Gadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica iri pahwaro hwehwaro: basa rehurumende kuchengeta nhevedzano uye maruramiro omunhu okusununguka pahurumende kunyengera. Kupesana kwekodzero dzavagari vemo nemutemo woutsotsi ndiko uko uku kunyanduka kuri kunzwika zvikuru. Inzvimbo ine simba, inowanzokakavadzana umo dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinotarisana negadziriro dzebumbiro rehurumende dzebumbiro rehurumende, kuranga kwadzo. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti kurondwa kwamaruramiro evagari vemo kwakaumba sei nheyo dzinokosha dzomutemo woutsotsi, inonzvera hondo dzenhau dzinobatanidza idzi batano, uye inonzvera zvinetso zvazvino uno unoenderera mberi kuedza chiyero ruramisiro.

Kutaurwa Kunoitwa Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu uye Wematsotsi

Kuchinja kwekodzero dzevanhu muUnited States hakusiyani nenhau yemitemo yematsotsi. Kunzanga dzakaderedzwa, gadziriro yemitemo yeutsotsi yave iri chishandiso chikuru chokudzvinyirira. Kunzwisisa mashoko aya kunokosha kuti munhu anzwisise kusaruramisira kwakadzika midzi kunopfuurira nhasi.

Nhaka Youranda uye Kudzikamiswa Kwechi13

Kubviswa kwouranda neChibvumirano che 13 muna 1865 kwakanga kuri nhano huru inopfuuridzirwa, asi rugwaro rwayo rwakanga rune mhesano huru yaizova nemiuyo mikuru nokuda kwomutemo woutsotsi. Chigadziriso chinoti: "Uranda kana kuti uranda husingazvidivi, kunze sechirango nokuda kwoutsotsi [ apo paboka pachava rakapiwa mhaka..." apo panoumbwa nenzira yemitemo nokuda kwetsika yerura ruramisiro kuti ive chishandiso chokudzora dzinza. Mushure mekare yeHondo yeChipuko, Soweamsss "Magands Redective" ayo akaitwa utsotsi hwezuva riri rose nokuda kwevanyurwi veAfrica, zvakadai sechinyakare, kana kuti kurovhara basa, kana kuti kurege kubvumidza kudzorwa kudzorwa kunoitwazve zvinobudirira mumazana ezviuru zvezviuru zvechitema zvehondo pakati penyika dzakavato dzakava pamutemo. [5]

Jim Crow, Disarudzo, uye Kuitwa Kwoutsotsi Hwoupenyu HweBlack

Pashure pokuwa kwemubatanidzwa wekugadziridza zvinhu, nguva yaJim Crow yakaona kubviswa kwakarongwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nemitoo yepamutemo neyomubatanidzwa. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Plavery v. Ferguson [1896] inhau inhau inodzora yaibatanidza zvakajeka kodzero dzevanhu nomutemo weutsotsi: Homer Plesby akasungwa nokuda kwokuputsa Sirvia Car, uye Dare rakatsigira mutemo pasi pedzidziso ye "Britanual asi yakaenzana". Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti mitemo yeutsotsi yaishandiswa sei kumanikidza dare redzinza.

Kupfuurirazve, gadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi yakanga iri chishandiso chikuru muparadziko yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitemo inoita kuti mhaka duku dziparadzwe, sekuba kuduku kana kuti kusatendeuka, yaishandiswa kunyandura zvirambidzo zechigarire zvokuvhota. Uyu muitiro, wakarongedzerwa zvakajeka kubvisa Black vhota, wakatsigirwa nematare enyika akawanda uye wakaramba uchishanda. Mapoka ehondo akadai seKu Klux Klan aiita basa nokusarangwa, sezvo kurovererwa kwehurumende nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo kwakabviswa nemhosva dzakafanana na United States v. Cruikshank[FL:] [18] [5] [18], iyo yairangarira kuti kodzero 14 rePremendmentation bedzi yakadzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu echisimba. Iyi yapamutemo yakasiiwa kuvagari veAfrica kunzira imwe yemitemo yehurumende kuti ive:

Sangano Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Denho Kugadziriro Yeutsotsi

Chivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960s yakanga iri, pamavambo payo, rwisano yakananga nemurairo wapamutemo usina kururama. Vaiti vemitemo vakaita namaune zviito zvokusateerera kwavagari vemo − majekiseni, magariro orusununguko, uye nhanho (inorangarirwa semhosva dzoutsotsi (kudzvinyirira, kuvhiringidza rugare, gungano risiri rapamutemo). Urongwa hwakanga huri hwokuzadza majeri nokufumura kuputsika kwetsika dzetsika dzehurumende kurudzi nenyika.

Rubudiriro rwesangano rwakatungamirira kuchinjo dzomutemo dzinooneka idzo dzakashandurazve mutemo woutsotsi. Chibvumirano chaCivil Rights cha1944 chakarambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose nemabasa. Voting Rights Act ya1956 yakakunda mhinganidzo dzokuvhota. Kupfuura idzi kuhwina, Dare Gurusa rakabudisa nhevedzano yemitemo yakakudza maruramiro evanopomerwa, kuita zvakananga kushatiswa kwemiitiro ye Jim Crow. [FLT: 0] Brown v. Board of Education [1954] [1954]) yakanga yatoita kuti idzoredze [[FLT:] , uye zviitiko zvakafanana netsororororo. [FLT:] v.[FLD]

Basa Rokuumbwa Kwamaruramiro Avagari Vemo muMutemo Woutsotsi Wazvino Uno

Bill of Rights, zvikurukuru yeChina, yeshanu, yeChitanhatu, uye yeSendromendments, inogovera kudzivirira nokuda kwegadziriro youtsotsi yazvino uno. Iyi dziviriro haisi mirangarirowo zvayo; idzidziso dzapamutemo dzinogombedzerwa dzinodzora mufambiro wamapurisa, matare, uye ruramiso. Hurumende yekodzero dzevagari vemo inogovera mutoo wacho (kazhinji kazhinji kusvikira muna 42 U.S.C. Chikamu 1983) nokuda kwavanhu kutsvaka kudzorerwa apo idzi dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinoputswa.

Zvakakodzera Kuitwa: Hwaro Hwokururama

Screate Process Clause ye 14 Amendment inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo". Iyi nheyo ndiyo shongwe yemhosva dzoutsotsi dzakarurama. Dare Gurusa raka "batanidza" zvizhinjisa zvedziviriro dzeRegill of Rights kuti zvishande kuhurumende kupfurikidza nourwu rutivi.

  • Musha weExclussionary Ruramo — Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Dolree Map' yakanzverwa zvisiri pamutemo namapurisa achitsvaka kubhomba. Dare rakatonga kuti ufakazi huwanikwe mukuputswa kweFirimendemu Yechina yeFirime nemhesano huisagona kushandiswa mudare rehurumende. Uku kutonga kwakapa simba vakwidziri vemhosva kuti vapiki vapirwe kudenha mufambiro wakaipa wemapurisa zvakananga.
  • Akarurama ku Zano — Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Clarence Gidheoni akanga ari murombo akapomerwa kuparwa mhosva muFlorida. Iye akanyimwa gweta ndokumanikidzirwa kuzvimirira amene. Dare Rapamusoro rakabatana rakasarudza kuti Sixth Amendment arurame kurutsiro ikodzero inokosha inoshandiswa kunyika, inoda kuti magwetanti ago nokuda kwemhosva dzemhosva dzegaro.
  • Kurega kudzorwa kwapakarepo — Terry v. Ohio (1968): Iyi mhaka yakaparira "kumisa uye kusiiwa kwefrisk], kubvumira mapurisa kuisa munhu akavakirwa panyunguro ine mufungo yemubato woutsotsi uye kuaderedza nokuda kwezvombo. Nepo ichi chisarudzo chakagadzirirwa zvikuru nokuda kwebasa rayo muruvara rwedzinza, sokuratidza kunoita kuti vanhu vashomanene vanoiswa pasi pano.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nekurwa Nokurwisana Nebia

Gemendment yechi 14 inoraira kuti vanhu vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana vanofanira kubatwa zvakaenzana nomutemo. Mumutemo woutsotsi, iyi nheyo yave iri chinhu chikuru kukudenha rusaruro rwetsika panhambo iri yose. Mupimo wokuhwirudzura nokuda kwemapoka edzinza ndi "nzvero yakarongwa," mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wenzvero yorutongeso.

  • Chisarudzo cheJury — [[FT:1] Batson v. Kentucky (1986) Dare rakasarudza kuti vachuchisi havagoni kushandisa denho dzokutsiva kuti vatongi vasave vakavakirwa padzinza. Iyi nhau yechiratidzo yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti majuri anomirira muchinjikwa wakarurama wenzanga. Zvisinei, mutoro wokubvumikisa rusaruro nenzira yamaune unoramba wakakwirira, uye mativi akasiana muchisarudzo chedare rinobetsera anopfuurira.
  • Kupesana kunopesana: Chikamu cheNyiviro chakaenzana chakashandiswa kudenha mitemo yokutonga iyo inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi mapoka mashoma. 100:1 kupesana pakati pemirairo yecrack necocaine wakanga uri muenzaniso wakajeka womutemo une tapuro yedzinza isina kuenzana zvikuru, pakupedzisira yakataurwa neFair Sevenning Act ya2018 neFost Act of 2018.

Kodzero Dzevanopomerwa: Nhare Inodzivirira Simba reHurumende

Musangano weSikisi weMitemo yeNyika Yechitanhatu unoratidza kodzero dzakananga dzakagadzirirwa kuzoita kuti nyaya ikurumidze kutongwa uye itongerwe zvakanaka nevanhu vose, unosanganisira kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza, vatongi vasina rusaruro, kuudzwa mhosva yacho, kupomera zvapupu, uye kupiwa mazano.

  • Prequalition Devonsory and Bail: Chirangariro chokusava nemhaka inheyo huru, bva mazana ezviuru avanhu anochengetwa mumajeri anomirira kutongwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti havagoni kuwana bhera. Nhau ye United States v. Salerno[ [1987]) yakatsigira kuchengetwa kwemitemo kwevasungwa vane ngozi, asi gadziriro yemari yazvino uno yakatsoropodzwa sechimiro chetsanano inokwenyurwa upfumi inoranga urombo pamberi pokuva nemhaka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chirango Nechirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo: [FLT] [Iwereth Amendment] inodzora kushandiswa kwesimba nemigariro yokupfigirwa. Makangano akafanana ne Furman v. Georgia[] [772] [72] yakambomisa kwechinguvana chirango chorufu nemhaka yekushandiswa kwayo kwemaune, uye Gregbbv. Georgia[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [6] [6] yakachibvumirazve munhungamiro dzorumano. Nhasi, Kurebesai 8.
  • Aspect Forfeiture: Nhau ye Timbs v. Indiana [2010] yakashandisa merfection yeSeth Amendments Reconfrences kuhurumende. Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende haigoni kutora nyika yemunhu $42 000 000 Revhover nokuda kwemhosva yemirimo, kuwana kuti zvishandiso zvevagari vemo zvinorasika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinosekesa muitiro nekodzero dzezvinhu.

Kuzvidavirira Kwemapurisa Nokuzivikanwa Nehurumende

Chitima chapamutemo chikuru chokuita kuti mapurisa namasangano ehurumende azvidavirire nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu Chikamu 42 cheU.S.C. Chikamu 1983. Mutemo uyu wehurumende unobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kukwirira hurumende nevakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokuvanyima kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, dzidziso ye inoshanda zvakanaka kudzivirira kuhosha yakaita mhinganidzo huru kururamisiro.

Kudzivirirwa kwakakodzera kunodzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende pamitoro kutoti vakaputsa maruramiro e "akagadzwa zvakajeka" ayo munhu ane mufungo aizova aziva. Uyu mupimo wakadudzirwa nenzira yakananga kwazvo nematare zvokuti kazhinji kazhinji unodzivisa mhaka kuti dzisatongoenda kundotongwa, kunyange apo kusazvibata kunoitika. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti [[FLT: 0] kushandiswa kwazvino uno kwokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwapamutemo kunokwaniriswa [ kwakabva kure nedonzo rayo rapakuvamba, kuchidzivirira vakuru vakuru vakuru pakuzvidavirira nokudzivisa kukura kwomutemo wapamutemo. Gakava pamusoro pokuvandudza kana kuti kubvisa kudzivirira kukwanisika kunokwaniriswa kuri imwe yekodzero huru zvikurusa yazvino unovapo panguva ino mumutemo woutsotsi.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Pakutarisana Nemamiriro Ezvinhu

Kuchinja kwemitemo, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu okutonga kuri kuita kuti nyika itonge kudarika zvayakaita.

Kukwikwidza Vanhu Muhondo Sechinetso Chekodzero Dzevanhu Vose

United States ine mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wokusungwa munyika. Nevanhu vanopfuura mamirioni 1,9 vari mumajeri namajeri, mwero wegadziriro ino unomutsa itiro hanya huru dzekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Iyi gadziriro inoita nhevedzano yourombo nemhesano. Kudavira kunogona kutungamirira kuganhuriro zvechigarire kubva mukuvhota, dzimba dzavose, marezenisi, uye yamuro yemari yavadzidzi. "Kusvikira pautsotsi" mitemo yama 1980 ne 1990, kubatanidza mitemo mitatu yemitsetse miduku yakakomba, kuvamba mugariro unogamuchirwa zvino unozivikanwa zvikuru somutyairi wekusaenzana kwenzanga. Brenan Center yeRuramisiro inogovera kunzvera kukuru [ pamusoro pokuti kuderedza kutakura kugona sei kuvandudza chengeteko yavose apo kudzorera kodzero dzavagari vemo.

Kuchinja Kwemirimo Nenhaka Yehondo Pazvinodhaka

Hondo paMirimo yave iri injini huru yokusungwa kwavazhinjisa uye manyuko akananga okuparadzaniswa kwedzinza. Kunyange zvazvo mwero yokushandiswa kwemirimo yakafanana mumapoka edzinza, vanhu vechiBlack neLatino vakasungwa, vakawanwa vane mhaka, uye vakatongerwa mhaka dzemirimo pamwero yakakwirira zvikuru. 100:1 kuparadzanisa pakati pemitsetse yecrack necocaine yakanga iri chiratidzo chakajeka chouku kusaruramisira.

Chinjo yeFirst Step Act ya2018 yakanga iri inokosha, kunyange zvazvo isina kukwana, yehurumende iyo yakaderedza zvitsama zviduku zvemitemo nokuda kwemhosva dzakati dzemirimo ndokuita kuti Fair Sentensing Act ivezve inoshata. Pamwero wehurumende, chiito chokubvisa kana kuti kunyoresa marijuana chiri kuwedzera simba, asi inomutsawo mibvunzo mitsva yekodzero dzevagari vemo. Kudavira kuti zvinhu zvagara zviri pamutemo zvino zvinofanira kubviswa kudzivisa migumisiro yokuzviwanira mhaka dzeutsotsi kuti irege kupfuurira nokuda kweidzi mhaka.

Kusiyana Kwemadzinza Mugadziriro Yokururamisira

Misiyano iripo panhambo iri yose yomuitiro woutsotsi, kuvambira pamapurisa kusvikira kutongera. Nzvero nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti vakwirirwi vaBlack neHispanic vane bviro huru yokuchengetwa pamberi pedare, kugamuchira mitongo yakareba, uye kupomerwa mhaka huru kupfuura vakwirirwi vechichena vanopomerwa mhaka dzakafanana. project inosiyanisa urudzi uye vatsi nokuda kwemiitiro iyo inoparirwa nevavaro.

Kufungira chose chose kunokosha. Mitemo inoshandiswa mukunzvera ngozi uye mapurisa anodeya kutaura zvinogona kupfuudzira mirangariro yenhau kana isina kusanorongwa. Kushanda kwemashoko okuona nokuzvidavirira kwealgoric ibasa riri kuwedzera mukurwira dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Nokutonga Kunotongwa

Mumativi akawanda, vanhu vanoiswa mutorongo nemhaka bedzi yokuti varombo.

Reformes muzvinyorwa zvakadai seNew Jersey neNew York dzakatanga kunzvera kwakavakirwa panjodzi panzvimbo pebhero remari. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwacho kwakazadzwa nechinetso. Kushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvokunzvera zvengozi kwakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokushaiwa kujeka uye kufungira dzinza kwakakomba. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti nzira bedzi yokuvimbisa ruramisiro zvirokwazvo ndeyokugumisa chose chose ndokuisa mudhuri wemari yakavakirwa panzanga tsigiro.

Kuchinja Kwemapurisa Nokudiwa Kwokuzvidavirira

Kuurawa kwaGeorge Floyd, Breonna Taylor, uye vamwe vasingaverengeki kwakanyandura sangano rokuramba gurusa munhau yeAmerica, kuchiraira kuongororwazve kukuru kwemapurisa. Kudikanwa kwokuzvidavirira kunopfuura chirango chomukuru mukuru mumwe nomumwe kuti abatanidze chinjo dzegadziriro.

  • [[FLT: 0] Zviratidzo zvakabvumirwa: Department of Civil Rights Division inogona kunzvera madhipatimendi emapurisa nokuda kwe "muenzaniso kana kuti muitiro" wokuputsa mutemo. D phrofethi yetsika kana kuti kunzvera kwokushandisa [ yakatungamirira kukubvuma mitemo inoparira chinjo huru mumaguta akaita saPuberson, Baltimorates, uye Minneapolis. Izvi zvibvumirano zvapamutemo zvishandiso zvine simba zvokushandisa kusimbisa pamutemo, asi zvinoda kuda kupfuurira kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kubetsera kuti zvishande.
  • Body-Worn Cameras: Achiri kushandiswa zvikuru sechiyero chokuona, makamera haasati ari aipendi. Nhau panzvimbo yapatsoka dzinobudiswa, panochengetwa mazita, uye apo makamera anoramba achikwikwidzwa. Ruzivo runofanira kubatanidzwa nemitemo yakasimba kuti ruve runoshanda.
  • Ruramisiro yaGeorge Floyd muPolicing Act:[[FLT: 1] Iri gweta rehurumende rakakwana, iro rakapfuura Imba asi rakadzorwa muDare, rakarongerwa kurambidza nzvimbo, kugumisa kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa, kuita kuti mapurisa asadzorerwe, uye kuchinja mutemo wedare weutsotsi wehurumende nokuda kwekusazvibata kwamapurisa. Kukundikana kwaro kupfuura mapoka makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pechiremera chomutemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo.

mhedziso

Dzikamo pakati pekodzero dzevagari vemo nemutemo weutsotsi haigari; muganhu unokwikwidzana nguva dzose unorondedzera musiyano weAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu. Chikamu chenhau chinoratidza kuti fambiro mberi inobvira, asi kwakaoma kupfurikidza nedenho dzapamutemo, zvirongwa zvemiitiro yevhu, uye chiito chemitemo. Vagadziri veReconstruption Confmentments vaisagona kuva vakafungidzira hutanhamariso hwehurumende yazvino uno yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica, asi chiono chavo chedziviriro yakaenzana nemuitiro wakafanira chinoramba chiri nyeredzi inotungamirira.

Sezvatinofambira mberi, denho ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti gadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi inozadzika chipikirwa chayo chekotsekano nokuzvidavirira pasina kuva injini yedzvinyiriro. Ikoku kunoda musengwa wokubvisa urudzi hwokuvaka, miitiro yokuvandudza miitiro yesangano, uye kuisa mari munzanga. Kurondwa kwegadziriro yakadzikama zvakakwana kunogara kuchipfuurira, kunoda kuongororwa kwenguva dzose, kuongorora kurasika, uye ruremekedzo rukuru nokuda kwamaruramiro evagari vemo anoumba mavambo enzanga yakarurama.