Kuhwirudzura dare kunomira sechimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa uye zvinokakavadzana muudzori hwebumbiro remitemo. Kunopa simba matare kunzvera zviito zvemapazu emitemo neanotungamirira ndokusarudza kana zviito izvozvo zvichiwirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Uyu muitiro hausati uchingotsigira bedzi ukuru hwebumbiro remitemo asi unoshanda sedziviriro pahurumende inodenhwa. Kunzwisisa zvizere kuhwirudzura dare, kunokosha kunzvera mavambo aro enhau, mabasa makuru, kushandiso dzenyika yose, uye denho dzinopfuurira zvarinotarisana nadzo nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno.

Mavambo Enhau Okuhwirudzura

Pfungwa yokuti matare aigona kuputsa mutemo haina kubuda kamwe kamwe. Midzi yawo inodzokera shure kumutemo weChirunguwo zvawo uye pfungwa yokuti mimwe mitemo mikuru haingagoni kuchinjwa nemirau yavose. Zvisinei, muitiro wazvino uno wokuhwirudzura dare wakajekeswa muUnited States kupfurikidza nenhau yepanguva duku ye Marbury v. Madison [1803] [1803]. Muchisarudzo ichocho, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akazivisa, kuti: "Ichine simba purofiti nomusero webato redare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uri chii." Uku kutaura kwakashinga kwakasimba kwakasimbisa basa rejastiary mukududzira chibvumirano uye kushandura mitemo inorwisana nacho.

" Ibasa guru redare kutaura chiri mutemo. – Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall, [[FLT: 1] Marbury v. Madison[[FLT]]

Pamberi peMarbury, mamwe matare ehurumende yokumwe akanga atokarakadza mano okuparadza mirau iyo inoputsa nheyo huru. Asi wakanga uri murangariro waMarshall uyo wakaisa zvechigarire hwirudzuro yorutongeso mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Mhaka yacho yakabva mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pokugadzwa kworutongeso, bva yakatanga dzidziso yaizoumba dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende. Chifocho, kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kwazova chinhu chinokosha chegadziriro dzapamutemo dzakawanda munyika yose, dzakachinjirwa kumagamuchidzanwa emitemo yakasiana namakomendedzero ezvematongerw enyika.

Michero Nezvinoitika

MuEurope, murangariro wehwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo wakakudziridzwa nenzira yakasiana. Kurambwa kweChinjo yeFrance kwakaita kuti matare aingogona kuhwirudzura mutemo; panzvimbo pezvo, dare rakaparadzana rebumbiro remitemo (] Conseil Constitutionnel) ritange muna 1958 kuhwirudzura mitemo isati yashanda. Mukupesana, nyanzvi yemitemo yeAustria Hans Kelsen yakakarakadza muenzaniso mukuru wokuhwirudzura mutemo webumbiro remitemo yazvino uno pamavambo ezana rechi20 ramakore, uko kwakapesvedzera kuumbwa kwematare emitemo yemitemo munyika dzakawanda. Nzira idzi dzinowirirana dzinoratidza kuti dare dzinogona kuita zvimiro zvakawanda apo dzinobatira chinangwa chimwe chetecho chinokosha: kuvimbisa kuti basa rehurumende rinoramba kuva nemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo.

Revo Yakanaka Yokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso hahusati huchingovawo zvahwo muitiro wemitemo; hunobatanidza mutemo nedziviriro yorusununguko rwomunhu oga. ukoshi hwawo hunogona kunzwisiswa kupfurikidza namabasa makuru anoverengeka anoverengeka.

Kuchengeta Makemikari Nedzikamo

Mugadziriro ipi neipi yamasimba akaparadzana, bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nemidziyo yokunzvera mamwe. Kuhwirudzura kwedare kunopa dare remitemo nenzira yokubvisa nayo zviito zvemitemo kana kuti zviremera zvinopfuura ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Ikoku kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzoreki. Somuenzaniso, apo Congress inopa mutemo unoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kuuzivisa pasina kuzviisa pasi, nenzira iyoyo richichengeta nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo.

Kudzivirira Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe Kodzero Duku

Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vakawanda pane dzimwe nguva inogona kudzvinyirira vashoma kana kuti kutyora maruramiro makuru. Kuhwirudzura kweRuramisiri kunoshanda sesimba rinopesana nemitemo, kubvumira matare kurova mitemo inoputsa bumbiro remitemo, kunyange kana mitemo iyoyo yakakurumbira. Nhau dzenyika dzakadai se Brown v. Boka reDzidzo [1954] [muUnited States], iyo yakaguma kusarura dzinza muzvikoro, inoratidzira kuti kuhwirudzurudzura kwokutonga kunogona sei kururamisa kusaruramisira kwomuitiro wenyika. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare guru reIndia rakashandisa simba raro kudzivirira maruramiro enzanga dzakacherekedzwa, richishandisa dzidziso ye "magadzirirwo" rwemitemo yeUS, iyo inogumisa kusarura.

Kutanga Kutanga Kutevedzana Kwepamutemo uye Kusachinja

Matare kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare anoumba mienzaniso inowirirana iyo inotungamirira kududzirwa kwemitemo kwomunguva yemberi. Ikoku kunosimudzira ruramiso yapamutemo nokudeya kutaurwa. Apo dare rinopa chisarudzo pabumbiro remitemo, matare maduku, vaiti vemitemo, uye vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuwiriranisa zviito zvavo nechisarudzo ichocho. Nokufamba kwenguva, boka remitemo inoumbwa nemitemo rinokura, richigovera mipimo yakajeka nokuda kwezvinobvumirwa. Iyi tsika yakavakirwa pamavambo, inozivikanwa navose mumitemo, inovimbisa kuti mhaka dzakafanana dzinobatwa zvakafanana, dzichisimudzira kururama uye budiriro.

Kubvuma Kushanduka - shanduka Kwebumbiro remitemo

Mitemo inowanzonyorwa mumutauro wakafara. Kuhwirudzura kweRuramisiro kunobvumira matare kududzira idzi gadziriro mukuwirirana nemigariro inochinja yenzanga, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye mipimo. Somuenzaniso, kududzirwa kwamaruramiro okuva woga kwakawedzera kufukidza kurukurirano dzemichina nechisarudzo chokubereka. Kupfurikidza nouku kunzvera kupenyu kwebumbiro remitemo kunobetsera mutemo kuramba kuchikosha pasina kuda kugadziriswa kwomuitiro wenguva dzose.

Kushanda Kunoita Kuongorora Kutonga

Muitiro wokuongorora kwokutonga unobatanidza mitemo yetsika nemitemo izvo zvinosarudza kuti matare anogona kuhwirudzura rini uye sei kuva pamutemo.

Kumira, Kupeta, uye Kuzvitutumadza

Haasati ari munhu ari wose kana kuti boka rinogona kudenha mutemo mudare. Kukumbira hwirudzuro yedare, mubato unofanira kuva noumiri , kureva kuti vanofanira kuratidza kuvadziko yakakotsekana neyakatarwa nomutemo. Kuwedzera, matare anoda kuti nhau yacho ive [ iri piritsi [[[FLT]] [hayi kufungidzira) uye kwete [ moot [hachisi] (haichisizve chipenyu). Idzivisiro dzinodzivisa matare kubudisa mirangariro uye kuvimbisa kuti hwirudzuro inoshandiswa bedzi kupedza nharo chaiko.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Paanenge achiongorora mutemo, matare anoshandisa mitemo yakasiyana - siyana yakavakirwa pakodzero dzinobatanidzwa uye kusarudzwa kunoitwa hurumende.Mumutemo weUS, mitemo mitatu mikuru iripo:

  • Rasal Basiss Review: Mupimo unocherekedzwa zvikurusa. Mutemo uchatsigirwa kana une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo.
  • Scrutiny: inoda kuti mutemo uve une chokuita zvikuru nefariro inokosha yehurumende. Kazhinji kazhinji inoshandiswa muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza rusaruro rwevatano kana kuti kutaura kwezvokutengeserana.
  • Scrutiny: Mupimo unorema zvikurusa. Mutemo unofanira kubatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende uye kugadzirirwa zvishoma kuti uwane fariro iyoyo. Unoshandiswa nokuda kwemitemo inotapura maruramiro makuru (umh., kutaura kwakasununguka, kuvhota) kana kuti mirau inofungidzirwa (umt., dzinza).

Kusarudza mitemo kunogona kusarudza mugumisiro wenyaya yacho, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chinokosha pakuongorora nyaya yacho.

Rudzi Rwohwirudzuro: Increction v. Concrete

Mune mimwe miitiro yemitemo, hwirudzuro yedare inogona kuitika mutemo usati watanga kushanda (hwirudzuro yechibvumirano) kana kuti apo mutemo unoshandiswa mumhaka chaiyo (hwirudzuro). Somuenzaniso, Federal Constitution Court yeGermany inogona kuhwirudzura mutemo pakukumbirwa kwemimwe mitumbi yehurumende kunyange pamberi pekuvadziko ipi neipi. Mukupesana, matare eUS anongopinda bedzi mukuhwirudzura kutendeseka, nhau dzokunzwa apo paboka rakatotambura kuvadziko. Mufananidzo mumwe nomumwe une betsero: kuhwirudzura kudzivirira mitemo inokuvadza pakutongoita chinhu chipi nechipi; hwirudzura chaiko kuvimbisa matare ane chinyorwa chine chokwadi.

Basa Rezvikamu Zvipfupi zveAmicus Curiae

Munhau dzakakwirira dzebumbiro remitemo, mapati anofarira ayo asati ari marigigiat akananga angapinza mamicule (shamwari yedare) mipfupiso yokugovera dzimwe nharo dzapamutemo, mazita, kana kuti mifungo. Uku kupfupikisa kunopfupikisa kupfurikidza nokuunza mativi ose ari maviri edare. Somuenzaniso, mu Obergefell v. Hodges, mipfupinduro mipfupikidzwa yakanyorwa pamativi ose ari maviri eroorano, achipesvedzera dare gurusai.

Kuhwirudzura Kunoitika Kupota Nyika

Nepo mukurumbira weUnited States uchizivikanwa zvikuru, dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga zvimiro zvadzo dzimene zvehwirudzuro yokutonga, imwe neimwe yakaumbwa nenhau yomunzvimbomo netsika dzemitemo.

Canada

Dare rapamusoro reCanada rinoshandisa hwirudzuro yedare mu Canadiash Charter of Rights and Freedoms [1982]. Zvikurukuru, Chikamu chinobatanidza asingamiri padi [[ (Ururimi 33]) runobvumira Paramende kana kuti miraudzo yeruwa kudzora zvisarudzo zvakati zvemitemo kwenguva yakaganhurirwa. Iyi nzira yechienzi inogovera vara, inochengeta mwero wesimba remitemo apo ichiri kudzivirira maruramiro. Munhau dzakafanana ne [[FLT:]. Jordan].[FLT]] [FLD]

Germany

Dare reBumbiro reMitemo reBystigal [Boundesfassungsericht] rinomira somuchengeti ane simba weNatial Law (Grundgesetz). Rine chiremera chokuhwirudzura mutemo, kupedza gakava pakati pamapazu ehurumende, uye kunyange kurambidza masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anotyisidzira nhevedzano yedemocracy. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvakaumba utongi hweGermany pashure pehondo, kubatanidza kutonga pamaruramiro echivande, kubvisa mimba, uye kubatana kweEurope. Kuhwirudzura kwedare kunoreva kuti kunogona kunzvera mitemo pachitarisiko chavo pamberi pokushandiswa.

India

Dare rapamusoro reIndia rine masimba makuru ehwirudzuro, kubatanidza mano okuparadza gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoputsa chimiro chebumbiro remitemo. Iyi dzidziso yakatangwa mu Kavandabina Bharati v. Hurumende yeKerala[FL] [FLT] [7773] uye yave ichishandiswa kubvisa ganhuriro idzo dzingasekesa kodzero dzinokosha, uzivi, uye umbishingamire. Kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kweIndia kunocherekedzeka nokuda kwefariro yavose inoshanda (PIL), uko kunobvumira mugari upi noupi wemo kusvika dare nokuda kwamapoka asingagoni kushaidzwa.

France

France inoshandisa Constitution (Konsita yeCunionstigal) iyo inohwirudzura zvikurukuru mitemo isati yaziviswa. Kusafanana nemienzaniso yeUS kana kuti yeGermany, matarewo zvawo eFrance haagoni kunzvera mutemo webumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, kubvira muna 2010, muitiro unozivikanwa se mutambo wepamberi pediscrective deconstinalité[[ [QPC]] inobvumira vanhu kudenha pamutemo wemitemo pashure pokunge washandiswa, kushandura France kumumwe mutezo wakavhengana.

South Africa

Dare rePunitional Court of South Africa, rakatangwa pashure pomugumo worusaruraganda, rine masimba akasimba okuhwirudzura. Rinovimbisa kuti mitemo yose nemiitiro zvehurumende zvinowirirana neBumbiro remitemo, iro rinobatanidza Bill of Rights. Dare rakabudisa mitemo yetsika yetsika pakodzero dzenzanga dzenzanga, zvakadai sekodzero yedzimba noutano, rinoratidzira kuti dare rinogona kutaura kwete bedzi kodzero dzevagari vemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika asiwo ruramisiro yenzanga.

Japan neAustralia

Japan yakagamuchira hwirudzuro yetsika yeUS pashure peHondo yeNyika II, asi Dare rayo Rapamusorosaitongoputsa mitemo, inoratidzira tsika yokutonga. Dare rapamusoro reAustralia Dare rapamusoro [ rinoshandisa hwirudzuro yokutonga yakavakirwa padzidziso inorehwa yeparadzano yemasimba uye inozivikanwa nokuda kwedziviriro yaro yakasimba yorusununguko rwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, iyo inorehwa murugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Dzokuhwirudzura

Pasinei zvapo nokurerwa kwaro kwakapararira, hwirudzuro yokutonga inotarisana nedenho dzinotsungirira nedenho dzokushanda.

Chinetso Chokurwisana NaMajorita

Imwe yetsoropodzo dzinopfuurira zvikurusa i chitambudzo chamabhinya — pfungwa yokuti vatongi vasina kurongwa vanogona kukurira mitemo yehurumende inoitwa. Vatsoropodzi saAlexander Bickel vanotaura kuti uku kuderedza kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende. Vatsigiri vanopindura kuti hwirudzuro yedare inodzivirira maruramiro makuru asingafaniri kuiswa pasi pezvishuwo zvizhinji, uye kuti bumbiro remitemo rimene chimiro chakakwirira zvikuru chebvumirano yedemocracy.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Kupomerwa kwe chiito chemitemo chakakurumbira. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare reUnited States Gurusa reSangano reMitemo mu ] Ree. Wade [ (panovatongi vanozviisa pasi pedare remitemo) chakakurumbira. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo chedare reUnited States Gurusa reSanihedrini reUnited States mu Ree. Wadev.[[FLT:] [1273]) [73] yakarumbidzwa navamwe sorusununguko rwokubereka uye kushurikidzwa vamwe sevakanwa navakashatirwa. Mutsetse pakati pechisiko uye kazhinji iScoult, uye nzwisiso yapachena inogona kutsamira pakugadziriswa kwedare rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokuzvimirira

Vatongi vanofanira kuva vakazvimirira kuti vaite hwirudzuro yedare nenzira inobudirira, asi dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inogona kuderedza kuzvimirira ikoko. Mudzimwe nyika, kurovha dare, ganhuriro dzenhambo, kana kuti tyisidziro dzokusabvumirana dzave dzichishandiswa kutyisidzira vatongi. Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa, hondo dzokuwedzera pamusoro pokugadzwa kwedare dzinogona kuita kuti vatongi vasarudze, zvichitungamirira kukutonga kuti zvisarudzo zvive zvakavakirwa papfungwa panzvimbo yomutemo.

Kutendeseka Kwavoruzhinji uye Kusateerera Mutemo

Apo matare anopa mirau inomutsa nharo, chivimbo chavose chinogona kuzununguka. Nhau dzakakwirira pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, kuenzana kweroorano, kana kuti simba ravakuru vakuru dzinowanzonyandura kupesana. Matare anovimba nokugamuchira chiremera chawo kwavanhu; kana kugamuchirwa ikoko kuchiderera, kuwirirana nemitemo kungashata. Dzidzo yavose pamusoro pebasa rokuhwirudzura dare inokosha kuchengeta kuva pamutemo kwaro.

Kuwanwa Nendyiko

Kuisa mhaka yebumbiro remitemo kunodhura uye kunotsiva nguva. Ikoku kunogona kuganhurira kusvika kwokuhwirudzura kwokutonga kuvanhu vakapfuma, masangano, kana kuti mapoka ezviwaro zvakasanorongwa, kuchisiya vagari vemowo zvavo vane mikana mishomanene yokudenha mitemo isiri yehurumende. Fariro yavose sezvinoshandiswa muIndia nedzimwe nyika dzinoedza kuderedza idzi mhinganidzo, asi kusiana kwezviwanikwa kunoramba kuri chinetso chenyika yose.

Zvishandiso Zvazvino Uno Nenhau Dzinoitika

Kuongorora kutonga kunopfuurira kuchinja mukupindura mibvunzo mitsva yepamutemo uye kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu.

Kuziva Madhigirii Nezvinhu Zvinovaka

Matare kupota nyika yose ari kurwisana nokuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dziripo dzinoshanda sei kumashoko emichina. Dare reUnited States Supreme Court in Carpeent v. United States (208) yakatonga kuti hurumende inoda maruramiro okuwana zvinyorwa zvenhau zvenzvimbo dzeserura, ichishandisa dziviriro dzeGenese kumirando yemazati. Matare eEurope akashandisa nenzira yakafanana mutemo wekodzero dzavanhu kuganhurira purogiramu dzenzvero.

Hurumende Inodzora Nemirayiridzo Yehurumende

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, matare eUnited States akahwirudzura kumira kwebumbiro remitemo yemirayiro yavakuru vakuru pakutama, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano. Mitemo yakadai se Tsima reHomeland Security v. Regents of the University of California [20] yakaedza miganhu yesimba rapurezidhendi. Zvinetso zvakafanana zvinomuka mune dzimwe nyika umo chiito chavakuru chinofutunukira munzvimbo dzakachengeterwa mutemo.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze

Kuhwirudzura dare kuri kushandiswa nenzira inowedzera kumanikidza hurumende kugadzirisa kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Zvikanganiso zvakafanana ne Urgenda Foundation v. Hurumende yeNetherlands (2010) na Julia v. United States [kusanonoka]) zvinopikisa kuti chiito chisina kukwana chinoputsa kodzero dzemitemo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Nepo miuyo ichi utsotsi inomirira muganhu mutsva wehwirudzuro yedare.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kuita Zvisarudzo Zvakagadzirwa Nounyanzvi

Sezvo hurumende dzichigamuchira zvishandiso zveAl zvokutarisira mapurisa, tongero, uye betsero, matare achafanira kunzvera kana gadziriro dzakadaro dzichiwirirana nomuitiro wakafanira nevimbiso dzakaenzana. Kuhwirudzura kunotonga kungabatira secherekedzo mukupesana nergosticism uye kuita chisarudzo chakajeka.

mhedziso

Kuhwirudzura dare kunopfuura zvikuru kugadziridzwa kwemitemo yemitemo; idziviriro huru inovimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoramba riripo rakasungirwa nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kubva pamavambo aro okuumba mu Marbury v. Madison kumishoni yayo yenguva ino mukodzero dzamageni uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, simba rematare rokuhwirudzura nokubvisa mabasa ehurumende anoramba ari madikanwa kumutemo. Nepo yakatarisana nezvinetso zvinotsungirira sechinetso chemajoritarian, dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kudzorwa kwezvokudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu echitoko echinobhuroriso nechiyero zvakabvumikisa kuva zvisina kufanira. Sezvicho masangano emitemo anopfuurira kugadziridza zvinhu zvitsva, kuhwirusa rwechiito chehurumende pasi pose pasina mubvunzo anoramba achidzorwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Cornell Information Institute's panzvero yedare ; rugwaro rwe Marbury v. Madison; uye [[FLT] German Constitution Constitution re dare rehurumende [[FL:6]].[FLT:]]