Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinosimbisa gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende: chibvumirano chomutemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru, nokudaro vachichengetedza rusununguko rwomunhu oga nokuchengeta mutemo. VanaBaba vanowanikwa, vachinyora pamusoro penyanzvi dzokuNzverwa dzakadai seMontesquieu, vachiziva kuti simba rakananga rinoparira tyisidziro yakananga kurusununguko. Ivo vakagadzira gwaro risingapiwiro bedzi asi rinoidzvinyirira, rinoparira kuoma kukuru kwakarondedzera kudzora kweAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore. Nokuti vadzidzi, iyi fandesheni inopa magiramu anotsoropodza ayo vadzidzi vanogona kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoitwa, uye inohwirudzura mukati mamiriro ezvinhu akasungwa.

Bazu remitemo, rakapiwa simba neChikamu I, rinowanzorondedzerwa sebazu rine simba zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti rinobata nhete dzechikwama nechiremera kuita mutemo. Zvisinei, simba iroro rinotsemurwa namaune ndokuongororwa. House of Messagers, ine mashoko ayo ane makore maviri, rakagadzirirwa kuti ribvume kuda kwakakurumbira, nepo Dare, rine mashoko ane makore matanhatu uye kumirira kwakaenzana pahurumende imwe, rinoita sechiito chikuru chinobvisa mutemo mumitezo yemitemo. Iri dare rabhiyameral rimene icherekedzo yomukati, richivimbisa kuti hapana mutumbi mumwe wemitemo unogona kushanda pasina kubvumirana kwechimwe chinhu.

Kunzwisisa miganhu iyi kunokosha kuvadzidzi nokuti kunopfuura kurangarira kwevagari vemo uye kupinda munzvimbo yenzvero yebumbiro remitemo inotsoropodza. Apo vadzidzi vanonzwisisa kuti Congress haigoni kungopa mutemo upi noupi wainoda, vanovamba kurangarira Bumbiro reMitemo segadziriro mhenyu inoda kududzirwa nokururamiswa. Iyi mirangariro inosimbisa kunzwisiswa kukuru kwebasa rokutonga uye basa rehurumende segadziriro dzinowirirana dzechiremera. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinonzvera mipimo yepakati nechinhu chimwe chete chamasimba, chirevo, uye kutarisirwa kwedare kunorondedzera pamwe chete miganhuro yechiremera chemitemo.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Nechiremera Chinopiwa

Nheyo Yesimba Rakaparadzana

Nheyo yokuparadzanisa masimba inokamuranisa mitoro yehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa aro amene makuru. Bazu remitemo rinoisa mutemo, bazu guru rinoisa mutemo, uye bazi rinotonga harisati richidudzira mutemo. Iri divi harisi kungovawo zvaro rinodzora; igadziriro nebumbiro remitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinofukidza bazu rimwe nerimwe namasimba chaiwo, uye hapana bazi ringapindira pamabasa makuru erimwe. Nokuda kwechibvumirano, ikoku kunoreva kuti apo Congresssion inonyora mitemo, haigoni kuisa mhaka dzakati shakei kana kuti kuita mitemo imene. Kuparadza ikoko iko kunoparira kuzvidavirira.

Iyi nheyo inodzivisawo rudzi rwoudzvinyiriri urwo Vavambi vanotya zvikurusa: kuisa ngwariro yesimba rose rehurumende mudare rimwe. James Madison akanyora muFederalist No. 51 kuti "rukudzo runofanira kuitwa kuti rukurire donzo. Kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mutoo wokudzivisa namamwe, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparira kuzviisa pasi pegadziriro yemitemo. Nokuti iyi inoreva kuti kunyange mutemo unopfuudzwa nomutemo unogona kubviswa nematare kana ukadarika miganhu yomutemo, kana kuti kupiwa napurezidhendi kana uchipfuura mwero wakakodzera mutemo. Vadzidzi vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti kuparadza masimba haisi rondedzero bedzi; chinhu chaichoicho chinoumba mutoo wezuva nezuva kuti muitiro unoitwa uye unodenhwa.

Simba Rakapiwa Umambo uye Kutevedzerwa Kwechigumi

Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza zvakajeka masimba akapiwa kuCongress muChikamu I, Chikamu 8. Aya anodudzwa anobatanidza chiremera chemitero yelevy, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nevokumwe, mari, kutanga mahofisi epashure, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira nokutsigira mauto, uye kugovera nokuda kwedziviriro negarikano yavose. Iyi ndaza inowirirana mupfungwa yokuti Chirongwa chingangoshandisa masimba anoshandisa bedzi kana kuti zvimwe ari madikanwa uye akafanira kutakura masimba iwayo akarongwa. Zvisinei, Nheyo naIkafanira Clausle (Chikamu 8, Claus EceI, Chikamu 8, 18) zvave manyuko enharo huru, sezvo chinobvumira kuti mitemo ive "ikafanira uye yakakodzera" kuzivisa nenzira inobudirira kuwanda kwayo, kukura zvinobatanidzwa nokubudirira kana kubatanidzwa kumugumo webumbiro remitemo.

Dare reThine Resimende rinopa muganhu: "Masimba asingapiwi United States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu." Uku kugadziridzwa hakusati kuri kupiwa kwakananga kwesimba asi mutemo wokuvaka. Kunojekesa icho Dare remitemo rapakuvamba rakarevererwa: kuti hurumende yehurumende ndeimwe yemasimba ane paaganhuriro, apo nyika dzinova nechiremera chakafara, chetsika pazvinhu zvomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, dzidzo, mutemo wemhuri, uye mapurisa yomunzvimbomo mitoro yehurumende mitoro zvikurukuru. Apo Dare rinoedza kudzora munzvimbo idzi pasina muganhu wakajeka wakajeka unojeka, rinopinza mungozi mitengo yayo.

  • masimba ane nhamba eDare: Mutero, kukwereta, kudzora kutengeserana, mari, kuzivisa hondo, kukwidza hondo.
  • [ Masimba akachengetwa ezvitatiko: Dzidzo, hurumende yomunzvimbomo, roorano nemhuri, kushandiswa kwevhu, utano hwavanhu vose nekotsekano.
  • Chinodikanwa neChinodikanwa Claus: Chibvumikiso cheDare kupfuudza mitemo inokosha kuita masimba aro anodudzwa, asi hachisisi kutanga masimba matsva, akazvimirira.

Ichi chirongwa chinoreva kuti chikarakadzo chipi nechipi chemitemo chinofanira kuva chinorondwa nechinopiwa chebumbiro remitemo. Kana chisingagoni, mutemo haushandi nenzira yakaganhurirwa. Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru chesimba remitemo rakaganhurirwa: Congress hachisi mubatanidzwa wesimba remitemo rehurumende separamende; iboka rechiremera chakananga, chakagoverwa. Vadzidzi vomutemo webumbiro remitemo vanofanira kudzidza kubvunza, "Chii chiri muBumbiro remitemo chinobvumira uyu mutemo?" Vasati varangarira mutemo wacho. Muitiro uyu wokubvunza mutemo unokosha kunzwisisa miganhuro yesimba remitemo.

Basa Rejeri Mukudzora Miganhu

Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro: Nzvero Yokupedzisira

Mutongi anoita basa rinokosha mukududzira Bumbiro remitemo nokuvimbisa kuti zviito zvemitemo zvinowirirana nemirairo yebumbiro remitemo. Kuhwirudzura dare, simba rematare rokuzivisa mitemo isiri pamutemo, rakatangwa nenhau yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison[FLT] [1803] [1803]. Munhau iyoyo, Mutongi John Marshall akasimbirira kuti i "maererano nenhau nebasa rebato rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uripo." Kana mutemo unopesana neBumbiro remitemo, Dare rinofanira kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo semutemo wapamusorosoro wenyika. Iri simba harina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo asi rinobva muchimiro chechinyorwa nechimiro chebumbiro remitemo.

Kuhwirudzura dare kunobatira senzvero ine simba pasimba romutemo. Apo matare anohwirudzura mitemo, anonzvera kana mitemo iyoyo ichiwirirana nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza dzidziso yamasimba inonyorwa, Bill of Rights, uye miganhu yakafanana neparadzano yemasimba nehurumende. Kana mutemo ukawanwa kuva usingawiriraniswi, unorova, unosimbisa pfungwa yokuti simba remitemo harina kukwaniseka. Nokuti muenzaniso, mu [[FLT: 0] United States v. Lopez [1955], Dare Gun-Freedom Schools Acts Act nemhaka yokuti Congress system yakanga yapfuura chiremera charongedzerwa charo, ichi chinoratidzirazverwa chikuru chesimba renyika. Chino chaparo chavadzidzi nemhaka yokuti kunyange mitemo yakakurumbira inogona kuva yapamutemo.

Kuhwirudzura dare hakusati kuri kusina ganhuriro dzakwo. Matare anoshandisa ganhuriro dzakapfava, achitsamira padzidziso dzakadai sokumira, kuibva, uye murangariro webumbiro remitemo. Anodzivisawo kusarudza mibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo kunze kwokunge kuri madikanwa. Kunyanguvezvo, kubvira kwokusashanda kwedare kunoumba kuti Congress inoronga sei mitemo. Masimba anoziva kuti mutemo unopfuudza njodzi huru zvikuru yebumbiro remitemo inodzorwa, unokurudzira kurangarirwa kwokungwarira zvikuru kwemiganhuro yemitemo. Uku kubatanidzwa kwemitemo yemitemo nemutoo wedare ichiratidzo cheAmerica.

Dzidziso Dzokururama Nouchenjeri Hwokururamisira

Hachisi chiito chiri chose chemitemo chinodzorwa nehwirudzuro. Dare rinoda kuti pawirirane nedare rimire kukwirira mhaka, kureva kuti rinofanira kuva rakatambura kuvadziko chaiyo inogona kugadziriswa nedare. Kuwedzera kune izvi, matare haasati achizonzwa nhau idzo dzinova dzinodzorwa, dzisingapiwi, kana kuti idzo dzinopa mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika inopedzwa zviri nani namapazu akasarudzwa. Idzi dzidziso dzinoruramisa mutemo dzinoremekedza basa rakafanira uye dzinodzivisa matare kubva mumiitiro midukusa yemitemo. Somuenzaniso, zvinetso kumuitiro yehondo kana kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende nemitemo yokumwe nyika zvinorambwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji semibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, matare akakudziridza mipimo yakasimba nokuda kwokuhwirudzura mitemo inotapura maruramiro makuru. Nenzira yorumano, mutemo unoremedza maruramiro makuru kana kuti zvipfuro zvinonyumwirwa boka rinofanira kusanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro yehurumende inogombedzerwa. Uku mwero wokuhwirudzura unononotswa zvikuru kurusununguko rwomunhu ndokuisa mutoro unorema padare rokutonga kururamisa mabasa aro. Mukupesana, mitemo inodzora nhau dzemari inohwirudzudzwa muhwaro ine mufungo zvikuru kurutongeso rwemitemo. Kunzwisisa aya mwero yokunzvera kunobetsera vadzidzi kuona sei kutarisirwa kwaro pamitengo yayo pako yekodzero dzavanhu.

  • [FLT] Marbury v. Madison (103): yakagadza nheyo yokuhwirudzura, kupa matare simba rokuparadza mitemo isiri pamutemo.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995): ganhurirwa muganhu wedare rezvokutengeserana, kurova mutemo wehurumende wokuva nepfuti.
  • Nhaka dzenzvero: Nzvero dzakasimba nokuda kwamaruramiro makuru, nzvero pakati pezvikamu zvechikamu, hwaro hune mufungo hwemipimo yemari.

Basa rejudiary harisi rokutsigira mativi maviri ouchenjeri hwemitemo asi kuva nechokwadi chokuti inoramba iri mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Uku kusiyana kunokosha. Vadzidzi vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti mutemo unogona kuva zvose zviri zviviri wakakurumbira uye usiri wehurumende. Basa rejajidhiyari nderokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo kunyange apo rinoreva kunyanyova nezvikuru zvemitemo. Basa iri rinopesana namajorita rinowanzova renharo asi rinokosha kudziviriro yekodzero shomanene negadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakaganhurirwa Pasimba Renyika

Kushandiswa Kwouchangamire Hwose Huviri

Federalism, kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende, imwezve ganhuriro kupfurikidza nokugadzira madzimambo maviri ane ganhuriro dzinodzorwa asi dzakasiana. Bumbiro remitemo rinopa hurumende masimba akananga, anorongwa apo inochengeta yasara kuhurumende. Ichi chivako hachingoisiri bedzi mabasa; chinoparira makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika. Hurumende dzinogona kubatira semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ichiita zvokusvika kwemiitiro yakasiana. Vagari vemo vanogona kuvhota netsoka dzavo, vachisundira kuruwa ine mitemo inowirirana zviri nani nemipimo yavo. Iyi mibato inosunda mibatanidzwa yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, sezviito zvavo zvinodzosa kudzokera shure mukurwisana nehurumende.

Pepanhau reTenth Amendment itsiye shongwe yeichi chirongwa. Inotiyeuchidza kuti hurumende yehurumende yeUnited States [FLT:] [FLT] [1992] [1992], Dare rakati Dare harigoni kumanikidza kuti pave netsvina ine simba rehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, kuputsa uchangamire hwehurumende. [[FLT:]] muNew York v. [FLT] United States [FLT] [1] [1997], Dare rakaisa mutemo unoda mutemo unodzora mutemo kuti mutemo uitetevedzere izvi. Mitezo yemitemo inodzo yemitemo inodzorongedzerwa kuidzosa.

Claus Wezvokutengeserana Neganhuriro Dzawo Dzisingagumi

Commerce Claus (Mushoom Commerce I, Chikamu 8, Classia 3) yave iri manyuko makurusa esimba rehurumende. Mukati menhambo yeNew Deal, Dare Gurusa rakagamuchira dudziro yakafara, richibvumira Congress kudzora mubato upi noupi unotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Iyi rondedzero yakadzorwa negadziriro huru dzehurumende kubva kukodzero dzehurumende kuenda kudziviriro yemhoteredzo. Zvisinei, mu United States v. Lopez uye United States v.[FLT]]S][FLT]]] [2]] [2000]), Dare rakavamba kudzosa, rikava kuti pasaro rero rero, pasaro renyika renyika, risagona kudzora munzanga dzomunzvimbomo, dzisiri dzeClaust Claussonson.

Mudzidziso yazvino, Congress ingadzora mapoka matatu pasi peCommerce Claus: (1) mikoto yezvokutengeserana kwenyika, (2) zvishandiso zvezvokutengeserana kwenyika, uye (3) mibato inotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Chikamu chechitatu inharo huru. Dare rakati mubato unodzorwa unofanira kuva wezvemari uye kuti batano yezvokutengeserana yezvokutengeserana yezvokutengeserana inofanira kusavimba neketani dzakadzikaniswa dzemifungo. Iyi dzidziso ine migumisiro chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, Dare mu reNational Federation of Independent . Selius[[FLT1] [20] yakatsigira simba rezvokutengeserana ravanhu. (2017])

  • Mikoto yokutengeserana kwenyika: Migwagwa, migero yemvura, mhepo, uye Internet.
  • Kugadzirwa kwezvokutengeserana munyika: mativi, ndege, zvitima, uye zvishandiso zvekurukurirano.
  • Mabasa anotapura zvikuru kutengeserana: anofanira kuva mamiriro ezvinhu ezvemari uye haagoni kuvakirwa patapuro dzinowedzera dzoga.

Federalism inogoverawo nzvero kupfurikidza nokuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo hurumende dzine chiremera panhau dzomunzvimbomo, vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera nomutoo uri nyore zvikuru kupfurikidza nehurumende nesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo. Uku kupfaviswa kunowedzera kutora rutivi kwedemokrati uye kunobvumira zvigadzikiso zvakagadzirirwa kumigariro yenharaunda yakasiana- siyana. Kunodzivisawo hurumende kuva chiteshi chakakwana chesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvaraidzi, hurumende inopa fundo huru mukuganhurira sei mamiriro emitemo emitemo nepo kusimudzira kuva mutendimbili.

Nzvero Dzakaitika dzeMiganhu Yemitemo

Muitiro Wokutarisira Unodhura: Kutengesa Claus Nesimba Rokubhadhara Mutero

Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakamutsa gakava guru nerenguva refu pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chehurumende. Vashori vakarangarira kuti chinodikanwa chomunhu oga kuti anenge maAmerica ose atenge inishuwarenzi youtano kana kuti aripi chirango (chakaitwa neHurumende. Vatsigiri vakaichengeta yakaderera mudanho rezvokutengeserana kwezvoutano, vachidudza kuti musika weinishuwarenzi woutano ndewenyika yose uye kuti vanhu vanorega kubhadhara mari yeinishuwarenzi kuvamwe. Dare Gurusa reHurumende, [[FLT:]NFIB v. Sebelus[FLD:] [2020], rakapiwa chibvumirano chokuti mari yeinishuwaro yemiteshi yemite yemite yemitempi.

Mutongi mukuru Roberts, achinyorera Dare, akarangarira kuti murairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe haungagoni kururamiswa muMabhizimisi Claus. Simba rokudzora kutengeserana, akarangarira, rinobatanidza kuvapo kwebasa rezvokutengeserana; hakubatanidzi simba rokuita basa. Kana Dare raigona kumanikidza vanhu kutenga zvinhu, paisazova nomuganhu une mufungo pachiremera charo. Zvisinei, Dare rakatsigira chirevo sechishandiso chesimba remitemo reHurumende rinobhadhara mutero, nemhaka yokuti chirango chakaunganidzwa neIRS ndokubudisa mari. Ichi chitsauko chinoratidza kuti Dare rinoputsanyanisa sei rugwaro rwemitemo kuti ritendere kuti simba riite chiito chibvumirano. ACA iboka renyanzvi mukurangarira mutemo wemitemo uye ukoshi yokuziva simba rakarurama.

Mitemo Yokuchinja: Kuedzwa Kwenyika Nesimba reHurumende

Mitemo yokubatanidza inoratidzirawo kusawirirana pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende ine simba rakafara rokupinda munyika pasi peCommercial Claus, Claus, namasimba okuberekwa nawo ouchangamire. Nyika dzakaedza kuita miitiro yavo vamene yokuita kuti vatami vatami vaende, yakadai seS.B. 1070 muna 2010, iyo yaida kuiswa kwomutemo wehurumende kunzvera mugariro wokupinda munyika mukati mokumira kwapamutemo uye kuiswa zvirango paavo vasina kuiswa vatami vanofora. Dare Rapamusorosoro, mu [FLT: 0] Arizora v. United States[FLD:] (202), yakarova zvirongwa zvinokosha zvomutemo pamusoro pezvivapo, ichiita kuti muitiro wokutama kundove iri nhau yeitiro yehurumende uye mitemo yehurumende isingagoni kurwisana kana kuti itsigive.

Nyaya iyi inosimbisa nheyo yokuti kunyange apo Congress inenge isina kuita chimwe chinhu munharaunda yakati, simba rehurumende ringangorega mutemo wehurumende kana munda wacho uri worudzi muchimiro. Dare rakataura kuti hurumende inochengeta gadziriro imwe cheteyo yokutama inoda kungwarira nokuchinjika. Kubvumira hurumende kushandisa zvirongwa zvavo vamene zvokutarisira kubatana ikoko kungasekesa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Dare rakasiya kamuri rehurumende nokuda kwebatira pamwe chete, zvakadai sokutora rutivi mupurogiramu dzomubatanidzwa dzakadai seE-Vertisficiation. Immigration reconst roumbiciation nokudaro inoenzanisira zvose zviri zviviri miganhu pasimba rehurumende uye nzvimbo huru yechiremera chehurumende.

Kudzorwa Kwepfuti Nechibvumirano Chechipiri

Mutemo wokudzora pfuti wazova nhandare huru nokuda kwemiganhu yetsinhirano. Pashure pe Dare Rapamusoro rakaitwa mu [[FLT] Divory of Columbia v. Heller (2008) kuti Simba reChipiri rinodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwemitemo yezvombo zvinozvidzora amene, uye mu McDonald v. Chicago[[[[FLT]]] (2010) (20) kuti iyi maruramiro anoshanda kumitengo, mitoro yose iri miviri yakamanikidzirwa kumitemo yepfuti inoremekedza pamutemo. Dare rakataura kuti maruramiro emitemo yomutemo haasadzi pamutemo uye kuti ganhuriro yakati, seyayaiva pamifungo yendangariro yendangariro kana kuti yendangariro, inowirirana zvikuru nomutemo upi noupi unotoko.

Iyi dzidziso yakatungamirira kudenho kumiramira miremo inorambidza zvombo zvakati zvinongoshandiswazve mumichina isingazivikanwi. Vadzidzi vanonzvera kudzora kwemagazini, vanoda kuchengetwa kwakakotsekana, kana kuti nhambo dzokumirira. Matare anoshandisa nzvero yapakati kana kuti yorumano zvichitsamira parudzi rwemutoro. Muuyo ibasa rakaganhurirwa remitemo rinosiana nehurumende, nerondedzero inopfuurira kuidza miganhu yesimba remitemo. Vadzidzi vanonzvera kudzora kwepfutibhamu vanofanira kubvunza kuti: Ko mutoro womutemo unodzivirirwa neSecond Amendment? Kana zvakadaro, kururamisa uye mutoo wakakodzera here? Mibvunzo iyi inoisa ngwariro parugwaro rwemitemo negadziriro panzvimbo pokudavirira, vanosimbisa chirango chinodikanwa kunzvera ganhuriro yemitemo here?

Mugumisiro: Kunetseka Kunoramba Kuchikonzerwa Nesimba Risina Kukwana

Kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzesimba remitemo mumurangariro webumbiro remitemo kunokosha nokuda kwokusimudzira kuva mugari wemo anozivikanwa nokurangarira kwapamutemo. Bumbiro remitemo haripi Congress simba ramapurisa ose; rinopa chiremera chakananga, chinodudzwa pamusoro pourongwa, dare, uye utongi. Kuparadzana kwemasimba, kurongwa kwechiremera chemitemo, basa rokuongorora, uye nheyo yehurumende zvose zvinoshandira pamwe chete kudzivirira kuiswa kwesimba rehurumende ndokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Idzi mhinganidzo hadzisi mhinganidzo dzokutonga; ivo vanodzivirira chiito chemitemo chinova nemitemo chinova nemhosva, chinozvidavirira, uye chinoremekedza miganhuro yemitemo.

Kupfurikidza nokunzvera zvinoitika zvechiratidzo chevhu zvakadai se Marbury v. Madison, United States v. Lopez, [[FLT:]NFIB] v. Sebelius[[FLT]], uye [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]], [[6]] Arizora v. United States, senharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro peRendementation, kutama, uye tarisiro youtano, vadzidzi vanowana nzwisiso inoshanda nayo munharo hurusa. Vanodzidza kuti simba remitemo rinoshanda sei mumiitiro yemitemo mukurwisana kwavo. Vanodzidza kuti simba remitemo haisingori chinhu chinongofanira kuteverwa murugwaro rwapamutemo.

Sezvo vadzidzi vanobatana neiyi mifungo, vachakudziridza unyanzvi hwokufunga hunokosha nokunzwisisa kukuru nokuda kwegadziriro yamaune yehurumende yeAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo harisi purogiramu yemifungo inoshuviwa; imutemo weganhuriro. Inoudza chigadziko zvachisingagoni kuita zvikuru sezvachinogona kuita. Uyu murangariro unokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo muupenyu hwehurumende. Kufundwa kwemiganhu yemitemo pakupedzisira ifundo yorusununguko (hwunodzivirirwa narwo), kuti kunogona sei kutyisidzirwa, uye kuti chimiro chemitemo chinogovera sei gadziriro nokuda kwedziviriro yayo. Munyika yokukura, kunzwisisa uko miganhu isina kutongo yave inokosha zvikuru.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Bumbiro reMitemo Anongedzerwa rinogovera kunzvera kune udzame kwegadziriro imwe neimwe yebumbiro remitemo nedudziro yaro neDare Rapamusoro-soro, rinowanika pa constitution.confor.gov. Kunzvera kwedzidzo yehurumende neparadzano yamasimba kunogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza nepfuma seNational Information Institute pa [FLT:].Contell.Crell. .MHAKA dzenhau dzenyika, kubatanidza idzo dzakurukurwa pamusoro apa, dzinosvikwa kupfurikidza neSangano yapanyuko yaSiname inotenderwa pa [FLT].[FLT]]