Chitanga: Nheyo Yomutemo Noutongi

Bazu remitemo rinowanzorondedzerwa sebazu rokutanga rehurumende, uye nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka. Iro idare rinoronzeswa simba rokusika, kudzokororwa, uye kudzokororwa kwemitemo inoumba nzanga yedu. Kuvambira pakumhanya pamugwagwa womunzvimbomo kuenda kubhajeti yemari yenyika iyo zvikoro zvavose nedziviriro, masimba emitemo anotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwazvino uno. Kunzwisisa kuti aya masimba anoshanda sei mamiriro ezvinhu (hwhmhiko, ganhuriro, uye maanoshanda (asccenaity) inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi rune revoruzhinji. Nyaya ino inogovera chiremera, mukunzvera kwakakwirira masimba anotonga masimba emitemo, miitiro inoanoita kuti adzorerwe, uye simba rawo guru pavagari vemo.

Zvitsauko Nenheyo Zvinotsanangura Mitemo

Pamavambo aro, simba romutemo ichiremera chokuita, kuchinja, uye kusava nesimba. Iri simba rinowanzopiwa musangano rine maruramiro ravamiriri vakasarudzwa, vakadai separamende, musangano, kana kuti chibvumirano chomutemo. Murangariro wacho unovakirwa munheyo youchangamire hwakakurumbira ._______pfungwa yokuti chiremera chehurumende chinoumbwa nokutsigirwa nokubvumira kwavanhu vayo, kuchishandiswa nevamiririri vazvo.

Masimba omutemo haasati ari makuru. Mugadziriro zhinjisa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, dzinomanikidzirwa nebumbiro remitemo, iro ringadudza masimba akati, rinorondedzera ukuru hwechiremera chemitemo, uye rinogadza nzvero kubva kumapazu ehurumende neakutonga. Somuenzaniso, United States Constitution inopa chiremera chinoronga masimba pasi peChikamu I, Chikamu 8, nepo richichengeta mamwe masimba kuhurumende pasi peTenth Amendment. Nenzira yakafanana, UK Paramende, kunyange zvazvo iri mukurusasasasase, zvino inoshanda mukati memitengo inoiswa nedevoiformation, mutemo wekodzero dzavanhu, uye zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose.

Kunzwisisa idzi rondedzero dzakavakirwa panzvimbo yakakwirira kwakakomba nemhaka yokuti rudzi chairwo rwesimba remitemo runosiana pakati pegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Miitiro yeFederal inokombamira kuparadzanisa chiremera pakati pemitemo yorudzi neyorudzi, nepo gadziriro dzesangano dzinoisa simba muparamende yapakati. Pasinei zvapo nechirongwa, chinangwa chikuru chinoramba chiri: kushandura vanhu mumitemo inowirirana inodzora mufambiro uye mipiro.

Mabasa Emakona Emitumbi Yemitemo

Nepo kuita mitemo kuri basa rinooneka zvikurusa, vabati vedzimba vanoita mabasa akakomba kuudzori hwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji. aya mabasa anopfuura kungopfuudza zvikwereti; anobatanidza kumirira, utarisiri, kuronga mari, uye kurangarira. Basa rimwe nerimwe rinosimbisa mamwe, kuchiparira gadziriro yokuzvidavirira nokugamuchira.

Kuchengeta Mitemo

Basa guru nerinozivikanwa zvikurusa kuumbwa kwemitemo. Mitemo inovamba sezvikwereti .Nhevedzo ingabva kuvaiti vemitemo vamwe navamwe, matare, bazu guru, kana kuti kunyange nhano dzovagari vemo mune dzimwe nharaunda. Rwendo rwegweta kupfurikidza nedare rinotonga rwakarongwa kupwirira. Zvikamu zvikuru zvinobatanidza:

  • [[FT:0] Kuwedzera uye Kutanga Kurava:[[FL:1] Mutengo unoiswa nenzira yakarongwa mukamuri, uchizivisa musoro waro nedonzo. Hapana gakava rinoitika padanho rino.
  • Committee Review: Mutemo unogoverwa kudare chairo (mutoo, Judiary, Mari, Utano) nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame. Matare anochengeta nzeve, anounganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye angapedza mutengo wacho zvikuru. Izvozvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinonzi "handre" yedare remitemo.
  • [[[NHAU] Kurava kwakabatana nekurukurirano:[[FL:1] Nharo dzakazara dzenhau nheyo dzemitemo yegweta uye dzingakarakadza kumwe kugadziridzwa. Uku kukura kunobvumira kurangarira kwapachena.
  • Kurava nokunatsiridza: Pashure pekurukurirano, mitezo inovhota pashanduro yokupedzisira. Kana ipfuudzwa, muromo wacho unoenda kune imwe kamuri (mumiitiro yemabhayameral) nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanana.
  • Conference Committee (kana kuchidikanwa): Apo makamuri maviri anopfuura shanduro dzakasiana, dare romusangano rinoyananisa misiyano.
  • [[FOT:0] Kutendera:[[FT:1] Murayiro wokupedzisira unotumirwa kupurezidhendi, mubati, kana mambo kuti asaine. Mubati angasaina mumutemo kana kuti kudzosera kwauri, achidzosera kudare kuti zvimwe zvingada zvishande nesimba.

Uyu muitiro wamaune (*kazhinji kazhinji unononoka uye unoshatisa(icho). Wakaitirwa kudzivisa mutemo wokukurumidzira, usingafungirwi zvakanaka uye kuvaka bvumirano. Mumigariro yekurumidziro, miitiro ingakurumidza kukurumidza, asi nhano huru dzinosara kuti idzivirire chiito chokukurumidzira.

Mufananidzo

Vatongi vanobatira sebatano yakananga pakati pavanhu nehurumende. Vanosarudzwa kumirira fariro, zvinodikanwa, uye mirangariro yavamiriri vavo . Zvingave zvinorondedzerwa nevhu, wirirano yebato, kana kuti boka ravagari vemo. Kumirira kunoshanda kunoda kurukurirano yenguva dzose navanhu, basa rokubetsera vanhu kuti vashande hurumende, uye kuva shasha munharo dzemitemo. Iri basa rinomirira idivi rourongwa hwedemocracy; apo kumirira kunokundikana, chivimbo chavose chinopera.

Kutarisira Kwechinzvimbo

Basa rakakomba asi rinowanzosashandiswa kutarisira mitemo. Mitemo inoongorora bazu guru kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inotevedzerwa nokutendeka uye kuti mari yehurumende inoshandiswa semashandiro anoitwa. Maturusi okutarisira anosanganisira:

  • Kutongwa neDare uye kuongorora
  • Kusimbiswa kwokugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru vemusi wakakwirira (mumiitiro yakawanda)
  • Ongorora mitemo nezviito zvemasangano
  • Kuongororwa kwemapurogiramu ehurumende ematare akafanana neHurumende (GAO) muU.S. kana kuti hofisi yeNational Applificial Office muUK
  • Kuedza kana kuti kubvisa masimba omufambiro usina kururama

Kutarisira kwakasimba kunodzivisa kutsotswa kwevakuru vakuru, kupambadzwa, uye uori.

Simba Rokushandisa Mari

dzora chikwama chavose nderimwe ramasimba makurusa emitemo. Mabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa anoda kuti ndyiko dzose dzehurumende dzitenderwe nedare kupfurikidza nomuitiro wekurukurirano. Iri "simba rechikwama" rinobvumira masangano okugadza zvinhu zvokutanga zvokushandisa, kutendera mutero, uye mirau inopesvedzera. Nharo pamusoro pebhajeti dzinowanzova dzinokakavara zvikurusa uye dzinoparira gore remitemo, kuronga mari yokudzivirira, dzidzo, masangano ezveutano, uye zvirongwa zvenzanga.

Marudzi Esimba Romutemo: Rakaoma, Rakadzorwa, Rakachengetwa, uye Rakachengetwa

Kunzwisisa izvi kunoratidza miganhu yokutonga uye ukama huri pakati pehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana.

  • Masimba akaverengwa (kana kuti akaratidzwa): Aya masimba akarongwa zvakajeka mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende yorudzi. Somuenzaniso, Dare reU.S. rakaronga masimba kuva mari, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye mahofisi epositi.
  • Masimba anoshandiswa: Anobva mu"disvise nerakafanira" chitsama chemashoko (kana kuti gadziriro dzakafanana), aya masimba haana kurongwa zvakajeka asi ari madikanwa nenzira ine mufungo kuita masimba anorongwa. Kusikwa kwebhangi renyika muU.S. muenzaniso wakaisvonaka, kunyange zvazvo kusina kunyorwa, kwakarangarirwa kuva kuri madikanwa kudzora mari yehurumende nemari.
  • Masimba azvino uno: Masimba ayo dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzorudzi nehurumende (kana kuti ruwa) dzinogona kushandisa panguva imwe cheteyo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza simba rokukwereta mutero, kutanga matare, uye kusimbisa mitemo. Kazhinji kazhinji, mutemo worudzi unokunda mutemo womutemo munzvimbo dzerwisano nemhaka youkuru (muU.S.) kana kuti dzimwe dzidziso dzakafanana.
  • Masimba akarevererwa: Masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yenyika kana kuti kuhurumende anorambidzwa anochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu. MuU.S., Amendurudzo yegumi inobatanidza iyi nheyo. Masimba akasarira anofukidza mativi mazhinjisa oupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubatanidza mapurisa, dzidzo, kushandiswa kwevhu, uye hurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Mugadziriro dzeparamende dzakadai seUK, pfungwa youchangamire hweparamende inovhara misiyano iyi, sezvo Paramende ichigona kufungidzira kuva inoshanda panhau ipi neipi. Zvisinei, kubvisa chitarisiko chakaparira mapoka akafanana: Paramende yeScotland, Welsh Seedd, uye Northern Ireland Assembly ine masimba akabviswa kubva kuWestminster, nepo Paramende yeUK inodzora nhau dzakachengetwa dzakadai sedziviriro, nhau dzokumwe nyika, uye kutama.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Muukuru: Kubva Mupfungwa Kuenda Kumutemo

Kunyatsonzwisisa kuti bhirikiti rinova remitemo kunoratidza simba regadziriro netunhu. Muitiro unosiyana nenyika uye kunyange nenzvimbo, asi kurongwa kwemari kunobatsira kuenzanisira rwendo rwacho.

Kupinzwa Kwemari Nokushandiswa

Mabhii anogona kutangira mumanyuko akawanda. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi seUnited States, mitezo bedzi yeCongress inogona kusuma nenzira yapamutemo zvikwereti, kunyange zvazvo mukuru mukuru achiwanzokarakadza mutemo wekuronga kupfurikidza navatsigiri. Mumiitiro yeparamende yakadai seUK, mabhiri anowanzotangwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende (mabhiri ehurumende) asi inogonawo kutangwa nedench MPs (mapepa emitezo yapachivande). Dzimwe hurumende dzinobvumira vagari vemo kuronga mutemo kupfurikidza nokutanga kana kuti kunongedzera kumiitiro, kudzosera mutemo chose chose.

Chiito cheDare: Engineeri Yebasa Rokunyora Mitemo

Pashure pesumo, dare rakakodzera rinonongedzerwa kudare. Matare anopindwa murutivi rwenhau (Sember, kurima, sayenzi, dzidzo) uye ndepanoitikira basa rakawanda zvikurusa rokupaza. Anochengeta kunzwa kuunganidza mashoko kunyanzvi, vachengeti vemari, uye vanhu vose. "Markup" marusando anobvumira mitezo yedare kururamisa mutsetse wemitsetse yemitemo pamitsetse. Dare ipapo rinovhota kana kuti ringashuma mutongo wacho zvakanaka mukamuri rakazara. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa mudare(a uriri hunorega uriri husingakodzeri kana kuti husinganangi.

Apo Imba neDare zvinopfuudza shanduro dzakasiana - siana dzemutemo mumwe chetewo, dare redare remitezo yemitezo yakabva mumakamuri ose ari maviri rinosangana kuti rikurukure kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Mushumo unovapo somuuyo wemusangano unofanira kutenderwa namakamuri ose ari maviri, kazhinji kazhinji pasina kumwe kugadziriswa.

Kuita Zvakanaka Nokukakavadzana

Kana bhiri racho rangosvika pauriri, mativi ose anokakavadzana. Mitemo yekurukurirano inosiana: Imba yeU.S. inoshanda muganhuriro dzenguva dzakatsiga nemirairo, nepo Dare richibvumira kurukurirano yakatambanudzwa (kubatanidza Nerivalbuster, inogona kunonotsa kana kuti kuvhara mutero usati wava namavhoti 60 okuda kutora davidzo). Mugadziriro dzeparamende, kurukurirano inosanoumbwa zvikuru munguva yehurumende, namapoka anoshora anogoverwa nguva yakagoverwa kutsoropodza nokukarakadza.

Chikamu ichi ndicho chinoitika mune zvematongerwo enyika: mibatanidzwa, kubvumirana kunorovanywa, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu kunonzwiwa. Voti yokupedzisira (jekiseni), yakanyorwa kazhinji kazhinji nenzira yemagetsi kana kuti yenzwi, inodzorwa nekamuri rinotevera kana kuti kumukuru wehurumende.

Chibvumirano Chakananga Nevhato

Pashure pokupfuudza makamuri ose ari maviri, bhiriti inopiwa kumusoro wehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvomutungamiriri zvinosiana negadziriro. MuUnited States, purezidhendi anogona kusaina mutengi mumutemo, iwirirano (kuidzorera kuCongress nokuramba), kana kuti kusaita chiito (pashure pamazuva 10, kana Congress iri murusando, inova mutemo; kana Congress Commissions proneans, muhomwenato ichiita). Mumasangano eparamende anogona kudzorwa namavhota maviri matatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Mumiteveri, mambo kana kuti purezidhendi anogovera nomutoo wakakurumbira kuva anobvumira kuva chinhu chenguva dzose sechinhu chekosi, kunyange zvazvo mamwe masangano achibvumira kunonoka kana kuti kudzokororwa kwemiteo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kushandisa uye Kuongorora Kutonga

Kana mitemo yatoitwa, inoiswa nebazu guru kupfurikidza namasangano nemirau. Matare gare gare angadudzira mutemo kana kuti kuuparadza kana ukaputsa nheyo dzemitemo. Kuhwirudzura dare icherekedzo ine simba pasimba remitemo, zvikurukuru mumasangano ane bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa nedare remitemo rakasimba (zvikurukurukuru, United States, Germany, India). Kutyisidzira kwokushanda kwemitemo kunokurudzira kuronga nokungwarira uye mukati muganhu wemitemo.

Makepi Nedzikamo: Kudzivirira Kubatwa Zvisina Kufanira

Simba romutemo, kufanana nesimba rose rehurumende, rinogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Vagadziri vebumbiro remitemo vakavaka dziviriro dzakawanda kudzivisa kunyengera uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoratidzira fariro yavanhu, kwete zvishuvo zvoruzhinji rwechinguvana.

  • Dective Resches: Tsveto ichereso yakananga zvikurusa yavakuru vakuru pasimba romutemo. Mukuwedzera, mutungamiriri anogona kukarakadza mutemo, kuronga zvirongwa, uye, mumiitiro mizhinji, anodana marusando chaiwo. Muparamende, mukuru mukuru wehurumende (gurukota nedare) anotorwa kubva kuitwekwa remitemo uye anogona kunyungurudza chigaro ndokudana sarudzo itsva, kuita nzvero itsva.
  • .Judicial Checks: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare. Iri simba rakajeka munyika dzakawanda uye rinoita sebhurakiti pamiitiro yemitemo inodzora maruramiro makuru kana kuti kupfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Dare reChikurusa reU.S. mu [FLT:] [FLT] bury v. Madison[[F:3]] [183]) yakasimbisa iyi nheyo, uye yakagamuchirwa nehurumende yenyika yose.
  • Britishism: Masangano mazhinji omutemo ane makamuri maviri (muremo, Imba yaVamiririri naDare muU.S.; Imba yeCommons neHouses of Lords muUK). Vose vari vaviri vanofanira kubvumirana parugwaro rwakafanana kuti mutemo uve mutemo. Ikoku kunowedzera rutivi rwokuwedzera rwerangariro uye kazhinji kazhinji masimba anobvumirana pakati pemiviri yakaumbwa zvakasiyana.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Nzvero yokupedzisira ibhokisi rebhorati. Vadzori vanotarisana nezvisarudzo zvenguva dzose, zvikurukuru makore maviri kusvikira kumatanhatu ari ose. Vatsi vanogona kutsiva vamiriri vanopfuudza mitemo isingadikanwi kana kuti inokuvadza, vachigovera sundo ine simba nokuda kwokudavidza.
  • Public neMedia Scrutiny: A muchina wapachena, masangano ehurumende, uye vanhu vanoshingaira zvinobatira seminzvero yamasanga. Kuoneka mumiitiro yemitemo (kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwavose, mavhoti akarekodwa, uye kuvhura vagari vemo kuti vapindure vamiriri vavo.

Kutapura Kwesimba Romutemo

Zvisarudzo zvomutemo zvinoumba anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavose. Simba harisi rechinhu chisiri chomuzvarirwo kana kuti riri kure; rinowanwa muzvikoro, zvipatara, nzvimbo dzebasa, uye misha.

Ruramisiro Yenzanga Namaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Mitemo yave iri nhandare yedzimwe chinjo dzenzanga dzinochinja zvikurusa munhau. Mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo weRwingmark . wakadai seChiteko cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vemo cheU.S. cha 1964, Chibvumirano cheKodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu, uye kuenzana kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru mitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo nemitemo yehurumende. Iyi mitemo yakakudziridza dziviriro parusaruro. Yakachengetwa pakuvhota, uye yakasimbisa chiremera chavanhu. Nhaudzo dzakaitawo mitemo inodzvinyirira, kubva kumira mifungo inodzvinyirira Jim Crow kumiraudzo pakutaura kwakasununguka. Simba rokuumba migariro yenzanga rine mutoro mukuru.

Muitiro Wemari Nebudiriro

Mitemo inogadza mitero, inobvumira mari inodzorwa nehurumende, maindasitiri, uye inoronga muitiro wezvokutengeserana. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinopesvedzera kukura kwezvemari, basa, uye kugoverwa kwemari. Somuenzaniso, Congress yeU.S. yakapfuudza Dodd-Frank Act pashure penjodzi yemari ya2008 yokuchinja mutemo weWall Street, nepo nhevedzano yemari yeUK Paramende yakagadza gadziriro yemabasa avose negarikamite. Masangano anobvumirawo mabasa ezvirongwa zvemari (marobhoroji), mabhuro, kupfuutsa , kupfuutsa kwa2008)

Utano Hwavose Nechengeteko

Mitemo inodzora kuchengeteka kwezvokudya, kutenderwa kwemirimo, mipimo yemhoteredzo, uye gadziriro dzezvoutano. Affordcable Care Act (ACA) muUnited States yakawedzera kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano kumamirioni. Paramende muUK yadzika miganhu pakurambidzwa kwokusvuta, zvinodikanwa zvokugara, uye masimba emhinduro yakanyanya. Mukati medenda reCOVID19, matare edziviriro munyika yose akarwisana nokudzikamisa mitoo youtano yavose murusununguko rwemunhu oga nemuenzaniso wakajeka wamasimba emitemo munjodzi.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo Nechiito Chemamiriro Okunze

Mitemo inopfuudza mitemo kuti idzivirire mhepo nemvura, ichengetedze nzvimbo dzinogara, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Chibvumirano cheChenea Air (chapera kanoverengeka), mitemo yeEuropean Union, uye UK’s Climate Change Act ya2008 yakaita kuti zvisavepo zvinoda kuderedza kubudisa mhepo. Chiito cheLegislative chinokosha kuti zvishandise zvibvumirano zvemarudzi ose zvakadai seParis Climate Act uye kuti zvisavesvess asswo anozvidavirira.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kusimba Romutemo

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwaro hwakavakirwa panheyo, simba remitemo rinotarisana nedenho dzinokosha muzana ramakore rechi 21.

  • Kushanda nesimba: Munyika dzakawanda, vakuru vakuru vakakudza simba ravo nokushandisa zviremera, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemirayiro yavakuru vakuru, mirayiro yekurumidziro, kana kuti kudzora purogiramu dzemitemo. Iyi kombamiro inotyisidzira kuparadzana kwamasimba nokuzvidavirira kwoudiro.
  • Kuchinja nefariro chaidzo:[ Mapoka ezviwanwa zvemubereko anogona kushandisa pesvedzero isingachinjiki pamitemo, kumutsa funganyo pamusoro pouori nokumonyaniswa kwemiitiro yavose. Kuchinja kwemari nemwero yokuoneka zviri zvivako zvehondo zvinopfuurira.
  • Gridlock ne Polation: mapoka akadzika eparation anogona kuodza mwoyo masangano omutemo, kuvadzivisa kupedza nhau dzinomanikidzira dzakadai seperevedzo dzemari, kuchinja kwokutama, kana kuti chinjo yemamiriro okunze. Mitoo yetsika (mafilibuster, anochengeta, anodzivisa) inogona kudzongonyedza muitiro wewiscioti kuti imise.
  • Chinjo yemasangano emitemo: Kufambira mberi kwapachimbichimbi muAl, kuvandika mashoko, uye kusabatana kwekombiyuta kunopfuura simba romutemo. Masimba anoparapatika kumitemo inoshanda uye inochinjika zvakakwana kuvambirana nokutanga.
  • Kushatiswa kwePublic and Dislated: Muvhoti, kusavimba namasangano, uye nhimbe dzenhema dzinoderedza batano pakati pavagari vemo navamiriri vavo. Kuvimbisana kwapachena kunokosha nokuda kwoutano hwemitumbi yemitemo.

Mugumisiro: Chikonzero Nei Simba Romutemo Richikosha Kwauri

Masimba anotonga haasati ari masangano emitemo anorondedzerwa nebumbiro remitemo necherekedzo yehurumende. Mutemo mumwe nomumwe unodzivirira chengeteko yomushandi, mari yedzidzo yomwana, kana kuti kuva nechokwadi chemvura yokunwa yakachena ichibereko chemiuyo yemitemo. Nokunzwisisa manyuko, miitiro, uye miganhu yechiremera chemitemo, vagari vomunyika vanova vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kutora nenzira inobudirira, kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kusangana navamiriri vavo, kubatira pamabhodhirodhiropu ebasa. Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vanosarudzwa navanhu hunotsamira pamipimo yavose uye inobatanidzwa nemitemo yayo inodzorwa nokukurumidza, muitiro wekare wokuita mitemo kupfurikidza nekurukurirano uye kumirira unoramba uri mutoo unovi unovimbwa wakavimbika zvikurusa wenzanga inogadzira zvakanaka.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve kwemiitiro yemitemo negadziridzo, bvunza manyuko apamutemo akadai se Conrer.gov (mutemo wehurumende), UK] Platement [, uye zviwanikwa zvinobva ku Conference of State Legisttures[ nokuda kwenzwisiso yetsika dzehurumende. Maplatifomu aya anogovera kusvika kwakananga kumaturusiti uye miitiro inoita simba remitemo rinoshanda uye rinozvidavirira.