairo nezviziviso: Izvi zvinotungamirira bazu ravakuru vakuru pamusoro penzira yokumanikidzira nayo mitemo, kunyange zvazvo ivo vari mudenho yapamutemo.
  • Simba rePradente: Purezidhendi anogona kupa maruramiro nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, achipedza zvinobudirira tongero dzekutonga mumhaka imwe neimwe.
  • chiremera chikuru cheComminer: Purezidhendi anotungamirira mabasa ehondo, asi Congress inofanira kuzivisa hondo nemari yakafanira.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mapazi Ane Mutemo Neane Simba

  • hwirudzuro: Matare anogona kurova mitemo (mutoo kana kuti hurumende) nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]).
  • [ Kuiswa kwemirau: Dare rinosarudza revo yomutemo, kazhinji kazhinji miuyo inoumba.
  • Kurangarira zviito zvesangano: matare eFederal anogona kuputsa mirau yokutonga inopfuura chiremera chomutemo kana kuti kuputsa zvinodikanwa zvetsika.
  • : Matare anogona kubudisa mirairo inodzivisa zviito zvevakuru vakuru kana kuti mitemo inomirira kutongwa kwokupedzisira.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo Inoshanda

Ramgate (19721974)

Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akashandisa zvisina kufanira simba, kubatanidza kukwidzwa kwechifukidziro padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee, kwakatanga ratidzirwo inoshamisa yecheki nedzinodzikama. Congress akatanga nzvero, Dare Gurusa reUnited States v. Nixon.

Kubvuma kwaPurezidhendi Bill Clinton (1998 - 1999)

Purezidhendi Clinton akashorwa neImba papomero dzenhema nedzokudzorwa kweruramisiro zvine chokuita nemhosho yaMonica Lewinsky. Dare, zvisinei, rakakundikana kumuwanira mhaka, richikundikana kuperevedza pamativi maviri matatu aidikanwa. Uyu muuyo wakaratidzira kuti kurongedzwa muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika somutezo wapamutemo, neDare rinoita sechekedzo pachisarudzo cheImba. Chinoitika chacho chakasimbisa chikuvanguri chakakwirira chokubvisa purezidhendi anogara uye basa romufungo wavose mukuumba muuyo.

Dare Repamusorosoro neAfford Care Act (202)

Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius, Dare Gurusa rakatsigira kuraira kwomutezo weAffordhable Care Act kwomunhu oga somutero, asi rakaganhurira kukura kweMedicaid. Chisarudzo ichi chakaratidza hwirudzuro yedare mukushanda: Dare rakadudzira simba rinobhadhara mutero zvikuru apo riidzvinyirira kubhadhara kwechipo cheCongress. Vose vari vaviri bazu guru (iro rakanga ratsigira mutemo) uye Congress yaifanira kugadziridza kunzwisisa kwavo simba renyika rakavakirwa pachisarudzo cheDare.

Kurambidzwa Kworwendo rwaPurezidhendi Trump (2017)

Pashure pokunge Purezidhendi Donald Trump abudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inoganhurira kufamba kunobva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim, matare ehurumende akabudisa mirairo inodzivisa kuitwa. Dare rapamberi pezvisarira pakupedzisira rakasvika Dare Gurusa, iro mu Trump v. Hawaii (2017) yakatsigira shanduro yakadzokororwa yechirango. Iyi nhevedzano yezvinoitika yakaratidzira kuti judicariary inogona sei kunonotsa uye kudzosazve mirairo yavakuru vakuru, nepo ichiratidzawo kuti mukuru mukuru anogona kubudirira apo purogiramu yebasa mumiganhuro yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kugadziriro Yacho

Kunyanyodzora Uye Kuita Zvisina Kurongwa

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, purezidhendi akashandisa nenzira inowedzera mirairo yavakuru vakuru, mibato, uye zviziviso kumisa Misangano panhau dzinovambira pakutama kusvikira kumitemo yemhoteredzo. Nepo aya maturusi anobvumirwa nebumbiro remitemo, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vanotadza kudzika mitsetse pakati pokuita mitemo nokuiita. Dare Rapamusorosoro pane dzimwe nguva rakadzosa (somuenzaniso), kurova Purezidhendi Obama mabasa okupinda munyika mu United States v. Texas (2016) asi mimwe miitiro inopfuura mimwe yakapukunyuka dare redare redare redare. Gadziro pamusoro pe “ro yeboka revakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, iyo inoti purezidhendi anodzora chose pabazu, inopfuurira kuumba hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kurongedzwa Kwomutemo Nokuderera Kwenhevedzano Yenguva Dzose

Kuparadzana kwaita kuti zviomere zvikuru kuti Congress ipe mutemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wedare regamuchidzanwa. Mitemo yeFilibuster muDare remitemo, inoda mavhoti 60 kuti apedze kurukurirano, yakashandura mutemo mukuru kuva zvinoitika zvisingawanzoitiki. Iyi dare kazhinji kazhinji rinosunda purezidhendi kuita chimwe chinhu pasina muganhu, uye inopa simba vatongi kuti vasarudze mibvunzo yemitemo iyo vatongi vasingagoni kupedza. Muuyo idzikamo inochinja apo basa rebazu rewiscligin rinonetesatesa rimwe basa kudzimwe mbiri.

Hurumende Inokura

Masangano eFederal . akadai seNdengedzero yeProvice Protection Agency, Security and Exchange Commission, uye Department of Health and Human Services (Kuitwa kwoutongi nokupikirwa kwesimba. Aya masangano anoshanda mumapoka echiremera kubva kuCongress asi anowanzoshanda nehurumende iyo vatsoropodzi vanodana “bazu rechina” rehurumende. Chisarudzo chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mu West Virginia v. EPA) Simba rinoshanda kupfurikidza nokuda kuti vabvumiridziridzo yakajeka yezviito zvikuru zvokudzora, vachizivisa nzve kunzvera kwehurumende.

Hondo Dzokutonga Dzine Mativi Akasiana

Kusimbiswa kwevatongi vehurumende kwazova kukuru, nemhiko dzakatarisana nokunonoka kwarefu nemhinganidzo. Kushandiswa kwe “chisarudzo chenyukireya” muna 2013 na2017 kwakaderedza mukana wokusimbisa vatongi vedare repasi uye vatongi veDare guru kubva pa60 vavhota kuvamiri voruzhinji. Ichi chinjo yakabvumira purezidhendi kugadza vatongi vanosanowirirana nepfungwa dzebato ravo, vachikanganisa mukurumbira wejudicary wokusasarura. Panguva imwe cheteyo, muitiro wokusimbisa unoramba uchinzvera mukuru mukuru wedare, sezvo Dare richiri kugona kuramba.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzakawanda Nemamiriro Akaita Zvinhu

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa masimba nokugadzira zvikamu zvehurumende haisati iri yoga muUnited States. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzechidhimoni dzakawanda dzinobatanidza nheyo dzakafanana, kunyange zvazvo dzichina magadzirirwo akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, United Kingdom inotsamira pagadziriro yeparamende umo mukuru mukuru (Cabino) anotorwa kubva kudare rehurumende, achiita kuti kuparadzana kuve kusinganyanyi kuoma asi kuchikwanisa kunzvera munguva dzemibvunzo, vhoti, uye kuhwirudzura kwedare repamusorosoro (rakagadzwa muna 2009).

Dare reBaccolar Constitution reGermany rinogadzira “vhota inoraira kusavimba” inoda Bundestag kuti ibvumirane pamutungamiriri mutsva pamberi pokubvisa yazvino inosagadzikana inoonekwa mumimwe miitiro yeparamende. Dare reFederal Constitution rinogona kuvamba mitemo uye kunyange kurambidza masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ayo anotyisidzira nhevedzano yedemokrati. Website yeDare ino udzame masimba aro makuru.

France pasi peRepublic yeshanu ine gadziriro inotangira napamberi penyika umo purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga anogoverana simba napurezidhendi mukuru ane mutoro kuparamende. Constitution Council inohwirudzura mitemo isati yatanga kushanda, uye purezidhendi anogona kunyungudutsa Gungano reNational. Misiyano yakadaro inoratidzira kuti kunzvera nedzikamo zvinogona kuitwa kupfurikidza negadziriro dzakasiana.

Basa Renzanga Yevagari Vemo, Vanobudisa Zvenhau, uye Vagari Vomunyika

Nzvero dzakarongwa nedzikamo pakati pamapazu ehurumende dzinokosha, asi dzinoshanda zvakanakisisa apo dzinowirirana nenzanga yevagari vemo inoshingaira. Nzvero dzekutsikirira kwezvisakiso, masangano anorinda, uye kutsutsumwa kwapachena zvinogona kufukura kushatisa navakuru vakuru vedzvinyiriro kuti vaite. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva basa romuchina wakasununguka secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende, zvikurukuru muNew York Times Co. v. United States [10], Pentagon Papers mhaka.

Gadziriro dzedzidzo dzebic dzinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei uye nei ichinzvera nokudzikamisa zvinhu. Mapoka akafanana ne Center yeDzidzo yeCOVICO inogovera zviwanikwa nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi. Kurumbidzwa musarudzo iri yose(nzvimbo iri yose, hurumende, uye hurumende) zvinoramba nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokuti vagari vemo vadzore dzikano yesimba. Apo vagari vemo vanoziviswa ndokupindwa, vanogona kusimbisa gadziriro yemitemo yemitemo ndokuita kuti vamiriri vavo vazvidaviririrwe apo nzvero dzinokundikana.

Mugumisiro: Chengetedza Rusununguko Kupfurikidza Nemasangano Anobatsira

Mitemo haisati iri gadziriro yakatevedzana yemirau; igadziriro inoshanda nesimba, mhatsa iyo inochinja nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Kuedza kweAmerica kwakaratidza kuti hakuna bazu rehurumende rinogona kuvimbwa nechiremera chisina kuganhurirwa. Kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe midziyo yokudzivisa kupindira uye kupfurikidza nokugonesa vanhu kutora rutivi, Bumbiro reMitemo rakaumba gadziriro yakasimba. Kunyange zvakadaro gadziriro iyoyo inoda kuchengetwa kwenguva dzose. Kudzorwa kwedare, mutungamiriri, uye chiito chokutonga zvinoedza gadziriro yose, zvichisimbisa kudikanwa kwokungwarira nokuvandudza apo kunenge kuri madikanwa. Kunzwisisa kuti vagari vemo vadzi vemo vadzivirire sei nheyo yokuti simba rinofanira kudzorwa, kwete kudzorwa.