Vaiti vemitemo ndivo musimboti wokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vachibatira savagadziri vegadziriro dzapamutemo dzinoumba nzanga dzedu. Ava vanhu vane mutoro wokuita, kudzorera, uye kuvandudza mitemo inotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.

Ndivanaani Vanogadzira Mitemo?

Muiti wemitemo, munhu anonyora nokupa mitemo, zvikurukuru mumwe munhu ari mutezo wedare romutemo.ava vanhu vanobatira mumapoka akasiyana - siyana emitemo kupota nyika, mumwe nomumwe ane mazita akasiyana - siyana nemitoro zvichitsamira patsika yezvematongerwe enyika yaanoshanda mairi.

Marudzi Emitumbi Yapamutemo

Dare remitemo mubatanidzwa wehurumende une chiremera chepamutemo chokuita mutemo ndokushandisa kutarisira kwezvamatongerwe enyika mukati mesangano rezvamatongerwe enyika rakadai sehurumende, nyika, kana kuti guta. Mitezo yemitemo iripo pamwero mizhinji yokutonga, kubva kumanisiparati kusvikira kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo uye kunyange masangano amarudzi ose.

Chinozivikanwa zvikurusa iparamende nedare, kunyange zvazvo aya mashoko anewo revo dzakananga zvikuru.

Kupfuura aya mazita anozivikanwa navose, mamwe mazita anobatanidza Gungano (Kazhinji kazhinji Gungano reHurumende uye rakabatanidzwa nechinodikanwa chokusimbisazve uchangamire hworudzi hwavanhu), Congress (kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza kamuri rakaderera nerapamusoro), Kamba (Chember of Deputies, etc, etc, kubatanidza nongedzero yakajeka yebasa rakaitwa nekamuri rePlenum), Council, House neCatherine (zita rakakurumbira redzimba dzapamusoro). Asi maparamendefa anewo mazita adzo enyika, akadai seAlthingi (Iceland), Bretagne (Germany), Diet (Japan), Majlis (Saudia nedzimwe nyika dzeIsmusmusmu), Sabiabia (Indian) uye Selland (Sand).

Mazita Akasiyana - siyana Okuremekedza Vaiti Vemitemo

Vaiti vemitemo vanozivikanwa kupfurikidza namazita akasiana - siana anotsamira pamutumbi wemitemo wavanoshumira mauri. Paramende: Mutezo weparamende ·Gagislature: mutezo wedare remisionari ·Gaudislature: mutezo wesangano ·Chember of Deputies: muteveri wa ·senator · House of Degastics: mumiririri weshoko rorudzi · The The remonth "deputy" ringashandiswawo, kubva mumurangariro wokuti muiti wechimbisoriti ndi "yeripo" nokuda kwomusarudzi woruwa rwavo.

MuUnited States, Dare rinoumbwa nemitezo 100 (82 kubva munyika imwe neimwe), pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo kana kuti nharaunda — inosarudzwa navanhu mukuwirirana neKimbiso ye17. Munguvayo, Imba Yavamiriri inoumbwa neMitezo 435 yeMitezo inosarudzwa makore maviri ari ose pakati penyika 50, inogoverwa kuchiverengero chavagari vemo chadzo chose.

Mitoro Yevaiti Vemitemo

Vaiti vemitemo vanoita mabasa akawanda anokosha anopfuura kungovhota mitemo chete.

Kuumba Nokupfuura Mitemo

Basa guru romugadziri wemitemo upi noupi nderokutora rutivi mumuitiro wemitemo. Chibvumirano chikarakadzo chemutemo mutsva kana kuti chinjo kumutemo uripo. Mutezo upi noupi weCongress – ungava kubva kuDare kana kuti Imba kana kuti Vamiriri – uyo ane pfungwa yomutemo anogona kuita mutezo. Iyi mifungo inobva kumitezo yeCongress iyo imene kana kuti kuvagari vemo vezuva riri rose namapoka echibvumirano.

Gadziriro yemitemo inobatanidza matanho akawanda. Chokutanga, mumiriri anopa mari. Mari yacho inozopiwa kudare kuti ridzidze. Kana rabudiswa nedare, mutezo wacho unoiswa pakarenda unofanira kuvhoterwa, kukurukurwa kana kuti kugadziridzwa. Kana mutengo wacho ukasiiwa noruzhinji (218 we 435), mutengo wacho unoenda kuDare.

Matare anogovera unyanzvi chaihwo uye kuongorora kwakadzama mutemo unokarakadzwa usati wasvika panzvimbo yakazara yokurangarira.

Basa reDare Nokuzvikoshesa

Vose vari vaviri Imba neDare vane matare akasiana - siana akaumbwa namapoka emitezo yeCongress ayo anofarira zvikuru nhau dzakasiana - siana dzakadai senhau dzoutano kana kuti dzamarudzi ose.

Gadziriro yedare inobatanidza kusanonzvera mutemo unokarakadzwa. Kazhinji kazhinji, nhano yokutanga mumuitiro uyu idare apo dare kana kuti mitezo yapasuru inonzwa zvapupu zvinomirira mirangariro yakasiana - siana pachiyero. Pashure pokunge kunzwa kwapedzwa, mutengi unorangarirwa murusando runozivikanwa se "mark-passion". Panhambo ino, kugadziriswa kungapiwa kupepa, uye dare kana kuti Masangano anoshanda kuti agamuchire kana kuti kuramba idzi chinjo.

Kumirira uye Kuitira Vamwe Mabasa

Chiratidzo chokutanga uye chikurusa chedare remitemo ibvumirano yaro chaiyo kuvagari verudzi kana kuti hurumende. Vaiti vemitemo vanobatira senzwi ravamiriri vavo, vachiunza itiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo kunzvimbo yorudzi kana kuti nharaunda uye kuvimbisa kuti mirangariro yakasiana - siana inonzwiwa munharo dzemitemo.

Kunyange zvazvo vamiririri vacho vasingakwanisi kupesvedzera migumisiro yehurumende, vanogovera vamiririri vavo vanokwanisa kuwana gadziriro yacho uye inzwi riri mugadziriro yacho, ringave richitsigira kana kuti richipesana.

Kutarisira uye Kuzvidavirira

Masimba avo angabatanidza kuisa mitemo, kutanga bhajeti yehurumende, kusimbisa kugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru, kunzvera bazu ravakuru vakuru, kuzivisa nokubvisa mumitezo yehofisi yevakuru vakuru nedare, uye kudzosera zvichemo zvedare. Basa iri rokutarisira rinovimbisa kuti bazu rishande mukati memiganhu yemitemo uye rinoramba richizvidavirira kuvanhu.

Kubhajeti uye Kugara Nemari

Kuwedzera pakugadza mitemo, vatungamiriri vemitemo kazhinji kazhinji vane chiremera chapose munyika dzakati chokukwidziridza mitero ndokushandisa bhajeti.Isimba iri rechikwama rinomirira chimwe chezvishandiso zvinokosha zvikurusa zvine vagadziri vemitemo kuumba zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zvehurumende uye kuvimbisa mutoro wemari.

Matsanangurwo Anoitwa Vaiti Vemitemo

Nzira iyo vaiti vemitemo vanosarudzwa nayo inosiyana zvikuru mugadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana dzezvematongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo kusarudza kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kuchiramba kuri mutoo unozivikanwa zvikurusa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno.

Kusarudzwa Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende

Vatongi vanowanzosarudzwa navanhu, asi vanogona kugadzwa, kana kuti kugarwa nhaka.

Gadziriro yokuvhota inosiyana kupfurikidza nenyika neudzori. Dzimwe gadziriro dzinoshandisa kuvhota kwokutanga kwakapfuura, uko mutsigiri ane vhoti zhinjisa anohwina, nepo dzimwe dzichishandisa mireza inowirirana, iyo inopa zvigaro zvakavakirwa pachiverengero chevhoti imwe neimwe inogamuchira. Iyi miitiro yakasiana- siyana inogona kutapura zvikuru kuumbwa nokushanda kwemitumbi yemitemo.

Mashoko Ebasa

Gwaro racho rinogoverwa nhamba yokuzivisa yakasiyana, yarinochengeta mumarusando ose ari maviri eDare razvino. Rusando rumwe norumwe igore rimwe, uye Dare rimwe nerimwe makore maviri. Mitumbi yakasiana - siana yemitemo ine urefu hweshoko hwakasiana nokuda kwemitezo yayo, uko kunotapura zvose zviri zviviri kupfuurira nokuzvidavirira.

MuUnited States Dare, vatenzi vanobatira zvirevo zvamakore matanhatu, neinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheDare rakakwirira nokuda kwesarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Iyi gadziriro inodzedzereka inovimbisa kupfuurira kwesangano nepo inoramba ichizvidavirira yenguva dzose kuvavhoti. Mitezo yepaimba, mukupesana, inobatira mashoko amakore maviri, ichida kuti vatarisane navavhoti kazhinji kazhinji.

Kusarudza Nguva Yekuroorana Negadziriro Yokusarudza

Nepo kusarudzwa kwehurumende yehurumende yakasarudzwa navanhu kuri mutoo mukuru wokusarudza nawo mudzimba dzazvino uno, dzimwe gadziriro dzichiri kubatanidza mitezo inogadzwa kana kuti inogarwa nhaka. Mitezo ingagadzwa kana kuti nenzira yakananga kana kuti isina kunanga; ingamirira chiverengero chose chavagari vemo, mapoka akati, kana kuti nzvimbo dzeruwa. Somuenzaniso, British House of Lords yaibatanidza vaenzani vanogarwa nhaka, kunyange zvazvo chinjo dzakaderedza zvikuru nhamba dzavo mukutsigira vaenzani vakagadzwa voupenyu.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Muudzame

Kunzwisisa kuti mutemo unorambidza kubhadhara mari kunobatsira kunzwisisa basa rinoitwa nevagadziri vemitemo uye kuongorora nokudzikama kwakavakirwa mugadziriro dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu.

Kutanga uye Kupedza Kudzidza

Mutezo mukuru weCongress unotsigira mutongo wacho unonzi "sponsor". Mimwe mitezo inotsigira mutemo wacho inonzi "co-sponsors". Sponsorship inoratidzira kuzvipira kwomuiti wemitemo kumutemo wakati uye kazhinji kazhinji inoratidzira nhevedzano yavo yetsika nefariro.

Kana Mumiriri ari mutsigiri, mutengi anosumwa muImba. Kana Senator ari mutsigiri, mutengo wacho unotangwa muDare. Iyi nhano yokutanga inovamba nenzira yakarongwa rwendo rwemitemo.

Kuhwirudzurwa kweDare uye Kugadziridzwa

Kana dare riine dare, rinoongorora nokungwarira uye mikana yaro yokupfuura neDare rose inosarudzwa. Dare ringatosarudza kuti rinzwe zviri nani zvinorehwa nemutemo wacho. Chikamu ichi chedare chinobvumira uchapupu hwenyanzvi, mupi wevatsigiri, uye kuongororwa kune udzame kwemutemo unokarakadzwa.

Mukati momuitiro wose wokugadziridza kunowedzerwa uye chinjo dzinoitwa kupepa mudare napauriri hweDare neImba. Nokudaro kupfurikidza nevhoti yokupedzisira mutongo ungave wave wave waitwa kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kunoverengeka ndokutarira kwakasiana nomuripo unotsigirwa. Iyi gadziridzo inobvumira vagadziri vemitemo kuchenesa mutemo, itiro hanya, uye kuvaka tsigiro huru.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba

Mitemo yepaimba yose nemiitiro inobvumira voruzhinji kuita mitemo nokukurumidza zvikuru. Mitemo yeDare nemiitiro, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinotendera kurangarira chiito chokukurumidza, sezvo zvichigovera simba retsika kunyanzvi dzakafanana. Iyi misiyano yemiitiro yemiitiro inoratidzira mabasa akare rimwe nerimwe mumuitiro womutemo.

Mukurukurirano dzemitemo, dzakadai seParamende yeUnited Kingdom, uriri hwedare remitemo hunowanzoona kukurukurirana kunofadza.

Kuyanana neBidayal

Imba bedzi inogona kuvamba mutemo wemari, uye Dare bedzi rinosimbisa kunyoreswa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano zvinotenderwa, asi kugadzwa kwomutemo nguva dzose kunoda kuti makamuri ose ari maviri abvumirane zvakasiana - siana kumutemo mumwe chetewo muchimiro chimwe chetecho asati aupa kuna Purezidhendi. Apo makamuri maviri anopfuudza shanduro dzakasiana dzemutemo mumwe chetewo, kuyanana kunova kuri madikanwa.

Kana Imba neDare zvikapfuudza shanduro dzakasiana - siana dzemitemo yacho, dare rinoumbwa nemitezo yemakamuri ose ari maviri rinounganidzwa kuti riedze kusvika kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kana kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kukasvikwa, dare remusangano kazhinji kazhinji richatumira mushumo womusangano (unowanzoratidzirwa somushumo weImba) kumakamuri ose ari maviri). Uyu muitiro womusangano unoda kukurukura nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pavaiti vemitemo vanobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Chiito Chapurezidhendi

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura zvimiro zvakafanana zvechibvumirano, zvinopfuurira kuna purezidhendi nokuda kwechiito chokupedzisira. kana Purezidhendi achitendera mutemo, unosainwa ndokuva mutemo. kana Purezidhendi asina kuita chiito kwamazuva gumi apo Dare rinenge riri muchirongwa, mutemo wacho unova mutemo.

Zvisinei, kana Purezidhendi akashora mutongo wacho, vangapa mutemo. Kana Purezidhendi akabvisa mutemo, Congress angaedza kukurira dare. Kana vose vari vaviri Dare neImba zvikapfuvura mutongo wacho nevoruzhinji vaviri nezvitatu, voMutungamiriri wehurumende votongwa, uye mutemo wacho uchiva mutemo. Uku kudzora simba kunovimbisa kuti chigaro chemitemo chinochengeta chiremera chokupedzisira pamusoro pomutemo, kunyange zvazvo chikumbaridzo chakakwirira chinodikanwa chichiita kuti chive chitsarure.

Marudzi Akasiyana - siyana Emitemo

Masangano apamutemo kupota nyika anoshanda mugadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzebumbiro remitemo, idzo dzinotapura zvikuru kushanda uye kushanda kunoita vaiti vemitemo nemamwe mapazu ehurumende.

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende

Maparamende aripo mumashoko okuti muitiro wokubatanidzwa kwamasimba, nepo masangano aripo mukutaura kuti anoshandisa kuparadzana kwamasimba. Mugadziriro dzeparamende, bazu guru rinobuda uye rinoramba richizvidavirira kudare.

Kubatanidzwa uku kwemasimba kunoreva kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende navakuru vakuru vamasangano vakagara chaizvoizvo muparamende, vachiumba batano yakananga pakati pechiremera chomutemo nechavakuru vakuru.

Mukuwedzera, kunyange zvazvo mutezo wakasiana nesangano, hurumende inozvidavirira kuparamende. Ichitaura kuti, sezvinofungidzirwa, mutemi wemitemo anogona kubvisa hurumende sezvainoona kuva yakakodzera, pasinei zvapo nemiuyo yakasarudzwa. Uyu muitiro wokuzvidavirira, unowanzoshandiswa kupfurikidza namavhoti asina chivimbo, unovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru anochengeta tsigiro yoruzhinji rwemitemo.

Gadziriro Dzapurezidhendi

Miganhu iri pakati pamapazu ehurumende inosanosarurwa muparadzano yegadziriro dzamasimba. Mukupesana negadziriro dzeparamende, mukuparadzana kwegadziriro dzamasimba, musoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende anobatanidzwa kuva bazu guru muhofisi yapurezidhendi.

Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzehurumende, kufanana neUnited States, dare remitemo rinorangarirwa kuva bazu rehurumende rakaenzana, uye risina kutsamira paari, mukuru mukuru.uku kuparadzana kunoparira gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuganhurira masimba amamwe.

Mutungamiriri wehurumende anorumbidzawo bhajeti yegore negore yemasangano ehurumende uye anowanzopa zano remitemo. Zvichida zvinotonyanya kukosha ndezvokuti, simba rokupa mutemo wemitemo rinogona kutapura zvinenge zviri muzvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa neCongress.

Zvirongwa zveSemi-Presentence

Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seFrance, dzine gadziriro inotangira zvishoma inowira pakati pegadziriro dzeparamende nedzomubatanidzwa, ichibatanidza mukuru ane simba wehurumende (mutungamiriri) nomukuru wehurumende, mutungamiriri wehurumende, uyo ane mutoro kuparamende. iyi miitiro yemisanganiswa inoedza kudzikamisa betsero dzezvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzeparamende nedzoupurezidhendi.

Mitemo Isingabvumirwi neMazita eMitemo

Mitemo ingave ine hangameral kana kuti bigaral (ona gadziriro yebigaral). uyu musiyano wegadziriro yourongwa unotapura zvikuru nzira iyo mutemo unoumbwa nayo uye kuti fariro dzakasiana dzinomirirwa nayo.

Mitemo Yamabhiyameya

Mitemo miviri yakaenzana zvikuru mumabasa ayo emitemo nemibato. Miitiro yeBacameral inowanzoratidzira imba yapamusoro neyakaderera, imwe neimwe ine mavara akasiyana nemitoro. Imba yakaderera inowanzomirira chiverengero chavagari vemo chakananga, nepo imba yapamusoro ingamirira mibatanidzwa yenzvimbo, inogovera mumiririro wenharaunda, kana kuti inoshanda senzvimbo yokuhwirudzura.

MuUnited States, zvivako zvebicameral zvinoratidza zvose zviri zviviri kumirira kwakavakirwa pavagari vemo muImba uye kumirira hurumende kwakaenzana muDare. Uku kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kwakatangwa paConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo, kunovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri nyika dzine vanhu vakawanda uye dzine vanhu vashoma zvikuru dzine manzwi ane revo mudare rehurumende.

Mitemo Isina Kutenderwa

Mimwe miganhu inoshanda nekamuri rimwe remitemo. Hurumende yehurumende yeCanada ine paramende yebamaral, uye rimwe nerimwe remaruwa 10 eCanada rine paramende ine unicameral. Masangano asingaitiri anogona kuva anobudirira zvikuru uye asingadhuri zvikuru kubatira, kunyange zvazvo asina kuhwirudzurwazve uye kumirirwa kwenharaunda uko gadziriro dzebidamaral dzinogovera.

Kufambira Mberi Kuchinjeidzwa Munhau

Kunzwisisa kushanduka - shanduka kwenhau kwemapoka emitemo kunogovera mashoko akapoteredza nokuda kwemabasa awo azvino uno nezvivako.

Zvakamboitika Kare

Athens yekare yakanga iri mavambo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. gungano reAtene (76שששששש, ekklesia) rakanga riri sangano rinokosha zvikurusa, uye mugari wemo ari wose akasununguka aigona kutora rutivi mukurukurirano.

Roman Republic yakava namagungano emitemo, ayo akanga ane kutaura kwokupedzisira pamusoro pesarudzo yavatongi, kuiswa kwemirairo mitsva, kuitwa kwechirango chorufu, ziviso yehondo norugare, uye kusikwa (kana kuti kuparadzwa) kwemibatanidzwa. Dare reRoma raidzora mari, kutarisirwa, uye udzame hwemiitiro yokumwe. aya masangano akare akatanga mipimo yechiremera chomutemo nerangariro izvo zvinopfuurira kupesvedzera gadziriro dzazvino uno.

Kufambira Mberi KweMiddle Ages uye Kutanga Kwemazuva Ano

Masangano emitemo echiNgezi apakuvamba eEurope anobatanidza Paramende yeEngland neIceland Althing (yakavambwa c. 930). Shoko reChirungu rinotorwa kubva kuAnglo-Norman uye misi kuzana ramakore rechi14, kubva kuzana ramakore rechi11 reFrench rainzi parlement'dission, hurukuro, kubva pa papler,'splar's. Revolution, inonongedzera pakuvamba kukurukurirano ipi neipi, kurukurirano, kana kuti kukurukurirano kumarudzi akasiana-nze akasiana- siyana emapoka echirevo, anowanzodanwa namambo. Pakazosvika zana ramakore rechi15, muBritain, yakasvika pakureva zvakananga chibvumirano.

Masangano okutanga emitemo akanga ari masangano ekurukurirano zvikurukuru, umo vanhu vaizosangana kukurukura nhau huru dzezuva. Simba rinogara reidzi nzvimbo dzokuita zvisarudzo kana kuti kungobvunza nokukurukura zvakasiana - siana zvikuru, mumazera namashoko akapoteredza. Mumazana amakore apfuura, aya matare anonzvera akagamuchira chiremera chemitemo zvishoma nezvishoma ndokupinda mumasangano ane simba atinoziva nhasi.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita basa rinokosha mukuronga basa remitemo nemiuyo. Chiito cheCongregational chinowanzorongwa nokudzorwa navatungamiriri vebato mukamuri rimwe nerimwe, avo vakasarudzwa nemitezo yemusangano wavo vamene wecaucus kana kuti webato. Ava vatungamiriri vanobetsera kugadza mirau yemitemo, kuronga, uye kuchengeta chirango chebato.

Mumasangano akawanda ehurumende, boka reruzhinji rinodzora mapurogiramu emitemo uye matare ezvigaro, zvichiapa simba rinokosha rokufambisira mberi mitemo yaro. Zvisinei, mwero wechirango chebato unosiyana - siyana mugadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana dzemitemo.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Navaiti Vemitemo Vamazuva Ano

Vagadziri vemitemo vepanguva ino vanotarisana nematambudziko akawanda anokanganisa kukwanisa kwavo kumiririra zvakanaka zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakanaka.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kwehurumende Dzazvino Uno

Mutemo wazvino uno unowanzokurukura nhau dzounyanzvi uye dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinoda zivo chaiyo. Kubva pamuitiro wezvoutano kusvika kumitemo yezvemari kusvika kukudzivirirwa kwemhoteredzo, vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kurwisana nenhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa idzo dzingada kunzvera kukurusa uye kunzvera kwounyanzvi. Uku kuoma kunzwisisa kunoita kuti gadziriro yedare nevashandi zvive zvinokosha zvikuru.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga

Kubatana uku kunogona kuita kuti zviome zvikuru kubvumiranisa mitemo ndokutungamirira kutsika dzinoshandiswa pakuronga mitemo. Apo vagadziri vemitemo vanoona nhau zvikurukuru kupfurikidza negirazi rezvinochinja, kuwana mativi akaenzana pamibvunzo inokosha yemiitiro kunova kwakaoma zvikuru.

Kuvimba Noruzhinji Nokuzvidavirira

Kuchengeta chivimbo chavose kunomirira denho inopfuurira yamasangano emitemo. Vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kudzikamisa fariro dzemakwikwi, kuita kuti kutengeserana kuve kwakaoma, uye pane dzimwe nguva kunotsigira miitiro isingafarirwi asi iri madikanwa. Kujeka, mufambiro wetsika, uye kurukurirano inobudirira nevokuumba kunokosha kuti vachengetedze kuva pamutemo.

Mitemo Yezvinobudisa Mashoko Nemashoko

Kunyange zvazvo maturusi aya achipa mikana mitsva yokuvimbisana nokuona, anokonzerawo zvinetso zvine chokuita nenhema, zvematongerwo enyika zvinobudisa mashoko, uye kumanikidzwa kukurumidza kupindura nyaya dzakaoma.

Kukosha Kwokushandira Mutemo uye Kutsigira

Vagadziri vemitemo vemazuva ano vanonyanya kuvimba nevashandi vanodzidzira kutsvakurudza nhau, mutemo wehurumende, kukurukurirana nevanhu vanoshanda muhurumende, uye kutarisira zvinodiwa zvakawanda zvehurumende.

Masangano etsigiro yemitemo, akadai seCongregational Research Research Service, Government Accountability Office, uye Congregational Bactal Office muUnited States, anopa kunzvera kwepapatitiki namashoko kubetsera vaiti vemitemo kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa. Masangano aya anowedzera simba redare rokutarisira uye rounyanzvi.

Hurumende Nemitemo Yomunzvimbomo

Chirongwa chehurumende chinowanzoita mabasa ehurumende nenzira imwe cheteyo iyo United States Congress inoita nayo mabasa orudzi pamwero wenyika. Mitoro yedare rehurumende inotonga inosiana muhurumende nehurumende, kuchitsamira pabumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Basa guru redare ripi neripi nderokugadza mitemo. Hurumende dzinobvumirawo kuronga bhajeti nokuda kwehurumende.

Nepo masangano mazhinjisa ehurumende achiramba ari masangano enguva isina kuzara, masangano mashoma akawedzera adzo kuti asangane gore rose. Uku kuchinja kunoratidzira nzira dzakasiana- siyana dzokuita kuti pave namasangano emitemo uye zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana - siyana zvinoiswa kuvagadziri vemitemo vehurumende.

Vaiti vemitemo vomunzvimbomo, vachibatira pamadare eguta, masangano eruwa, uye mamwe masangano emanisiparati, vanotaura nhau dzinotapura zvakananga zvikurusa upenyu hwevagari vemo hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakubhadharwa kwomutero wenzvimbo nenzvimbo kusvikira kumasangano oruzhinji nenzvimbo. Nepo nzvimbo idzodzi dzingagamuchira ngwariro shoma kupfuura mirau yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Mitemo Yamarudzi Ose Neyamarudzi Ose

Mitemo ingava yetsika yenyika yose (somuenzaniso, Paramende yeEurope), rudzi, rwakadai seJapanese Diet, nyika dzose somumaruwa, kana kuti nzvimbo. Hurumende dzehurumende dzenyika yose dzinomirira kufambira mberi kwazvino uno mukudzora, dzichikurukura nhau dzinopfuura miganhu yenyika.

Masangano aya anoratidza kuti mitemo yemitemo inogona kugadziridzwa sei kuti igadziriswe kugadzirisa matambudziko anosangana munzvimbo uye munyika yose anoda kubatanidzwa munyika yose.

Nguva Yemberi Yemisangano Yemitemo

Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinoramba zvichichinja zvichichinja - chinja magariro evanhu, masangano ezvokutengeserana uye zvematongerwo enyika.

Asiwo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoita kuti zviome, kusanganisira kunetseka nokusashanda zvakanaka kwemakombiyuta, kupatsanurwa kwemakombiyuta kungaita kuti vanhu vasaita zvokuvimbisana paIndaneti, uye kusava nechokwadi chokuti vangaramba sei vaine unhu hwokuda kukurukurirana nokukurumidza.

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze, kusaenzana kwemari, kudzongonyedzwa kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye zvimwe zvinetso zvakaoma zvichada kuti vagadziri vemitemo vatange nzira itsva dzokuita nadzo mitemo. Masangano emitemo anobudirira anofanira kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwechiito chakakodzera nguva nokunyatsofunga, kumirira zvirongwa zvakasiyana - siyana apo anenge achironda zvakanaka zvakafanana, uye kuramba achizvidavirira mune zvehurumende nepo achikurukura kuoma kwemichina.

Kusarudza Pamusoro Pevaiti Vemitemo

Kunzwisisa vaiti vemitemo uye basa ravo mukudzora kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji zvinokosha kuti munhu ave mugari wemo achiziva zvinhu izvi zvinopfupikisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zvemasangano emitemo nevanhu vanoshanda mazviri:

  • [ Kupiwa:[ vaiti vemitemo vanobatira senzwi rezvikamu zvavo, kuchiunza mifungo yakasiana-- siyana neitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo kumuitiro wokuita muitiro
  • Kugadzira mirau: Basa guru ravanogadza mitemo nderokunyora, kukurukura, kugadzirisa, uye kuvhota mutemo unenge wava mutemo wenyika
  • Kupasa: Vaiti vemitemo vanotarisira zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru, kunzvera kushanda kwehurumende, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira kuvoruzhinji
  • Chiremera chemabhuroko: Mitemo inodzora kupambadza hurumende kupfurikidza nesimba rayo kubvumira bhajeti nokugovera zviwanikwa
  • Committee resication: Basa rakawanda remitemo rinoitika mumatare umo mitezo inokudziridza unyanzvi munharaunda dzakati dzemiitiro
  • Mitemo yeBicameral: Masangano mazhinji omutemo ane makamuri maviri anogovera zvimiro zvakasiyana zvemireza uye anobatira secheki pane imwe neimwe
  • Kuzvidavirira: Sarudzo yeDemocratic inovimbisa kuti vaiti vemitemo vanoramba vachipindura zvinodikanwa zvavo nezvido zvavo
  • Masangano eMitemo anoshanda namapazu avakuru vakuru navanotonga kudzivisa kuiswa simba panzvimbo yazvo

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vane Nyika Vanogona Kubatana Nayo Nevanogadzira Mitemo

Kunzwisisa kuti ungashanda sei zvinobudirira nevaiti vemitemo kunopa vanhu simba rokudzora mitemo uye kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvidavirire.

Vagari vanogona kuonana navaiti vemitemo vavo kupfurikidza nemikoto yakasiana - siana, kubatanidza runhare, tsamba, tsamba, uye misangano yapamutemo pamahofisi oruwa kana kuti horo dzetaundi. Pakukurukurirana navaiti vemitemo, kuva vakananga pamusoro penzvimbo dzemitemo, kugoverana nhau dzomunhu oga dzinoratidzira kuti nhau dzinotapura sei vanhu chaivoivo, uye kuratidzira zivo yomuitiro wemitemo kunogona kuita kuti kushande zvikuru.

Vaiti vemitemo vakawanda vanochengeta kuvapo kwemasangano anokurukurirana nevanhu, vachipa mimwe mikana yokukurukurirana uye kuvimbisana.

Kupa hurukuro musarudzo kunoramba kuri nzira hurusa iyo vagari vemo vanozvidavirira nayo. Kuvhota kunoda nzvimbo dzinonzwisiswa dzavanoda kutendwa, zvinyorwa zvavo zvemitemo kana vari vatengi, uye kuti tsika dzavo dzinowirirana sei nezvinoiswa pakutanga.

mhedziso

Vaiti vemitemo vane nzvimbo huru mukudzora kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, vachibatira sebhiriji pakati pevagari vemo nechiito chehurumende.

Muitiro wemitemo, nepo pane dzimwe nguva uchinetsa uye uchinonoka kutama, unoratidza mipimo yedemocracy yokurangarira, kumirira, uye kuzvidavirira. Nhanhano dzakawanda dzehwirudzuro, mikana yokugadziridza, uye zvinodikanwa zvetsigiro huru zvinovimbisa kuti mitemo iratidzire kurangarira kwokungwarira uye mirangariro yakasiana.

Gadziriro dzemitemo dzakasiana - siana(nzimbe, purezidhendi, uye shambidziko) dzinoratidzira mitoo yakasiana - siana yokuronga chiremera neukama hwacho nesimba ravakuru vakuru. Kana unicameral kana kuti bidameral, akasarudzwa kana kuti akagadzwa, aya masangano anogoverana donzo rimwe chetero rokushandura vanhu mumutemo apo anodzivirira maruramiro mashomanene nokusimudzira zvakanaka zvakafanana.

Masangano emitemo anobudirira anofanira kudzikamisa mitemo: kuita zvinhu nenzira inopesana nokungwarira, kumiririra mabasa akasiyana - siyana paanenge achitsvaka zvinodiwa nenyika, uye kuramba achitevedzera tsika dzematongerwe enyika asi achichinja mashandiro anoita zvinhu zvemazuva ano.

Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa nevamiririri vavo, kuramba vachiziva pamusoro penharo dzemitemo, uye kushandisa kodzero yavo yokuvhota, vanhu vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano emitemo anoramba achigamuchira, achizvidavirira, uye achibudirira.

Simba rokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu rinotsamira pavose vanokwanisa kugadzira mitemo uye vanoshanda pamwe chete kuti vagadzirise zvinetso zvinogoverana uye kuvaka nzanga dziri nani.Masangano emitemo anopa gadziriro yokuita zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kodzero dzevanhu vose asi achitsvaka zvakanaka zvakafanana.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pomuitiro wewisciom, shanyira .Gov's kutungamirira kunzira inoitwa nayo mitemo [ kana kuti kunzvera USA] ZVIVHWARO pamuitiro wokugadzira mitemo[.