Kutanga Kuumba Claus

Chivako chaClaus cheFirst Amendment kuUnited States chinomira sechinhu chinokosha chorusununguko rwenyika yeAmerica. Inoraira kuti "Konferet haisati ichizoiti mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso," chirambidzo chakadudzirwa kuti chishande kumitengo yose yehurumende kupfurikidza neKingleth Amendment. Chikamu ichi chinovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba isingatori rutivi munhau dzokutenda, uyewo isingabvumiri kana kurovanyidza chitendero chipi nechipi chorudzidziso. Kunzwisisa kugadzwa kwaClausle kunokosha kunzwisiswa nokunzwisisa dzikamo yetsika pakati porudzidziso nehurumende muUnited States, dzikamo yakaedzwa uye yakanatswa kupfuudzira kupfuudzira kwamazana amakore okududzirwa kwapamutemo. Chirevo hachisi hachisi chinhu chingori chinhu chenhau asi chipenyu chinopfuurira kuumba dzidzo chavose, dzidzo, uye upenyu hwehurumende yose iri yose iri yokunamata.

Chitsama chamashoko "kugadzwa kworudzidziso" chine mavambo makuru munhau yeEngland, umo Chechi yeEngland yakatenderwa pamutemo uye yakatsigirwa nekorona. Vatangi veAmerica, vazhinji vavo vakanga vapupurira kana kuti vatambura chitambudzo chorudzidziso muEurope, vakatsvaka kuvamba hurumende yaizodzivisa misungo yakadaro. Chirongwa chaClaus chinoshanda muruvande namavambo eFree Exective Claus, uyewo muFirst Amendment, inodzivirira kodzero yokushandisa kutenda kwomunhu pasina kudzorwa nehurumende. Pamwe chete, izvi zvitsauko zvinoumba mutemo wemitemo worusununguko rwerudzidziso muAmerica, chivako chakasimba uye chakajeka. Munyaya ino, tinonzvera matangirwo, mipimo yapamutemo, uye denho dzapanguva inopoteredza kugadzwa kwaClaus, kugovera kuoneka kwavadzidzi vose, uye kupfupikisana vanodzidzisa nokuda kwedzidziso, uye kupfupikisa muupenyu hwepachena.

Nhoroondo Yokutanga kwaClaus

Chivako chaClaus chakasimbiswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, asi mavambo acho oungwaru neezvamatongerwe enyika akawedzera zvikuru. Nhambo yapakuvamba yehurumende yairatidzirwa nezvitendero zvakasiyana - siyana, nenzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzine machechi epamutemo aitsigirwa nemadhora emutero. Somuenzaniso, Chechi yeCongregational yakatanga muMassachusetts, Connecticut, uye New Hampshire, nepo Chechi yeEngland yakatangwa muVirginia, Maryland, uye dzimwe nyika dzokumaodzanyemba. VaFanster, vakadai savaBaptist naVaQuaker, kazhinji kazhinji vaitarisana nokusarura, fashoni, uye kunyange kusungwa nemhaka yokuramba kutsigira chechi yapamutemo. Iyi nhaka yorudzidziso rwapamutemo yakaitwa nepfuumbidzo yehurumende yakaita kupfuvura nokuumbwa kworusununguko rworudzidziso.

Sundo yokubviswa kwetendero yakawana simba pashure peChinjo yeAmerica. Muna 1786, Virginia yakapfuudza Virginia Sigment for Religious Freedom, yakanyoreswa naThomas Jefferson ndokutsigirwa naJames Madison. Iri mutemo wechiratidzo wakabvisa Chechi yeEngland muVirginia ndokuzivisa kuti "hapana munhu achamanikidzirwa kupfuurira kana kuti kutsigira kunamata kupi nokupi kworudzidziso, nzvimbo, kana kuti ushumiri." Mutemo wakagovera muenzaniso weFirst Amendment and Suclementation division kuti rudzidziso rwakanga rwuri nhau yehana yomunhu oga, kwete kugombedzerwa kwehurumende, seyakagamuchirwa muFirst Amend Remplete, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa hurumende itsva ipi neipi yokudzosa nhau dzorudzidziso kana kuti igadziridza chechi yenyika yose.

Pesvedzero Yavafungi Vechiedza

Vafungi vakajeka vakava netapuro huru pamirangariro yavagadziri vemifungo pamusoro porudzidziso nehurumende. Manyoro e John Locke, zvikurukuru "Kubvumira," akarangarira kuti hurumende haina simba pamusoro pezvokutarisirwa kwemweya uye kuti zvitendero zverudzidziso zvinofanira kuva nhau yapachivande. Mufungo webvumirano yenzanga pakati pehurumende navagari vemo wakasimbisa kuti chiremera chevagari vemo chinofanira kuganhurirwa kudzivirira upenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu, kusiira zvinhu zvomudzimu kuvanhu vamwe navamwe. [[FLT]]] . Njokafanana nedzidziso dzerudzidziso uye kushora kudzivirirwa kwechechi. MuFrance, inoita kuti pfungwa dzenyika idzo dzinodzora pfungwa idzi.

Vamwe vazivi vokuvhenekera, vakadai se Baron de Montesquieu uye Jean-Jacques Rousseau[, akapesvedzerawo pfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Murangariro wekuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende wakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti hakuna bazu rimwe rehurumende rinofanira kudzora, kubatanidza chiremera chomudzimu. Rousseau anoshanda parusando norudzidziso rwavagari vemo, nepo vazhinji, vachisimbisa kuoma kweboka rehurumende nechitendero chimwe chete. Masangano eBumbiro remitemo akanga asiri enyika; akawanda akanga akasimbisa zvikuru, kubatanidza zviito zvorudzidziso zvakafanana naJohn Neaterpoon, muPresbytensterday uyo akasaisa chibvumirano cheResciod Restideidement. Zvisinei, ivo vanofanira kubvumirana nehurumende imwe yorudzidziso, pasina kutsigira imwe zvitendero.

Kududzira Kwapakuvamba Nedzidziso Yokusawirirana

Mumakore apakuvamba eRepublic, Chibvumirano chaDoromendi chakadudzirwa munzira dzakasiyana- siyana. Pakutanga, kwakanzwisiswa kushanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, kuchisiya nyika dzakasununguka kuchengeta masangano adzo orudzidziso. Uyu murangariro wakanga unowirirana negadziriro yehurumende yeConstitution. Zvisinei, kurongwa kweIndaneti yeIndaneti muna 1868, inobatanidza purogiramu yeDation Programme yaClaus, inobatanidza muGuroswo, kuti ibatanidze Bill yekodzero dzinopesana nenyika. Dare guru rakatanga kushandisa Hurumende ya Clauslausle kuhurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo mumhaka ye [FL:0] Everson. . Dare redzidzo redzidzo renyika yose (1947,196:1). Hurumende yeBlavis yakanyora nokuda kwemitengoro huru, kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende inorambidzwa kupfurikidza nehurumende, zvinorambidza rudzidziso kuisa pamutemo zvinodzorwa zviri pachena mudare renyika.

Kubatanidzwa kwapakuvamba kweChibvumirano chaClaus yakanga isina gakava. Vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti vagadziri veKill of Rights ye14th Amendment havana kuronga kubatanidza gadziriro dzose dzeBill. Kunyange zvakadaro, Dare racho pashoma napashoma rakashandisa zhinjisa yeFirst Amendment kuhurumende, muitiro unozivikanwa sechisarudzo. Chisarudzo muEverson chakanga chinokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokubata kwacho asiwo nokuda kwomutauro wacho. Chiratidzo chaMado Black chaitsanangura murangariro wakafara weChitendero chaClause, ichitaura kuti "rusvingo pakati pechechi nehurumende runofanira kuchengetwa rwakakwirira uye rusingadzoreki." Chifananidzo ichi chakatungamirira zvikuru kuumbwa kweDare rapakuvamba jurispulpese, kunyange zvazvo chakachinjwa muzviitiko zvacho. Kubatana chapamhinde kwapamhiko kwechino yechechi chinoramba kukurukurwa, kuratidzira ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende yeAmerica.

Mhosva dzeDare Gurusa Dzinoshatisa Kugadzwa kwaClaus

Kubvira pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, Dare Gurusa rakabudisa nhevedzano yemitemo yezviratidzo yakarondedzera ukuru nokushandiswa kweChigadziko chaClaus. Idzi nhau dzinoratidzira kunzwisisa kunobva pakunzwisisa ukama pakati porudzidziso nehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kunoratidzira kuchinja kukuru kwetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rakarwisana nenzvimbo nhatu huru: munyengetero wechikoro nemibato yorudzidziso mudzidzo yavose, mari yehurumende nokuda kwamasangano orudzidziso, uye kuratidzirwa kwapachena kwemimwe yemiitiro yorudzidziso. Pasi apa pane dzimwe nhau dzinokosha zvikurusa, imwe neimwe inoenzanisira rutivi rwakasiana rweSangano yaClaus.

Munyengetero Wechikoro Nemabasa Echitendero Muzvikoro Zvavose

Chinyorwa chomunyengetero wechikoro chave chiri chimwe chenzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzokugadza Claus jurisprudence. Mu Engel v. Vitaire (1962), Dare Gurusasai rakatonga kuti munyengetero wokuzvidira, usiri wezvitendero waidzokororwa pamavambo ezuva rimwe nerimwe rechikoro muNew York chikoro chavose wakaputsa Dare rakati kunyange munyengetero wokuzvidira wakaitwa nevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende wakagadzwa nehurumende kutsigira rudzidziso, uko kwakanga kusingabvumiki. Ruramisiro rwaMatare rutema rutema rwakanyorwa nguva dzose kuti "hasi rutivi rwebhizimisi rehurumende kunyora minyengetero yeboka ripi neripi neripi ravanhu veAmerica kuti ridzokorore rutivi rwegadziriro yorudzidziso runopfuunzwa nehurumende nehurumende.

Zviitiko zvakatevera zvakasimbisa iyi nheyo. Dare rakasimbisa kuti rovedzo yeImba yeMitambo yeChitendero muchisiko uye. Schempp (1963), Dare rakarerutsa mutemo wePennsylvania unoda kuraviwa kwendima dzeBhaibheri uye kudzokororwa kweMunyengetero waShe muzvikoro. Dare rakasimbisa kuti kurovedza kwakanga kuri kworudzidziso muchisiko uye kusingagoni kururamiswa semibato yedzidzo yenyika. [[FLT:] Wallace v. Jafreace (85)[FLT] [FLT]], Dare rakarova pamutemo reA666 anobvuma nguva yokunyarara nokuda kwa "kufunga kana kuti munyengetero wokuzvidira. Mumutengwa worudzidziso unodzorwa mumugwagwa mukuru, kunyange pashure porumbiso rweChidzidzo chavose, runodzika muganhu chapa pamutemo mumite.[5] Chikamu chikuru chamagwaromedzero chavose mumiteveri chenyika yoruwa, chinomiswa zvikuru mumiteveri chamatomu

Kutsigira Kushandisa Mari Kwehurumende Pamisangano Yechitendero

Mubvunzo we apo mari yehurumende inogona kupinda kumasangano orudzidziso akabudisa boka remitemo yakaoma. Mu Everson v. Board of Education (1947)[FLT 1:1], Dare rakatsigira mutemo weNew Jersey uyo wakadzorera vabereki nokuda kwendyiko yebhazi kuzvikoro zvose zviri zviviri zvehurumende nezvisiri zvavanhu, kubatanidza zvikoro zvorudzidziso, mu "mubatsiri" rondedzero: yamuro yakabetsera mwana, kwete chikoro. Zvisinei, Dare rakajekesera iyamuro yemari kuzvikoro zvorudzidziso yakanga iri yokusaita kuti itsigine. LM.Kurtz (1971).[FLT], Dare rinopa pamutemo, rinopfumbarira pamutemo iri mungozi yehurumende nemhaka yehurumende yakakwirira.

Mu v. Simmons-Harris (2002), Dare rakatsigira gadziriro yechikoro cheOhio yaibvumira vadzidzi muCleveland kushandisa mari dzavose kupinda zvikoro zvavose, kubatanidza zvikoro zvorudzidziso. Purogiramu yacho yakarangarirwa kuva isina kutora rutivi nemhaka yokuti yakagovera mhuri, idzo dzaigona kusarudza chikoro chipi nechipi chinotora rutivi. Dare rakashandisa nheyo ye "chisarudzo chapachivande," rinobata kuti kufamba kwemari kuzvikoro zvorudzidziso kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvavabereki hakuna kuputsa kugadza Clausraus. Nenzira yakafanana, mu [FLT.] Chechi yeLutheran yeOrian yeColunian yev. [20] [5] purogiramu inopesana yerudzidziso [5] [5]

Kuratidzwa Pachena Kwezviratidzo Zvechitendero

Kuratidzira kworudzidziso munzvimbo dzavose kwakaita ratidziro huru. [Mumutemo weBLT: 0] Lynch v. Donnelly (1998), Dare rakatsigira kuvakwa kwechiono cheKrisimisi muguta, Dare rakaisa muPawtransporate, Rhode Island, kusimbisa zororo renyika nerenhau. Muyapamberi yeIPN [[FLT] [19] muIPU], Dare rakaisa muPureti yeKirisiti yePitting muPain, Rhoundiro, yaidzwa pakati pe dare mukati , iyo yakarangarirwa kuva irevess aiwanwa kuva chiKristu, uye vanhu kunze kwenzvimbo dzose. [munshuwaromesswose, kana kuti nharaunda dzenhau dzenhaure.]

Kuedza kweLemoni Nezvimwe Zvakunotsiva

Lemon Supreme Asting, yakatangwa mu Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), igadziriro yakaitwa neDare gurusa inoshandiswa neDare. Kusarudza kana mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chiri kupesana neChirongwa chaClaus. Kuedza kunoda kuti chiito chacho: (1) chine chinangwa chehurumende yenyika; (2) chine tapuro huru isingafambiri kana kuti kudzongonyedza rudzidziso; uye (3) kusasimudzira hurumende yakanyanyisa yakapindwa norudzidziso. Kwamakumi amakore akawanda, Lemon Asty akanga ari mupimo mukuru wokuranganisa Claus Claus revotion. Chakagovera chisaidzorwa chakananga, asi kushandiswa kwayo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuchibudisa miuyo yakapararira kutsoropotezo yose iri yose iri mbiri yedare. Chitongi chakafanana nechamuchiSclaine uye chikashatiso chakanzi chakanzirwa zvikuru.

Mutsika, Kuedza kwachinjwa uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kwakatsiviwa nedzimwe nzira. Muedzo weTsvumo , wakakudziridzwa neMutongi Sandra Day O'Connor mumifungo inowirirana, anobvunza kana mucherechedzi ane mufungo angarangarira chiito chehurumende setendero yorudzidziso. Iyi muedzo unonanga pashoko rakapiwa kuruzhinji. Muedzo uyu unoshanda mu [[FLT:] muPF:] LYNK] v. Donnelly[[FLT: 3], O'''SHOV', inodavira kuti chiono chapanyuro cheBreat rudzidziso nokuti chakanga chiri rutivi rwechienzi. [FFUPUF]

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenharo

Kutangwa kwaClaus kunoramba kuri pakati pedzimwe dzenhau dzinoparadzanisa zvikurusa munzanga yeAmerica. Sezvo nzanga yorudzidziso inova yakasiana zvikuru uye kusava norudzidziso kuchiva kwakatanhamara, gakava pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rorudzidziso muupenyu hwavose rinowedzera. Macato anotevera anonzvera nharaunda huru dzerwisano dzapanguva ino, kubatanidza munyengetero, miratidziro yorudzidziso, mari yehurumende, uye dzikamo pakati penhau dzorudzidziso nenzvimbo. Idzi kurukurirano hadzisi dzoruzivo chete; dzinotapura zvinoitika zvezuva riri rose zvamamirioni eAmerica, kubva kuvadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose kusvikira kuvashandi vehurumende mumahofisi ehurumende.

Munyengetero Wechikoro Nemabasa Echitendero

Gakava pamusoro pomunyengetero wechikoro rinopfuurira, kunyange sezvo Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga nenzira inowirirana, dare rehurumende nomunyengetero wakavanzika muzvikoro zvavose. Zvisinei, kumuka kwamapoka orudzidziso okuzvidira uye Kubatana kweAct yeMaudict ye 1984 zvakabvumira mapoka orudzidziso akarongeka kusangana panzvimbo dzechikoro zvavose, chero bedzi mapoka ezvitendero asingatendi akapiwa kusvika kwakafanana. Musiyano pakati pechiito chehurumende nekutaura kwapachivande unoramba uchikwikwikwidzana. [[FLL:0] Mahanoy Procet Officet , B. (201) [[FL.1], Dare rakatonga kuti zvikoro zvisingagoni kuranga vadzidzi nokuda kwemagurukudzo, kubatanidza kutaura kworudzidziso mumigariro dzapachivako chapamhindi, asi pa‘munyengetero unoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nomutungamiriri chamakurukota. Bl. BL. rinotook) Mune dzidzo yorudzidziso inosimbiswa bedzi mumiteveri inopfuutswa mumidzwa nezvikoro zvechikoro.

Zviratidzo Zvorudzidziso Nezviratidzo Pazvinhu Zvoruzhinji

Kuratidzirwa kworudzidziso panzvimbo yavose kunopfuurira kuita hondo dzapamutemo munyika yose. Kuratidzirwa kwezviono zvekuberekwa panguva yeKrisimisi, kuiswa kweMitemo ine gumi pamberi pezvivako zvehurumende, uye kubhururuka kwomureza wechiKristu pahoro yeguta kunomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pebasa rehurumende. Matare akaderera anoshandisa muedzo wemashoko akareruka, anorangarira zvinhu zvakadai senzvimbo, nhau, uye kuperekedza zvinhu zvenyika. Pashure pe American Leon v. American Humanist Association[FLT], , matare mazhinji akagamuchira kusvika kwokuregeredza kwapamhete kunzvimbo inoyera, kunyange kana ari mumugariro werudzidziso, akabatira zvinangwa zvenhau zvenhau kana kuti zvetsika. Zvisinei, zvikurukuru neshoko rorudzidziso rinodzonetswa norumano rworudzidziso. Mudare renyika dzekare, mudare renyika dzinorairwa nomutemo renyika dzakawanda. Mune dare renyika duku renyika dzinodzokororo.

Kutsigira Masangano Echitendero

Nhau yemari yehurumende nokuda kwamasangano orudzidziso yazova yakaoma zvikuru kutevera zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu Lutheran, Espinoza[, [[FLT]], [[FLT]]] na[[FLT]] Carson v. Makin [20222] [22]) [[FLT] [FLT]) [FLT] [FOLT] [[FLT]] [[F:5]. muCarson]. Dare rakatonga kuti Maine kuti purogiramu yorudzidziso haigoni kubvisa zvikoro zvechitendero munharaunda dzemishamba dzomumaruwa pasina zvikoro zvedzidzo yavose, uye mari inodzorwa nenzira inopesana nenzira inopesana nemhoshoresa.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Runopesana.

Nhamo pakati peChibvumirano chaClaus neFree Execle Claus kazhinji kazhinji inosvika pamberi munhau dzinobatanidza kusunungurwa kubva mumitemo inowanzoshanda. Mu Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Vers (2014], Dare rakatonga kuti masangano anoshanda zvikuru anogona kukanganisa kuisa kuvhara zvimwe zvinhu pasi pezvitendero zvechitendero, achitsamira paRusununguko rwerudzidziso (RFRA). Chisarudzo chakasimbisa chinetso chokudzikamisa fariro dzehurumende mukugovera tarisiro yakakwana nekodzero dzoutano dzevoruzhinji. [mune]] [mune migariro yavose] mizhinji inoshatiswa. [2] Filton.[21]

Basa Rorudzidziso Muupenyu Hworuzhinji Kupfuura Kutangwa kwaClaus

Pasinei zvapo nemitemo yeChibvumirano chaClaus, rudzidziso runopfuurira kuita basa rakatanhamara muupenyu hwavanhu veAmerica. vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanowanzotaura misoro yorudzidziso muhurukuro dzavo, uye masangano orudzidziso anobatanidzwa zvikuru munzanga, kubva pakodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kururamisiro yezvemari. Chibvumirano hachidi kuti hurumende ive inorwisana norudzidziso; panzvimbo pezvo, chinoraira kusatora rutivi uye chinorambidza hurumende kudzora vanhu munhau dzokutenda. Iyi nheyo inobvumira rudzidziso kubudirira mumiganhu yehurumende uye kupfurikidza namasangano okuzvidira, nepo ichivimbisa kuti hapana munhu anogombedzerwa kutsigira rudzidziso rwava rusingadavirirwi. Denho inopfuurira iri kushandiswa nenzira yakaenzana munzanga umo miganhuro inowedzera pakati penyika netsvene.

Muitiro womunyengetero womutemo wave uri munyengetero wakati. MuGreek w. Galloway (2014], Dare Gurusa rakatsigira muitiro wetaundi wokutanga misangano yaro nomunyengetero wakapiwa nomufundisi, kunyange apo minyengetero yaiwanzova yechiKristu. Dare rakasimbisa nhau refu yomunyengetero wemitemo, kuronga kudzokera kuPrest Congress, uye raidavira kuti minyengetero yakadaro haina kumanikidza vanhu vose kana kuti kuisa mumwe muzvitendero munzira inopesana nokugadzwa kwaClaus. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chakasiya bviro yokuti mimwe minyengetero, kana isinganyanyi kuva misiyano yakashata uye kuderedza kutenda, ingagona kudenhwa. Mune dare rinodzo inodzongodzorwa nemhaka yokuti inodzoro inodzorwa nokuda kwemitoro yemitemo yehurumende inodzorwa. Chirongwa chacho chinoramba kuratidzira purogiramu yehurumende yehurumende, kana ichi chikashatsa migariro yorudzidziso, chichiri kudzo inopfupikisa pamutemo nokuda kwezvimwe. Mune dare chinenge chitsa kupfuro chaidzo chehurumende chinenge chinenge chinenge chichidzo chinoitwa mudare.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Runopesana. Kugadzwa: Dzikamo Yakaoma

Dzikamo pakati porusununguko rworudzidziso naVambiso yaClaus ndeyenhando. Kune rumwe rutivi, Free Execle Classiale inodzivirira kodzero dzavanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vabate nokushandisa zvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso, pasinei zvapo nokusatendera kwehurumende. Kune rumwe, kugadzwa kwaClaus kunodzivisa hurumende kudzora kana kuti kusimudzira rudzidziso munzira ingagona kuendesa vagari vemo kana kuti kumanikidza kutora rutivi. Uku kuoma kunonyanya muzvinoitika zvechikoro chavose kunobatanidza chikoro chenyika. Somuenzaniso, kukakavadzana pamusoro pedzidziso yemhindumupinduro negadziriro youngwaru nguva dzose, neDare Rapamusorosoro renhau mu [FGT:0] rinodzorasisa . Aillards revordstion revolutionsss (1987) inobvumira zvitendero zvakapishamiranwa zvorudzidziso pamusoro pezvipokaro zvikuru nokuda kwemhindumupinduko yesayenzi nemhaka yezve yorudzidziso.

mhedziso

Kugadzwa kwaClaus kunoramba kuri rutivi runokosha uye runobatanidza rwomutemo weAmerica. Kubva pamavambo akwo muChiedza kusvikira kuchisarudzo chapamberi pedare guru, chitsama chakaumba ukama pakati porudzidziso nehurumende munzira dzakajeka. Chinodzivirira rusununguko rwehana nokuda kwevose veAmerica, kuvimbisa kuti hapana munhu anomanikidzirwa kutsigira kana kuti kutora rutivi mumibato yerudzidziso inopesana nokuda kwavo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, chinobvumira rudzidziso kupfuurira kubudirira munzvimbo yapachivande yeimwe chete uye kubvumira rudzi rwakafara rweratidziro yorudzidziso muupenyu hwapachena, chero bedzi rusingabatanidzi kumanikidza kana kuti kutsigira. Kududzirwa kwoKugadzwa kwaClauslaus kuchapfuurira kumuka sezvinetso zvitsva, kubva mukukura kwenyika kukukwira kworudzidziso. Ungwaru, uye vagari vagari vapa rusununguko muvuko rwerudzidziso muUnited States, kana kuti vatangezve kurangarirazve kuzivisa ruzivo rwechimuteverevo rwechito.[3][3][3]