Kupesvedzera Kwemhoteredzo muIndia: Nhungamiro Yapamutemo Inodenha

Iparamende yeIA inomirira kudzikamiswa kwegadziriro yokubudirira inotsigirwa muIndia, ichibatira somuitiro wegadziriro yegadziriro yemhoteredzo inobvira yemabasa anenge akarakadzwa isati yatenderwa. Chifo chokuitwa kweMbango inodzivirira Evironment Act muna 1986, gadziriro yeEIA yakashanduka kudzikamisa kukura kwemari kunokurumidza nokuchengeteka kwemhoteredzo. Vagadziri vemiitiro yokubudirira vanotsvaka kujekesera, vagadziri vemitemo inoronga mitemo yokugadzira mitemo, uye vatsigiriri vezvakatipoteredza vanowirirana, kunzwisisa zvakakwana kwegadziriro yemitemo inodzora EI sokunokosha. Nyaya ino inopa kunzvera kwakakwana kwegadziriro yemitemo yemitemo, madhigirii, magariro ezverwa ezvokuchengetedza, kodzero nemitoro, magadzirirwe enguva pfupi, uye zvinetso zvinopfuurira mukati pamutemo zveIndia EIA.

EI, Achiri kuIndia

Nheyo yepamutemo yeNhungamiro Assesmentss muIndia inoiswa zvikurukuru paMbango inodzivirira, 1986 (EPA). Yakatapurwa mushure mengwavaira yegasi reBhopal, EPA inopa chiremera chinonyanyodzora nokuda kwemitemo yemhoteredzo uye inosimbisa michina yokutarisira yakaparira kugadzirwa. Pasi peChikamu 3 cheEPA, hurumende huru inosimbiswa kuita matanho ari madikanwa kudzivirira nokuvandudza kunaka kwemhoteredzo, kubatanidza kuisa mipimo yezvinobudiswa, effluents, uye kutungamirira miuyo yezvakapoteredza. Minisitiri yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo, Sango neCherime (MoFC) inoshanda sesangano renyika yehurumende yokushandisa izvi gadziriro.

The Environment Protection Act, 1986

EPA imitemo yeamburera inobatanidza mitemo yemhoteredzo yapakuvamba yakadai seMvura (Prevention and Control of Devil) Act, 1974, uye Air (Prevention and Control of Devil) Act, 1981. Inopa hurumende yepakati chiremera kudzora zvakananga mibato ingaparira kushata kwemhoteredzo. Zvikurukuru, Chikamu 6 cheEPA chinobvumira hurumende kuita mitemo yemiitiro nedziviriro pamusoro pezvakapoteredza zvebasa. Iyi gadziriro yakagadzirira nzira yeEIA chamazati, iyo inoshanda mukuita EIA. Mupasi peEPA, kupunzika kwemhoteredzo yakajeka inogona kuguma nezvirango kubatanidza kuiswa mutorongo kwamakore manomwe, kuchengetwa kwebasa, kugadziridzwa kwezvirongwa, uye kuvandudzwa kwezvitsatsamazadziko zvakapoteredza.

EIA Ziviso, 2006

Environment Impact Assessment Savice ya 2006, yakabudiswa pasi peEPA, chishandiso chikuru chokutungamirira nokuda kweEI samuIndia. Yatsiva Chiziviso chapamberi pa1994 ndokutanga nzira yakagadzirwa, yakagadzirwa nenguva. Sangano ra2006 reZivo rinoisa mabasa mu [[FLT] na[FLT] B[FLT] [[FFF:3] yakavakirwa pasimba razvo ringabvira razvo remhoteredzo. , , zvakadai somugodhiro mukuru, micheto inopisa, uye zvirongwa zvikuru zvomurwizi, zvinoda kujeka kubva kuhurumende yepakati kupfurikidza nemamiriro eExPURC] EXACC. `CCC''' chirongwa chiPromendeti chinotemwaratirwa neS Hurumende (AAES) kuti zvitsarusarudzo dzakateveneiswe zvipfuure zvitsairwe zvipfuto zveB, zvikamu zvinopfuudzo zvinoteveri zvinonzi EXI, zvinoto Idikaidzo

Chiziviso cha2006 chachinja zvinoverengeka, kusanganisira kuchinja muna 2009, 2011, 2013, uye 2016. Kugadziridzwa uku kwakagadziridza kugadziridzwa kwemahombekombe, kutanga urongwa hwokuongorora pashure pekutarisisa, uye kuedza kufambisa basa. Chiziviso chacho chinotaura nezvezvirongwa uye mabasa akarongwa muShedyuli, zvikamu zvakadai semigodhi, simba rinopisa, kudiridza rwizi, zvirongwa zvezviteshi zvemahombekombe, uye zvirongwa zvemaindasitiri. Somuenzaniso, migodhi yemarasha pamusoro pedzimwe nzvimbo A, nezvinodhindikisi zviduku zvingava pasi pedhiki

Mimwe Mitemo Yemhoteredzo Inoshanda

Nepo EPA neEIA Zivoidzo iri pakati, mimwe mitemo inoverengeka inowirirana neEIA. Forest Conservation Act, 1980 inoda mvumo isati yaitwa nehurumende iri pakati nokuda kwechirongwa chipi nechipi chesango nokuda kwezvinangwa zvisiri zvemiti, chiri chinodikanwa nokuda kwokuchenesa mhoteredzo munharaunda dzakasvibiswa. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 inoisa ganhuriro pamabasa erudzi pedyo nenzvimbo dzeEINDIA, inoda kubviswa neNational Board for Wildlife (NBL) nokuda kwemabasa mukati makiromita 10 enzvimbo dzakadaro. Coast Regtion contrection contrentment (CRZ), shagencys reIndiya's uye inoda muganhu yezvirongwa munharaunda dzeCRZ. Kuwedzera, uye National Inscurecureaty Act, naNational Acts Acts Act, RGNUl.

Zvikamu ZveEIA Mumutemo weIndia

Muitiro weEIA pasi peChiziviso cha2006 unotevera nhevedzo dzakarongeka, imwe neimwe ine zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvakananga uye nguva. Muitiro unorongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokunzvera kwakakwana pakugovera mikana yokutora rutivi.

Kudzimisa

Kuongorora idanho rokutanga kuona kana chirongwa chinokarakadzwa chichida EIA uye, kana zvakadaro, mwero wenhamba yokuyera kunodikanwa. Kana shoo yeChikamu A, inoongororwa neEAC, nepo iri purojeti yeChikamu B, SANC inosarudza rudzi. Chiteshi chinobatanidza kuongorora nzvimbo yebasa, chikamuranisa, uye mativi anobvira pamipimo muEIA Chirevo. Kana SAUC ichisarudza kuti chirongwa chinowira pasi peCCC CC B2, chinobviswa nenzvimbo dzose dzeEIA asi chinofanira kuwirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu anodudzwa nechiremera. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chinogona kudenhwa muNational Greenbunal (NG) kana vatendi vemiteshina vanodavira mwero wokuyera havana kukwana.

Kutsenga

Scoping is the phase where the key environmental issues to be studied during the EIA are identified. The project proponent submits a Form 1, which provides basic information about the project, along with a draft Terms of Reference (ToR). The EAC or SEAC reviews the ToR and finalizes the scope of the EIA study. The scoping exercise considers aspects such as air quality, water resources, biodiversity, soil, noise, and socio-economic impacts. The scoping document may also specify the need for specific studies, such as a risk assessment for hazardous industries or a wildlife impact assessment near protected areas. The scoping process is critical because it determines the breadth and depth of the subsequent EIA report. In practice, scoping has been criticized for being too generic, with ToRs often adopted from similar projects rather than tailored to local conditions.

Kugadzirira Mushumo weEIA

Mushumo weEIA igwaro guru rinopa zviwanwa zvenzvero dzemhoteredzo. Inofanira kugadzirirwa nomupi wezano anogamuchirwa neMoEFC. Mushumo wacho unobatanidza rondedzero ine udzame hwebasa, mamiriro emhoteredzo pamhepo, mvura, uye zvisikwa zvakasiyana - siyana, zvakafanotaurwa, migumisiro yemigumisiro, mitaro yezvakapoteredza (EMP). Mushumo wacho unofanira kuyerawo dzimwe nzvimbo neruzivo rwezvinhu, unotsigira mitoo yakasarudzwa, uye unobatanidza kuongorora kwemari inotengwa. Mushumo wezvirongwa zveCUPUPU, A unofanira kuvakirwa pamwaka mina wematainjiniya, uye kufambira mberi kwezvinodikanwa zvinokosha. Zvikamu zvinofambira mberi zvamakero, kunyange zvazvo mashoko eEA achibvumira nguva mbiri yezvimwe zvinoitika.

Bvunzurudzo Yapachena

Kunzvera kwavose inhano inokosha inovimbisa kuoneka nokutora rutivi. Chiziviso cha2006 chinoraira vanhu kunzvera zvivako zvose zveChidi A neCridition B1, asi mabasa akati anoshanda nechengeteko akadai seaya ane chokuita nokudzivirira kwenyika kana kuti nzvimbo dzemiganhu inotapukira. Kunzvera kune zvikamu zviviri: nzeve dzavose dzinoitiswa neState Deamony Control Board (SPCB) kana kuti Dare reRepartment, uye maPromaclation akanyorwa kubva kuvanhu vose. Mutsigirisi anofanira kuita kuti mushumo weEIA uwanike kuvanhu vose mumutauro weChirungu nechokuno wokwazvo nokuda kwemazuva 30 pamberi pokunzwa. Kunzwa kunofanira kuitwa munzvimbo yakawirwa navose, zvichibvumira vagari vemo kuti vataure zvinetso zvezvingaitika mumvura, zvoutano, uye kuzviisa pasi pekudzorwa kwekutongwa kwedare renyika dzose. dare rinopfuudzorwa kudare kudare guru rehurumende kuti rizongoitwa nevanhu vose.

Kusarudza

Kuitwa kwechikamu chechisarudzo kunobatanidza kurangarirwa kwemushumo weEIA nokunzvera pachena kwakaitwa neEAC kana kuti neEUC. Dare rinonzvera kana chirongwa chacho chichisvitsa mipimo yemhoteredzo uye kana matanho ezvirongwa zvacho akakwana. Dare ringatsvaka kujekeswa, kukarakadza zvidzidzo zvakawedzerwa, kana kuti kukumbira chinjo kugadziriro. Kubva pakuyera, dare rinorumbidza chiremera kuchiremera (MouFC yeboka rekwakati, SEA nokuda kweboka B) kuti ripe kana kuti kuramba kugadziriswa. Kujeka, kana zvichibvumirwa, kazhinji kazhinji kuzviisa pasi pemigariro yakananga, zvakadai sokushandisa mipimo yemvura, kutanga mabhandero, kana kuti mufambiro wenguva dzose. Kunonoka kunoshanda kwenhambo yegore ne5 kupfurikidza norudzi rwekuvimba nokubudirira. Kana kukundikana kuvaka nhambo yokuvaka pamutemo.

Kuedza Kuderedza Njodzi yePrefti

Kana mhoteredzo yangojekeswa bedzi, mutsigiri webasa anosungirwa pamutemo kushandisa migariro inodudzwa munhevedzano yokujeka. Kuongorora kwapashure kunobatanidza kuzviisa pasi kwemishumo yokuteerera nguva nenguva kuMoEFC kana SEA. Ziviso inoda kuti mabasa ose ane mhoteredzo ape mushumo wemishumo mitanhatu yemwedzi nemwedzi. Kuwedzera, mufambiro wechiremera wedzori kuti uonese kutendwa. MoFCCCC yagadza mutengi weweb, Environment Crence Monifining Sy (ECMS), nokuda kwokuzviisa pasi pepureji yemishumo yepainternet. Kusarira nokusarira kwemite nemigariro yakajeka kunogona kuguma nokuongororwa kwakajeka, kuiswa kwakaisvonaka, uye chiito chepamutemo pasi peEPA. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji zvinocherekedzwa, TNG, zvakaodharorodzodzodzo dzomugariro wakatanhamara nokuda kwezviito zvokuwedzera.

Kodzero Dzapamutemo Nemabasa Mumuitiro weEIA

Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha kuti vatsigiri vebasa racho uye vanhu vakwanise kushandisa bhii racho zvakanaka uye kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vachazvidavirira.

Mitoro Yevatsigiri Vemabhizimisi

Vatsigiri vemibato, vangava vagadziri voga kana kuti masangano ehurumende, vanofanira kuva nebasa guru rokutungamirira EIA. Vanofanira kupinda muvapi vezano vanobvumwa, kuva nechokwadi chokururama kwemashoko ezvitendero, voita mapeyi akakwana. Mutsigiri anofanira kuva netsandamiro yefundo yeEIA uye kubvunza vanhu vose. Vanofanirawo kuzivisa mashoko anokosha kuvanhu uye kupindura kuzvakanetsa zvinomutswa munguva yokutongwa. Kukundikana kuwirirana nemisengwa iyi kunogona kutungamirira kukurambwa kwekushandiswa, kubviswa kwechirongwa, kutsarudzo, uye zvirango. Uyezve, mutsigiriri anosungirwa anosungirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akajeka akajeka munhevedzano, uye kukanganisa kupi nokupi nokupi kwapamutemo, kubatanidza kutongwa mukutonga kwavose pasi peEPA.

Kodzero Dzemapoka Evanhu Neemhoteredzo

Vanhu, zvikurukuru vatapurwa, vane maruramiro anoverengeka epamutemo mumuitiro weEIA. Pasi peChibvumirano chaMarudzi kuInformation Act, 2005, mugari upi noupi anogona kupinza magwaro ane chokuita neEIA, kubatanidza mushumo, zvinyorwa zvezvisarudzo zvekuzivisa. Chiziviso cha2006 chinoraira pachena kusvika kuEIA kwemazuva 30 pamberi pokutongwa kwavose. Mapoka emhoteredzo navanhu vanogona kutora rutivi mukunzwa kwavose uye kupa tsinhiro dzinonyorwa. Vanewo kodzero yokudenha zvisarudzo zvenhau zvenhau muNational Green Tribual (NGT) kana kuti Dare Rapamusoro kupfurikidza neNyutsigirigio yavose (PI). Dare rePUP) rakabuda sechipamhiko rezvakapoteredza mhoteredzo, rinonatswa pasina kurangarirwa zvakanaka kana kuti kutyorwa kwomuenzaniso.

Basa Redare Rerudzi Rinoyera

National Green Tribunal Act, yakatangwa pasi peNational Green Tribunal Act, 2010, idare rinoshanda uye rinokwanisa kubvisa makakatanwa emhoteredzo. NGT ine simba pamusoro penhau dzine chokuita nokuitwa kwemitemo yakadai seEPA, Forest Conservation Act, uye Wildlife Protection Act. Inogona kunzwa kukwirira EIA relavences uye ine simba rokuronga kubhadharwa kwezvakapoteredza zvakakuvadzwa. dare rinoshanda panheyo yeruramisiro yomusikirwo uye harina kudzorwa nemitemo yorumano. NGT yazova nzvero inokosha paEIA, inoramba kuti zvirongwa zvinodzokororongedzerwazve. Zvisinei, vatsoro dzinopikisa kuti dzimwe nguva dzinopfuura simba raronge rinoita kuti zvisabvumeso zvisingabvumirwi.

Zvakaitika Munguva Ichangopfuura uye Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichingovapo

Gadziriro yeEIA yakava nechinjo huru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, ichiratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pekubudirira kwezvemari nedziviriro yemhoteredzo. Chiziviso chakakarakadzwa chaDraft EIA 2020 chakaratidzira nzvimbo huru, nenyanzvi dzemhoteredzo dzichitaura kuti yakanetesa kutora rutivi kwavose noutariri. Kunyange zvazvo nhevedzano yakabviswa pakupedzisira, hurumende yakapfuurira kuunza chinjo dzakanangidzirwa kukukurumidzisa tendero.

Kuchinja Zvinhu uye Kuedza Kwemazuva Ano

MoEFCC yakatanga chinjo dzinoverengeka kudirana mumuitiro weEIA. Muitiro wepaIndaneti wokuzviisa pasi, Parivesh porteral, inobvumira vatsigiri kuisa kushandira, fambiro mberi yenzira, uye kugamuchira kujekeswa kwemipimo yetsika. Hurumende yakarairawo ganhuriro dzenguva nokuda kwedanho rimwe nerimwe: mazuva 60 okunzvera uye mazuva 15 okubudisa nhevedzano yokuchena. Mu 20222, ushumiri hunotanga gadziriro ye "Window Recance" nokuda kwezvikamu zvakati zveindasitiri, masango, uye zvigadziko zvemhuka zvinochenetswa mukushandiswa kumwe. Iyi nharidzano yokuderedza kunonoka kwemitengo nokusimudzira mutengo. Zvisinei, kubudirira pane dzimwe nguva kwakauya pamutengo wokuhwirudzura kwezva mhoteredzo. Muenzanisiro wepa paInda inoshoorwa nokuda kwokushaniswa kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yebasa, nzanga inotsorodzwa nokuna nokudzorwa nezvirongwa zvenzanga.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichivapo Pakushandisa

Pasinei zvapo nokuchinja, EIA inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzinova dzinokanganisa kubudirira kwayo. Imwe nhau huru ivara remishumo yeEIA. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mishumo yakawanda ine mashoko asina kukwana, kufuratira miuyo inodzorwa, uye kudukupisa ngozi. Kuvimba nemitemo inonyorwa navanopa mazano, yakabatanidzwa nokudzikamisa, kwakatungamirira kutsika dzetsika dzerabha. Chinetso chimwe chinononotsa mumiitiro yokujeka. Apo ganhuriro yenguva iripo, kazhinji kazhinji inofuratirwa nemhaka yemiitiro yakaoma, mashandiro asina kukwana, uye kurongedzerwa. Avhareji yenguva yokujeka kwezvirongwa zveCPUPU, inopfuudza makore maviri, kuparira kusazivikanwa nokuda kweva nezvinotengidzira mari. Zvinopesvedzera zvezvamatongerwe enyika uye kufarira kwemasangano edare rinoongorora zvakanyorwawo, mibvunzo pamusoro pezvizvizvinenge zvamagaro. Zvinonzi zvakanzi zvakanzi zvakanzi zvakanzi zvakanzi zvakanzi zvakanzi zviriponwa.

Mhaka Dzapamutemo Dzapanyika Netapuro Yadzo

Zviitiko zvinoverengeka zvenhau zvakaumba EIA muIndia. Munhau ya 2012 ye [FLT: 0] Lafarge Umimiam Mining Pvt. Ltd. Iwirirano neUnion yeIndia, Dare Gurusasaidzo yakasimbisa dikanwo yenzvero yemari nerevo yavose. Dare rakasumawo mufungo we "kukuravakwa kwemhoteredzo senheyo inotungamirira. Muimwe nhau inokosha, nhano muna 2017 yakaraira kuparadzwa kwemhoteredzo nokuda kwechiwiti yesimbi muOshasras as tracestion yokukundikana kurangana kwapachena kwapachena. Mu 2023, TNG, inoiswa mufati wakaisvonaka wezvicherwa mumichero zvemigo kana kuti kudarika muganhu wemitemo. Iyi inobvumira kuonekazve kuoneka kwomutemo.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Munyika Yose Nemienzaniso Yokuenzanisa

Chivako cheEIA chinogoverana negadziriro dzamarudzi ose asi chinewo mavara akasiyana. World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework inoda kukwereta nyika kuti dziite shoo dzemhoteredzo nokuda kwemabasa ezvemafashoni, nokusimbisa kutora rutivi. Hurumende yeEurope yeIIA Directiveriveriverive divice masangano enhengo enyika kuti aone mamitengiriro akafanana nenzvimbo dzeIndia. Zvisinei, pane misiyano mikuru iripo. MuEURO, kodzero dzavose dzinobatanidzwa dzakasimba zvikuru, kubatanidza mano okuwana mashoko ose emhoteredzo pamberi pechirongwa. United States' National Environmental Coliclect Act (PAI) inoda kuva netsinhirano yemitengo huru yemitengo yavose yemitengo yavose ye 90. Asi inobudiswa munhevedzano kwenhambo yavose yeEndia inopfuvurazve, inopfuurazve kupfuutsa kupfuutsa kwechikate yemitengo yavose nokuda kwechikaro yetsika yetsika dzakawanda dzenzira dzenzira dzenzira dzenyika dzose.

India inogona kudzidza kubva kumienzaniso iyi yenyika dzakawanda kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kutora rutivi kwavose, kunoda kunzvera kwokuwedzera, uye kuvandudza kuchengetwa. Kugamuchira miitiro yakanakisisa yakadai senzvero yemhoteredzo nemitemo, panzvimbo penzvimbo yenzvimbo yebasa yeEIA bedzi, kunogona kutungamirira kukudzora mhoteredzo kwakawanda uye kunobudirira. Chikarakadzo chenguva pfupi yapfuura chehurumende cheambreal "Environthal Protection Act" kutsiva EPA inopa mukana wokubatanidza zvidzidzo izvi.

Mugumo: Nguva Yemberi yeEIA muIndia

Gadziriro yapamutemo yeIndiya nokuda kweNdengedzo yeNdengedzo yeIndaneti inogovera gadziriro huru iyo, munheyo, inotsvaka kutsinhiranisa kukura kwezvemari nedziviriro yemhoteredzo. Mugadziri weSangano ra2006, negadziriro yayo yakarongwa uye kubvunza vanhu vose, inoratidzira chinangwa chokuita chisarudzo nedivivi razvo. Zvisinei, kushanda kwegadziriro ino inotsamira pakuitwa kwokushingaira, utariri, uye kubatira pamwe. Kupfuurira kudenha kwakadaro semishumo yemari, kunonotswa, uye kusawirirana nemigariro pakati pegadziriro yapamutemo nechinhu chaichoichoi. Nhau dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechirongwa chaEII , 2020 uye kugadziridzwa kweEPA mamiriro ezvinhu eEPA pamutemo kupfurikidza namamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende inobvumirawo, zvichireva kuti nzira yokuchinja. Nokuda kwezvirongwa, uye kugadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu emo akapoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu emo neadzo dzakapoteredza nyika dzose dzinodzongedzero.