Chiremera, Ndima, uye Hurumende Yazvino Uno Chii?

Pamwero wayo mukurusa, uchangamire ichiremera chikurusa mukati mendima yakasungwa. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inoirondedzera senheyo inopa udzori hwakakwana hwehurumende panhau dzayo dzomumba, pasina vhiringidzo yokunze. Iyi nheyo chivako chehwaro chetsika yamarudzi ose, chakasimbiswa muzvinyorwa zvakadai seUnited Nations Charter, iyo inorambidza zvakajeka "tyisidziro kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba mukurwisana neperero yenyika kana kuti kuzvimirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika ipi neipi. ”

Tsanangudzo yazvino uno yapamutemo inowanzodzokera shure kuMontevideo Convention on the Rights neUnions of States ya1933. Ichi chibvumirano chakagadza mipimo mina nokuda kwohuganhu hwehurumende: chiverengero chechigarire, nyika yakarondedzerwa, hurumende, uye kukwanisa kupinda muukama nedzimwe nyika. Nheyo yechina (] kutsunga kupinda muukama [[FLT:]]] [] [8] chose chose chose chose pakuzivikanwa kwoumambo hwehurumende. Pasi pokuziva, nyika nehurumende zvingashandisa deoo coo controlntrol asi zvinoramba zviri "hurumende" kana kuti sangano rinokwikwikwidzana. Izvo zvinosimbisa kuoma kwemifungo yakakomba: uchangamire hwose humene] inoreva ukurumbidzo yomukati nokukumbira kugamuchirwa kwokugamuchirwa kunze kwepasi.

  • Utongi hweInternal: Hurumende ndiyo muviri mukurusa unoita mutemo mukati memiganhu yayo. Ine maruramiro okushandisa kwapamutemo simba, pfungwa yakaumbwa zvikuru naMax Weber.
  • [[FT:0] Hurumende inozivikanwa nedzimwe nyika somutambi akazvimirira. Ine wirirano yapamutemo mumibato yamarudzi ose, pasinei zvapo noukuru hwayo kana kuti simba rehondo.

Uchangamire hwaPopulse imhindumupindu yazvino uno, yakabatanidzwa zvikuru nokuchinja kwoutongi hwehurumende kwezana ramakore rechi18 nerechi 19. Mumurangariro uyu, chiremera chikurusa hachitsamiri namambo kana kuti namambo anodzora asi navanhu vamene. Hurumende mutariri wesimba ramasimba makuru, inopiwa navagari vemo. Iyi pfungwa inodenha zvakananga mienzaniso youchangamire yakakarakadzwa naJean Bodin naThobbes, umo chigaro chikuru chaivapo pamusoro pomutemo uye inoda teerero isingatsungiswi.

.Legal Control inonangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo yesimba rokupedzisira rinoita zvisarudzo mukati mehurumende. MuUnited Kingdom, ikoku kunobatwa zvakakurumbira nedzidziso youchangamire hweparamende: Paramende inogona kuita kana kuti kusaita mutemo upi noupi, uye hakuna boka (kunyange matare) rinogona kuudzora. Mukupesana, nyika dzine mitemo yakanyorwa, kufanana neUnited States, dzinoparadzira uchangamire hwepamutemo mumapazu ehurumende namasimba akati kuti kuhurumende, kuparira tsika yokudzikira asi inomanikidzirwa. Vafundisi vemitemo vakafanana naHans Kelsen vanorangarira uchangamire semuitiro yetsika, vachiramba kuti mamiriro ezvinhu haana chinhu kupfuura gadziriro yomutemo imene.

Chinyorwa Chenhau: Kubva kuWestphalia Kuenda Kunhevedzano Yenyika

Kunzwisisa kuti uchangamire hwakaita sei kunokosha chaizvo kuti tinzwisise kuti nei huchirwiswa zvinotyisa mazuva ano.

Chitendero Chacho Chapamberi Pezvipfuva

Pamberi pa1648, Europe yakashanda mugadziriro yezviremera zvinopfuudzwa. Umambo hutsvene hweRoma, Chechi yeKaturike, uye basa rakaumbwa namadzishe, madzimambo, uye machinda zvose zvaiti mwero yakasiana- siyana yechiremera pavagari vomunyika vamwe chetevo. Kwakanga kusina mufungo wakajeka woukuru hwenzvimbo. Muchinda weGermany angava nechikwereti kuMutongi Mutsvene weRoma nokuda kwenyika dzake uye kuna Papa nokuda kwomweya wake, nepo maguta ake aishanda pasi pemitemo yazvimiririri. Iyi gadziriro yakaoma, yakaoma yakanga iri manyuko erwisano yenguva dzose, inoguma muHondo yeMakumi Matatu emakore.

Rugare rweWestphalia (1648)

Zvibvumirano zvakasainwa paMünster naOsnabrück zvinorangarirwa zvikuru kuva nzvimbo yakaberekerwa gadziriro yazvino uno yehurumende inotonga. Rugare rweWestphalia rwakagumisa nenzira inobudirira kutonga kutsvene kweUmambo hweRoma hwechiremera chechisiko chose. Yakatanga nheyo ye cuius regiogius, eius religio (nzvimbo ine nzvimbo, rudzidziso rwake], , rinopa vatongi chiremera chokusarudza rudzidziso rwenyika yavo vamene. Iri rakanga riri jira guru: raizivikanwa nenzira yapamutemo kuti chiremera chomutongi pandima yavo chakanga chiri chakakwirira uye chaisagona kunzirisingadzorwi namasimba okunze, angava Papa kana kuti Mambo.

Nyanzvi dzakafanana naStephen D. Krasner dzakaitirana nharo kana Westphalia yakanga iri nguva yokuchinja kwechokwadi kana kuti ngano iri nyore. Chaizvoizvo, zvamatongerwe enyika akanga ataurirana kusawirirana kworudzidziso, uye zvibvumirano hazvina kutanga pakarepo gadziriro yenyika dzakaenzana. Zvisinei, muenzaniso weWestphalia wakagovera mashoko akarongwa nokuda kwoukama hwamarudzi ose kwamakore 350 akatevera. Yakatanga tsika ye non-internet[[ semutemo wakakwana wezvamatongerwe enyika dzamarudzi ose.

Uchangamire Muzera roUmambo

Nhau youchangamire yakava nengozi zvikuru mukati mezera rehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende. Nheyo dzouchangamire hweWestphalia dzakashandiswa nenzira inosarudza. Masimba eEurope akatambanudzwa "kudzivirira" mundima huru muAfrica, Asia, uye America, achinyima vagari vemo kodzero dzadzosero dzavakazvichengetera vamene. Macoloni akabatwa sezvinhu panzvimbo penzvimbo dzadzo dzoumambo. Ikoku kwakaparira gadziriro yamarudzi ose yamarudzi ose umo uchangamire hwakanga huri ropafadzo yemasangano e "chiviled" nyika. Kudzorwa kwechikoloni kwapakati pezana ramakore rechi20 kwakanga kuri kurwisa kukuru nokuda kwokuzivikanwa senyika dzine chiremera, nharidzano yakasvikwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neChibatanwa chaMarudzi nenheyo emitemo yokuzvitonga.

Zvinetso Zvinouya Ndokwouchangamire

Kuchinja kwakaita nyika, ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu, uye kugadzirisa kodzero dzevanhu kwakakanganisa nyika yose.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose uye Kutsigira Kwemari

Trade, mari, uye masangano anopa miganho. Masangano enyika dzakawanda anoshandisa simba rezvemari rinokwikwidzana kana kuti rinopfuura renyika dzakawanda. Masangano enyika dzakawanda akadai seWorld Trade Organization (WTO) anoda kuti nyika dzipedze mwero wouchangamire dzichichinjana kuti pave nemhindu uye dzisarudze. Sangano remari yenyika yose rinobatanidza upfumi hwemari zvakasimba zvokuti munyika imwe inogona kukonzera dambudziko renyika yose, richiganhura simba rehurumende rokudzora ramangwana rayo. Thomas Friedman akataura kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kunoisa "Goenterbat" panhauro, kumanikidza kuti vagamuchire zvitekoso zveshamwari kana kuti vasaverirwe nedzimbahwe.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nokupindira Kwomunhu

Denho yakananga zvikurusa kuuchangamire idzidziso ye Kusashandeka kwokudzivirira (R2P). Kubva munhamo dzamarudzi anoparadza rudzi muRwanda neBalkan, R2P inoramba kuti uchangamire hunobatanidza mutoro wokudzivirira vanhu pautsinye hukuru. Kana hurumende ikakundikana muiri basa, nzanga yamarudzi ose ine musengwa wakarurama, kupindira, kupfurikidza namauto kana kuri madikanwa. Ikoku kunomirira chinjo huru kubva mumurangariro wegamuchidzanwa weWestphalian kuti hurumende inogona kubata vagari vemo vayo vamene pasinei zvapo nokuti zvinodai. Vatsoropo vanoramba kuti R2 inowanzoshandiswa nenzira yakajeka nesimba kururamisa kupindira nokupindira, kuderedza nheyo yetsika yetsika.

Dare repamhosva remunyika yose uye reInternational Criminal Court (ICC) rinowedzera kudenha uchangamire nokuita kuti vatungamiriri venyika vazvidavirire nokuda kwemhosva dzehondo, mhosva dzinoitirwa vanhu, uye kuparadzwa kwemadzinza.

Uchangamire Hwamadhigirii uye Muganhu Wetsika

Mitengo inharaunda itsva, uye nyika dziri kurwira kuidzora. Internet pakutanga yakachengetwa senzvimbo isina muganhu yaizoparira uchangamire kuva chinhu chinyakare. Zvakapesana zvaitika. Mitemo iri kuvaka nokushingaira "miganhu" kupfurikidza nemitemo yemitemo yokuisa mashoko munzvimbo, midhuro, uye mitemo ine mwero yakakwana.

  • [[FLT: 0] CHOP: Inoramba ine "Firewall" izere kudzora kuyerera kwamashoko uye kuita kuti chiono chayo chouchangamire hweInternet chive nesimba reimo.
  • Eupan Union: The General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) idivino yechiratidzo youchangamire hwemichina, kuisa mitemo yeEU kumitengo ipi neipi yeEU yavagari vemo, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo iyo kambani yacho yakavakirwa. EU Penical Markets Act and Digital Service Act inodzoserazve mufambiro wemichina yenyika yose.
  • United States: Nharo muchikamu 230, TikTok, uye kuvandika mashoko kunoratidzira kurwisa kunopfuurira kusimbisa chiremera chenyika pamusoro pezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo zvenyika yose.

Kurwisa kwehurumende, kurwisa kwerudzikinuro, uye hondo yemashoko zvinowanzoitika. Kuzvidavirira kwokurwisa kwemakombiyuta kunobva kuvashandiri vanoparadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana kwakaoma zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji kuchisiya nyika dzisina kudzivirirwa uye dzisingakwanisi kumanikidza uchangamire hwadzo munzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nekombiyuta.

Kutambura Kwemhoteredzo Neganhuriro Dzendima

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze, kushatiswa, uye kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana - siyana hazviremekedzi miganhu. Kodzero yamambo yehurumende yokuita upfumi hwayo kupfurikidza nokupisa mafuta anocherwa pasi pano inoparira zvakananga kunyura kwenharaunda duku yechitsuwa pakati penyika. Nokuda kwamarudzi ari pasi pezvitsuwa muPacific, zvakadai seKiribatia neTuvalu, chinjo yemamiriro okunze inoparira tyisidziro iripo kunzvimbo yazvo uye, zvichiwedzera, kuva nyika yavo. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dziri kurwisana nomubvunzo wacho: Kana nyika ichiva isingagariki kana kuti inonyangarika, inorasikirwa nouchangamire hwayo here?

Kumusoro kwerwizi kunoisawo kodzero yarwo kunzi ipinde murwizi nokuda kwemvura inonaya mvura, nepo murwizi runotaura kuti iyi iputswa pakodzero dzarwo dzokuchengetedza mvura. Hamuna gadziriro yenyika yose yokupedza kunyanduka uku, kuchisiya kusimba kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Pandemics chiyeuchidzo chakasimba chokuti kuchengeteka kwoutano hakugoni kuzara nemiganhu. Njodzi dzakaona nyika dzichikurumidza kuvhara miganhu, kuunganidza majekiseni, uye kuganhurira kufamba (kutaura kwoutongi). Asi, vhairasi yacho yakafuratira nhare dzose. Dambudziko racho rakasimbisa kuoma kwemagariro enyika yose uye kudiwa kwekushandira pamwe kweutano hwevanhu munyika yose. Masangano akafanana neWorld Health Organization (WHO) akazivisa kuti zvinhu zvine ngozi muutano, asi chiremera chawo chinotsamira chose chose pakushandira pamwe chete kwehurumende.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kutonga Kuchiitwa

United States: Kurwira uye Kusiyanisa

United States muenzaniso une simba wouchangamire hwomukati wakaumbwa kupfurikidza nehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende ine chiremera chikurusa munharaunda dzakadai semiitiro yokumwe uye kutengeserana kwenyika, asi masimba anokamuraniswa nokungwarira nenyika 50. Nyika dzose, U.S. kazhinji kazhinji inosimbisa uchangamire hwayo kupfurikidza nokudzivisa zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose izvo zvinoona sezvinopesana nomutemo wemhuri. Yakasainawo asi isina kutendera Mutemo weGungwa, uye zvikurukuru haisati iri rutivi kuChiratimende cheRoma icho chakaumba ICCC. Iyi "Speciocism" inoratidzira fungidziro huru yechiremera chenyika yose. Bvawo, U.S. inoshandisa simba rayo raromadzorosa ose kuva pesvedzero mupasi rose, inoratidzira kuti haisati ingova bedzi iri rutivi rwokusiiwa bedzi asi inoumba nhevedzano nhevedzano pamusoro penyika yose.

European Union: Kuedza Kwapashure Penguva Yacho

Dare reEurope rinomirira kubatanidzwa kwokuzvidira kukurusa kwouchangamire munhau. Nyika dzakatamisira chiremera chine revo kumasangano eEU munharaunda dzakadai sezvokutengeserana, kurima, makwikwi, uye muitiro wemari ( nokuda kweEuroOne). Nheyo ye kubatana kwomutemo weEU[ inoreva kuti mutemo weEurope unogona kukunda mutemo wenyika unorwisana. Izvi hazvirevi kuti nyika dzakava no"kurasikirwa nouchangamire hwadzo. Panzvimbo pezvo, dzinoshandisa zvibvumirano zvose. EURO igadziriro yezvibvumirano inobvumirana nokuzvidira nehurumende, inochengeta maruramiro okupedzisira okurega (sokushandisa UK naBrectin). EUS inodenha murangariro wetsika uyo uri muboka rimwe chetero.

China: Nyika yeWestphalia Isingabvumiri

China zvichida ndiyo mutsigiri ane simba zvikurusa wetsika yenhau youchangamire yeWestphalia munyika nhasi. Muitiro wayo wokumwe unovakirwa pa "Mitemo Mishanu yeParamende yeParamente Coexistence," inonangidzira pakuremekedzana uchangamire uye kusapindirana mune zvenhau dzomukati. Beijing inoona uchangamire sedziviriro yakakwana yokudzivisa zvinyorwa zvayo zvenyika dzokumwe, mitemo yayo muXinjiang ne Tibet, uye gadziriro yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Belt ne Road Iter (BRI)[FLT] inotambanust [[FLT] , , asi inodzorwa nguva dzose sebatira pamwe chete pakati pevarati yechigaro chavanhu. Chine chinova Taiwan chakasimbawo muuchangamire, chisati chichirwisana nomugariro wamasimba masimba, chikato mukuru wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeRussia, uye kudzosesano yeTayiwa kutomu.

Nyika duku Namarudzi Ane Chido

Nokuda kwehurumende duku nenzvimbo dzinotsvaka kuzvimirira, uchangamire ivavariro inokosheswa zvikuru. Inomirira chigaro paChibatanwa chaMarudzi, chinodzora pfuma yomunzvimbomo, uye hunhu hwapamutemo hwamarudzi ose. Zvisinei, chinhu chaichoicho kuhurumende dzakawanda i "kudzorwa nemhesano duku". Dzinotapurwa zvikuru nedzvinyiriro dzemari dzokunze, chinjo yemamiriro okunze, uye tyisidziro dzechengeteko. Kuenzana kwadzo kwapamutemo panzvimbo dzamarudzi akawanda kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunofukidza kushaiwa simba kunoshanda. Dzinofanira kuvhozhendera, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kukuvanda pasi pearamuko yesimba gurusa rehurumende. Kurondwa kwenzvimbo dzakafanana neParestina, Kofiyo, kana kuti chiKhaniania kunoratidza pfungwa yacho inoramba iri mutungamiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika ane simba, sezvo rezvirevo zvinoshanda munyika yose ichiva chakaoma zvikuru uye chikamuraniso.

Nguva Yemberi Youchangamire: Kutsungirira Kukudzwa

Kudeya kutaura kwe "mugumo wouchangamire" kwave kuchinyanyosiiwa zvikuru. Nyika inoramba iri mudziyo mukuru nokuda kwoururami hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye garikano yenzanga. Apo njodzi dzinorovanya /hhayi mari, chengeteko, kana kuti utano hunobatanidzwa ne(chitizen) zvinotarira kuhurumende yavo kuti idzivirirwe. Kumukazve kwourudzi nepopulist mumativi mazhinji enyika ndiko, munzira dzakawanda, kupesana nokuderera kunofungidzirwa kwouchangamire nemapoka enyika yose uye masangano ari kure.

Zvisinei, pfungwa yacho ichapfuurira kugadziridzwa. Tiri kufambira mberi kukunzwisisa kwakajeka kwouchangamire sechikamu chekodzero nemitoro zvinogona kupatsanurwa, kugoverwa, uye kukumbirwa. Nyika dzichapfuurira kubatanidza uchangamire mune dzimwe nharaunda (kufamba, mhoteredzo, mipimo yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu) dzichihudzivirira zvikuru mudzimwe (kubatana, tsika, mipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika yapakati). Chinokosha chichava nzira iyo uchangamire hunoshandiswa nayo. Hunoshandiswa sedziviriro yokudzivisa kuzvidavirira, kana kuti sechikuva chikuva chinovaka chibvumirano chenyika yose here?

  • Hurumende:[ Sezvo nzvimbo inova inotengeswa zvikuru nehondo, mibvunzo youchangamire kumativi ose ePasi ichawedzera. The Out Space Treaty Inorambidza kutaura kwenzvimbo, asi ikoku kunoedzwa nenzira inowedzera.
  • Uchenjeri hunogadzirwa: Kukura nokukurumidza kweAI kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru nokuda kwouchangamire. Kuchataura sei kudzora ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runochinja nokukurumidza kupfuura mutemo? Hondo yamashoko ine simba reAI ichasekesa kudzikamiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvomumba, chinhu chikurusa chouchangamire hwomukati here?
  • Global Governance Reform: Masangano makuru akafanana neUN Security Council anoratidza nhevedzo yenyika ya 1945. Kukumbira chinjo kubva kumasimba anowedzera seIndia, Brazil, uye nyika dzeAfrica izvikumbiro zvikuru zvokuzivikanwa kwomugariro wadzo wapamutemo nouremu mutsika yamarudzi ose.

Ushe hahusi mugariro uviri, asi hausingoriwo zvawo "ukuru hwehurumende" kana kuti "usingadzori". Itsika inopfuurira yokutaura, kuchengeta, uye kushandisa chiremera munyika ine vanhu vazhinji uye yakabatana. Inoramba iri girama rehwaro remitemo rezvamatongerwe enyika dzamarudzi ose, kunyange sezvo mashoko achichinja kuva anokwanisa kugadzikisa zvinhu zvitsva.

Gakava riri pakati pechisakiso chechiremera chakakwana nechinodikanwa chokubatira pamwe richarondedzera nhambo inotevera yenhevedzano yenyika. Nyika dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzichava idzo dzinodzidza kudzora uku kunyanduka, dzichidzivirira fariro dzadzo huru dzichibatanidzwa nenzira inovaka kupedza zvinetso izvo pasina mugariro mumwe unogona kupedza woga. Naizvozvo, uchangamire, hahusi chinhu chenguva yakapfuura asi nheyo inochinja ichapfuurira kuumba nguva yemberi yamarudzi nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinouya.